Non-cellulosic Compounds Research Articles

Mechanical and Structural Characterization of Resole Resin Composites Reinforced with Sabai Grass-Derived Cellulose Fibers

Cellulose fibers were extracted from Sabai grass (Eulaliopsis binata) using mechanical and chemical treatments. The grass was ground to ~250 µm powder and bleached with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The bleached fibers were treated with 6% sodium hydroxide solution and incorporated into resole resin at various weight percentages to prepare the composites. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and compressive strength tests. The XRD and FTIR showed a nanometric crystallite size of 3.84 nm and effective removal of non-cellulosic compounds, respectively, leading to a compressive strength increase from 15.60 MPa to 25.26 MPa at 3 wt.-% cellulose fiber. The compressive strength improved up to 3 wt.-% cellulose fiber, which however declined upon adding more filler. SEM revealed modified surface morphology in the composites with cellulose fibers.

Subcritical water extraction for recovering cellulose fibres from Posidonia oceanica waste

In this study, cellulose extraction from Posidonia oceanica (PO) waste was studied in order to reduce chemicals in the process, in line with the green chemistry principles. Thus, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was applied to promote the separation of non-cellulosic compounds, such as hemicellulose and lignin, followed by bleaching treatments using hydrogen peroxide, alternatively to the usual sodium chlorite. Two SWE temperatures (150 and 170 °C) were tested, while hydrogen peroxide was used at 4 and 8 % (v/v) at pH 12 in four one-hour bleaching cycles. This treatment was also carried out with sodium chlorite for comparison purposes. SWE efficiently reduced hemicellulose and lignin content in the solid extraction fraction, mainly at 170 °C, which yielded 63 wt.% of solid fraction, with 51 % of cellulose content. This highest temperature also promoted the efficiency of the subsequent bleaching step. Using H2O2 as the bleaching agent, alternatively to chlorine agents, was effective at purifying cellulose but partially altered the cellulose structure through oxidative mechanisms. A combination of SWE at 170 °C and bleaching with H2O2 at 4 or 8 % (v/v) yielded 24 wt.% bleached material from PO waste, with a high cellulose richness (near 90 %).

OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXTRACTION AND PREPARATION OF CELLULOSE MICROFIBERS FROM RICE HUSK USING A FULL FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT

Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth and is of most significant interest due to its properties and uses. Cellulose can be obtained from agro-industrial residues, such as rice husk, whose cellulose content is approximately 30%. In this study, cellulose microfibers were extracted from rice husks. Fibers were obtained by submitting the biomass to alkali (NaOH) and bleaching treatments. These treatments have already been reported in the literature; however, variables such as the concentration of reagents, the time, and the temperature of the chemical treatment have yet to be optimized. A factorial design of experiments with 3 factors and 2 levels for each factor was proposed to optimize the chemical processes. It was determined through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) that the factors evaluated significantly influenced the elimination of non-cellulosic compounds, and that the chemical treatment was more efficient when the factors took high level values. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis showed the successful removal of undesired components during the alkaline treatment. The effect of the treatments on the morphology upon removing hemicelluloses, lignin, and inorganic material was evaluated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The increase in the thermal stability in the alkali-treated rice husk and in cellulose microfibers, compared to the raw rice husk, was established by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the treatments increased the percentage of crystallinity.

Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from Zhombwe (Neorautanenia brachypus (harms) CA Sm.) bagasse.

Increased awareness of environmental pollution has changed focus to the use of biodegradable materials because they lack persistence in the environment. This article focused on the production of cellulose nanocrystals from Zhombwe, Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) CA Sm. bagasse using steam explosion, alkaline treatment, bleaching, purification, and acid hydrolysis. The chemical composition after the treatments was determined using TAPPI standards. Further characterization was done using x-ray Diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The nanoscale dimensions and morphology of the extracted nanocrystals was determined through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). FTIR spectroscopy and DSC confirmed the removal of noncellulosic compounds. XRD revealed that N. brachypus bagasse contained cellulose type I, which partly endured morphological change to polymorph II after purification and hydrolysis. FE-SEM revealed elliptical to rod-shaped structures after acid hydrolysis, which had a mean length and width of 1103 nm and 597 nm respectively. TAPPI tests revealed that successive chemical treatments increased crystallinity by 29.7%, enriched cellulose content by 74.2%, reduced lignin content by 21.7%, and reduced hemicellulose to less than 1%. The semicrystalline nature of the material produced in our work is a promising candidate for swelling hydrogel applications in areas such as wound dressing, heavy metal removal, controlled drug delivery, agriculture, and sanitary products. Future studies may focus on surface modification of nanocrystals to improve their thermal stability and therefore expand their range for potential industrial applications.

Characterization of Cellulosic Pulps Isolated from Two Widespread Agricultural Wastes: Cotton and Sunflower Stalks.

Globally, huge amounts of cotton and sunflower stalks are generated annually. These wastes are being underutilized since they are mostly burned in the fields. So, in this work, we proposed a three-step method consisting of acid pre-treatment, alkaline hydrolysis, and bleaching for the extraction of cellulose pulps. These pulps were characterized to assess their morpho-structural and thermal properties. The design of experiments and response surface methodology were used for the optimization of the acid pre-treatment in order to achieve maximum removal of non-cellulosic compounds and obtain pulps enriched in cellulose. For cotton stalks, optimal conditions were identified as a reaction time of 190 min, a reaction temperature of 96.2 °C, and an acid (nitric acid) concentration of 6.3%. For sunflower stalks, the optimized time, temperature, and acid concentration were 130 min, 73.8 °C, and 8.7%, respectively. The pulps obtained after bleaching contained more than 90% cellulose. However, special care must be taken during the process, especially in the acid pre-treatment, as it causes the solubilization of a great amount of material. The characterization revealed that the extraction process led to cellulose pulps with around 69-70% crystallinity and thermal stability in the range of 340-350 °C, ready to be used for their conversion into derivatives for industrial applications.

Nanocrystalline cellulose from Arctic brown algae Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully obtained from two Arctic brown algae species, Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima. The production process involved a sequential extraction of non-cellulosic compounds, an environmentally friendly bleaching process with hydrogen peroxide, and subsequent acidic hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of nanosized rod-like particles. Comprehensive assessments were conducted to evaluate the influence of hydrolysis conditions, specifically using hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, on the key characteristics of the nanocellulose. The resulting NCC was characterized using various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser diffraction, and low-temperature nitrogen sorption. The obtained algal NCC demonstrated a yield of 76–91%, a degree of polymerization of 150–230 units, and a crystallinity index of 69–80%. The choice of acid during the production significantly influenced the thermal stability, particle size distribution, and porous properties of the samples. Remarkably, the algal NCC, acquired in the form of stable gel-like suspensions, exhibited robust stability during extended storage. These materials showcase promising potential for applications in biomedicine, serving as versatile components for hydro/aerogels, matrices, and fillers in the development of advanced medical dressings.

Obtaining of a rich-cellulose material from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) bark residues.

Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) barksare residues produced by tannin industries in huge quantities, which are normally discharged on environmental or used for energy production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of black wattle bark residues as a raw material on obtaining of a rich-cellulose material by alkaline (MET1), acetosolv (MET2), and organosolv (MET3) procedures. The results obtained indicated that the alkaline methodology, followed by a bleaching step (MET1), promoted klason lignin and hemicellulose removals more efficiently. It was possible to observe that better results were achieved using NaOH concentration of 6% (wt%), at 65 °C for 2.5 h, presenting a yield of 63.24 ± 1.25%, and a reduction on klason lignin content of almost 90.45%. Regarding the bleaching step, it was possible to obtain a material free of non-cellulosic compounds with a yield of 78.28 ± 1.48%. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the removal of lignin and hemicellulose as well as an increase in cellulose degradation temperature, due to changes in crystalline phases. According toX-ray diffraction (XRD), the procedures employed have led to an increase in crystallinity from 66.27 to 91.78% due to the removal of non-cellulosic compounds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed morphological alterations in accordance with the removal of non-cellulosic compounds.

Microwave-assisted quick synthesis of microcrystalline cellulose from black tea waste (Camellia sinensis) and characterization

Tea wastes generated in the industries during tea production processes show excellent potential to be used as a renewable, abundant, and cheap source for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose. In the current work, MCC was isolated from black tea waste through microwave heating instead of using conventional heating and avoiding the traditional acid hydrolysis method. Microwave increased the reaction speed significantly and resulted in very quick delignification and bleaching of black tea waste to isolate MCC in white powdered form. FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and TGA analysis were then carried out to investigate the chemical functionality, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal properties, respectively, of the synthesized tea waste MCC. The characterization results demonstrated that cellulose with a short rough fibrous structure having an average particle size of around 23.06 μm was extracted. The results of FTIR and XRD demonstrated unequivocally that all amorphous non-cellulosic compounds had been eliminated. The microwave-extracted black tea waste MCC showed 89.77 % crystallinity and good thermal properties, indicating that it could be a promising filler material for preparing polymer composites. Therefore, microwave-assisted delignification and bleaching can be used as a suitable, energy-efficient, time-saving and low-cost method for extracting MCC from the black tea waste produced in tea factories.

Walnut shells as cellulose nanocrystal source: isolation procedure and properties characterization

The walnut shell is an agro-waste that could be used as nanocellulose source. In the literature, different methods were used to isolate nanocrystals and depending on the method used, spherical or rod like nanocrystals were obtained. The novelty of the current study is the characterization of the crystallinity index, the thermal stability, and the chemical composition, in addition to the geometrical features, of rod like nanocrystals isolated from the walnut shell of “Juglans regia”. The AFM images corroborated that rod like nanocrystals can be isolated using the procedures proposed in the current study. Furthermore, when alkali solution pretreatments were used and the subsequent acid hydrolysis, the isolated CNC showed lower amount of non-cellulosic compounds, and superior L/D and crystallinity index values than CNC isolated directly from walnut shells by acid hydrolysis. The aspect ratio and thermal stability of nanocrystals isolated in the current work are higher than the reported in the literature for other nanocrystals isolated from walnut shells. Finally, the properties of isolated nanocrystals were compared with a commercial cellulose nanocrystal and other nanocrystals reported in the literature.

Effect of alkaline treatment on the thermal stability, degradation kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters of pineapple crown fibres

Pineapple crown is generally discarded as waste but constitutes an important source of lignocellulosic fibres. In this work, the effect of alkaline treatment on the chemical composition, pyrolysis kinetics, and thermodynamic characteristics of pineapple crown fibres (PCF) were investigated by chemical composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-rays diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry. Chemical composition analysis indicated cellulose content increased from 18.93 to 57.00% after NaOH treatment. PCF fibre diameter was reduced from 6.1 to 4.3 μm after mercerization. The FTIR results confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic compounds. XRD analysis indicated fibre's crystallinity index rose from 53 to 62% in reason of NaOH treatment. Thermogravimetric results confirm that alkaline-treated PCF (ATPCF) presented higher thermal stability than non-treated PCF (NTPCF). The solid-state thermal degradation mechanism for NTPCF and ATPCF occurred by the diffusion process and random nucleation, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of NTPCF indicated that a small amount of energy is required to obtain the reaction products and thus bioenergy production from NTPCF pyrolysis will be easier, while ATPCF required more energy to initiate a degradation reaction and could be used as filler in polymeric composites.

Natural Cellulose from Ziziphus jujuba Fibers: Extraction and Characterization.

Nowadays, due to their natural availability, renewability, biodegradability, nontoxicity, light weight and relatively low cost, natural fibers, especially lignocellulosic fibers, present attractive potential to substitute non-eco-friendly synthetic fibers. In this study, Ziziphus jujuba fibers were used, thanks to their low lignin content, as an alternative of renewable resource for the production of cellulosic fibers with suitable characteristics and minimal time and energy consumption. In fact, due to their valuable chemical composition, it was possible to remove the amorphous fractions and impurities from the fiber surface by applying ultrasounds coupled with alkaline treatment (80 °C, 5 wt.% NaOH), followed by a bleaching step. The efficient dissolution of the noncellulosic compounds was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulted increase in the crystallinity index (from 35.7% to 57.5%), occurred without impacting the crystalline structure of the fibers. The morphological analysis of the fibers evidences the higher surface area of the obtained fibers. Based on the obtained results, Ziziphus jujuba fibers were found to present a suitable sustainable source for the production of cellulosic fibers.

Influence Of Dewaxing on Mechanical properties of kapok fiber-reinforced polymer composite

The low density, lightweight, easy processing and biodegradability nature of Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite have gained enough attention from many researchers and scientists. Kapok Fiber (Ceiba pentandra) is a natural cellulosic fiber have a hollow microtubular structure and a high degree of hollowness. The hand lay-up technique has been adopted for kapok fiber-reinforced epoxy polymer composite fabrication with different fiber loading(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 wt %). The mechanical strength of kapok fiber-reinforced polymer epoxy composite is investigated through the flexural and tensile test. The best flexural and tensile performance is observed at 5 wt% loading of kapok fiber. To increase compatibility between fiber and epoxy matrix dewaxing process is adopted. The effect of dewaxing on cellulose crystallinity, crystallinity size, surface morphology, elemental composition and functional groups of fiber are studied. The roughness of the fiber surface increases after dewaxing due to the partial removal of non-cellulosic compounds like lignin, pectin, wax and some oily substances. The increase in fiber surface roughness and cellulose crystallinity index by chemical treatment made a strong interlocking at the fiber-matrix interface. The effect of dewaxing on mechanical strength is also studied to fabricate the composite for the benefit of society.

Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from areca waste and its application in eco-friendly biocomposite film

Areca nut husk fibers are easily available and they are abundant agricultural waste, whose utilization to high value products needs more attention. The present study aims at the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from areca nut husk fibers and the evaluation of its reinforcement capacity in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) film. The CNC showed rod-like structures, which were confirmed by TEM and AFM analysis. The diameter of the isolated CNC was 19 ± 3.3 nm; the length was about 195 ± 24 nm with an aspect ratio of 10.2 ± 6.8. The zeta potential of CNC was −15.3 ± 1.2 mV. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed that the non-cellulosic compounds were effectively eliminated, and the X-ray diffraction results showed that CNC had higher crystallinity than the raw, alkali, and the bleached fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed good thermal stability for the CNC. Moreover, the effects of the incorporation of CNC on the optical and tensile behaviours of the bionanocomposite film were investigated. The bionanocomposite film retained the same transparency as the PVA/CS film, indicating that the CNC was disseminated evenly in the film. The incorporation of CNC (3 wt%) to the PVA/CS film enhanced the tensile strength of the bionanocomposite film (9.46 ± 1.6 MPa) when compared to the control films (7.81 ± 1.4 MPa). Furthermore, the prepared nanobiocomposite film exhibited good antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and postharvest pathogenic fungi. These findings suggest that the bionanocomposite film might be suitable for food packaging applications.

Reinforcement of surface-modified cellulose nanofibrils extracted from Napier grass stem in natural rubber composites

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared from Napier grass stems via alkalization, bleaching and sulfuric acid hydrolysis treatments and subsequently characterized by various techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that CNFs with average diameter of 15 nm were successfully obtained in the diluted suspension. However, after freeze drying, CNFs aggregated and formed large fibrillar bundles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that CNFs exhibited Cellulose I structure with crystallinity index of 74 %. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the complete removal of noncellulosic compounds after the alkali and bleaching treatments. Surface treatment of CNFs by Bis-(triethoxysilyl-propyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) was also carried out. Both untreated and TESPT-treated CNFs were added into natural rubber (NR) at various loadings (0–10 phr) to investigate their reinforcements. Regardless of the filler type, modulus and hardness of the NR composites increased continuously with increasing filler loading. Tensile strength increased with increasing filler loading up to 5 phr before leveling off. At any given filler loading, TESPT-treated CNFs exhibited greater reinforcement than untreated CNFs due to the improved rubber-filler interaction and the enhanced crosslink density. The results show the potential use of the TESPT-treated CNFs in rubber reinforcement.

Characteristics of Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) Film from Red Algae Pulp

Red algae cellulose is a promising feedstock for value-added industrial products because it has a faster growth rate, thinner fiber structure, and is easier to extract fiber fromthan wood. To evaluate red algae cellulose as a feed material for its potential applications, CNFs were produced with bleached red algae pulp and then the CNF films were characterized in this study. Both CNFs from the 1-stage and 3-stage bleached red algae pulps were well fibrillated, although the CNF from 1-stage bleached red algae pulp contained short fibrosis and fibrillated fibers due to residual non-cellulosic compounds. The aspect ratio of the CNF from 3-stage bleached red algae pulp was higher than that of the wood-driven CNF. Besides, the film fabricated with the 3-stage bleached red algae CNF produced a tensile index value of 117.1 Nm/g, which was comparable to the strength of the wood CNF film. The 3-stage bleached algae CNF film had higher elongation and water resistance than the wood CNF film. Thus, utilization of red algae as a raw material for CNF production can widen the choice of feedstocks for potential industrial applications.

Extraction, characterization and chemical functionalization of phosphorylated cellulose derivatives from Giant Reed Plant

In this work, cellulose microfibers (CMFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (P-CNCs) having phosphoric groups on their surfaces were prepared by phosphorylation of cellulose extracted from Giant Reed plant, using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) in a water-based urea system and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) without urea as phosphorous agents, respectively. Phosphorylated samples were studied in terms of their charge content, chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal stability using several characterization techniques. Conductometric titration results showed higher charge content after phosphorylation with urea for P-CMFs about 3133 mmol kg−1, while without urea P-CNCs exhibited 254 mmol kg−1. FTIR analysis confirmed the total removal of non-cellulosic compounds from microfibers’ surface and their partial oxidation after phosphorylation. XRD analysis proved that the P-CMFs and P-CNCs exhibited cellulose I structure, with a crystallinity index of 70 and 83%, respectively. SEM and AFM observations showed micro-sized and needle-like morphologies for P-CMFs and P-CNCs with an average diameter of 15 µm and 20.5 nm, respectively. The thermal properties of P-CMFs indicate early dehydration with high char formation, while the high thermal stability of P-CNCs (Tmax = 352 °C) was similar to that of microcrystalline cellulose. The present work showed new routes for preparing phosphorylated micro- and nano-cellulose from a new natural source, having new functions that benefit various applications.

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibrils from Banana Pseudostem, Oil Palm Trunk, and Kenaf Bast Fibers Using Chemicals and High-intensity Ultrasonication

ABSTRACT The adoption of high-intensity ultrasonication in the isolation process of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as an economical, timesaving, and environmental-friendly process has been explored. Three types of raw organic fibers, i.e., banana pseudostem, oil palm trunk, and kenaf bast were analyzed for the production of CNF using the process mentioned earlier. Before the raw organic fibers were subjected to a high-intensity ultrasonication process, it underwent an alkaline treatment to eliminate the non-cellulosic compounds. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs confirmed the presence of nanofibrils in all three different types of CNF. The frequency, amplitude, and duration of ultrasonication used in this study were sufficient to produce CNF. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated that the chemical treatment employed in this paper was effective in removing the compounds, especially lignin and hemicellulose. The increase in crystallinity, which is one of the advantages of CNF, was observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Hence, it can be deduced that high-intensity ultrasonication could simplify the complex process of CNF isolation compared to the conventional method, widening the utilization and source of CNF in the industry.

Effect of alkali treatment and coupling agent on thermal and mechanical properties of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes fibers reinforced HDPE composites

In this work, Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) fibers were used as natural reinforcement to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix to valorize unexploited Moroccan natural resources in composites applications. Composites specimens were prepared by combining extruder and injection molding processes using various fibers loadings (2.5, 5 and 10 wt%). OFI fibers were alkali treated to clean their surfaces from non-cellulosic compounds, and styrene–(ethylene–butene)–styrene three-block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) is used as coupling agent to graft maleic groups in the surface of matrix. Combined effects of both treatments on thermal and mechanical properties of prepared composites were investigated. Results showed that the alkali treatment proves to be more effective in improving interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix, which positively influences the hardness and Young’s modulus properties of composites without SEBS-g-MA, while the addition of coupling agent increased composites plasticity and thermal stability owing to the chemical bond formation at fibers–matrix interface.

A comprehensive study on Physico-Mechanical characteristics of Okra fibre (Abelmoschus esculentus) for textile applications

Objectives: The objectives of this research is to investigate the physicomechanical characteristics of okra bast fibres (OBF) as well as to go through all the process to make this okra fibre as one of the commercial cellulosic fibres which can be used in different textile applications such as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites, carpets, materials used for absorbing oils and liquids, packaging industries, basic textiles products, coarse decorative textile products, Geo-textiles etc. all over the world. Methodology: In this work, OBFs are characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Breaking strength and breaking extension test, linear density analysis, Microscopic view and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and the crystallinity is measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. Findings: XRD data indicates that the amorphous region is far greater than the crystalline region in OBFs, SEM analysis displays the technical fibres are overlapped and cemented by non-cellulosic compounds. These test results show a great similarity to other bast fibres properties mainly physical, mechanical, microstructural (crosssectional and longitudinal view) properties. Keywords: Okra bast fibre (OBF); SEM; FTIR; XRD; Breaking strength and breaking extension; Linear density

Processing and characterization of hemp nanofiber thermoset polymer composite

The objective of this study was to develop a natural fiber-based composite with fibers extracted through a simple technique called a steam explosion. These environment friendly materials having deterioration rate greater than that of the other polymer-based materials commonly used in manufacturing industries. During this study, the cellulose nanofibers were extracted from a hemp fiber with the help of steam explosion technique. To confirm its suitably for bio-based composites structure implementations, the characteristic features and morphological properties were meticulously studied. The chemical characterization of Hemp fiber material exhibited a rise in cellulose content from 64% to 95%, due to bleach, alkali and acid therapies. Scientific evidence confirms that non-cellulosic compounds extraction such as lignin and hemicellulose that occur in acid, steam explosion and bleaching treatment, as observed in chemical properties during pre and post chemical fiber therapy. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicates that a decrease in the fiber-diameter aspect ratio and the percentage yield of nano-fiber removed by such a procedure is found to be very high compared with other conventional approaches during steam explosion with acid treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis exhibited the crystallinity of fiber contained crystalline cellulose was increased due to performed procedure. The composite developed with the reinforcement of the steam explosion process demonstrate increased mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and toughness of the material used (Epoxy LY 556 and Hardener HY 951). The cellulose fiber-reinforced composites were processed after obtaining the cellulose fiber from the steam explosion process. Mechanical properties such as harness, tensile strength and toughness were significantly improved.