Non-calcifying Species Research Articles

Impact of warming and acidification of the Mediterranean Sea on statolith formation of the scyphozoan jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo Macri (1778)

Ocean warming and acidification negatively affect organisms and biogeochemical cycles. To date, emphasis has been placed on the study of the impact on the structures of calcifying species; however, there is limited knowledge about the influence of the increase of these two variables on the solid structures of non-calcifying species as jellyfish. Here, we study the effects that the increase of temperature and acidity would cause on the statoliths of newly released ephyrae of the Mediterranean jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo. Six combinations of temperature and PCO2 (18, 24 and 30ºC with a PCO2 of 500 and 1000 ppm each), according to the projections of the SSP5-8.5 (IPCC, 2021) scenario for the year 2100, were applied during 32 days to different groups of polyps randomly selected. Statoliths of the released ephyrae were counted and their size was measured. Our results show that, even though neither temperature nor PCO2 increase exerted a representative effect on the amount of statoliths synthesized in newly released ephyra from R. pulmo, it did exert an impact on the size of these structures: warming led to the formation of larger statoliths, while the rise in PCO2 induced the production of smaller structures. Under the simultaneous increase of both variables, acidification attenuated the effects of temperature, but still slightly larger statoliths were synthesized. The size differences observed in these structures could negatively impact the equilibrium system of this jellyfish species, potentially affecting its ability to survive.

Responses of marine trophic levels to the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming.

Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors associated with ocean acidification and ocean warming, with expected interactive effects. Species from different trophic levels with dissimilar characteristics and evolutionary histories are likely to respond differently. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of controlled experiments including both ocean acidification and ocean warming factors to investigate single and interactive effects of these stressors on marine species. Contrary to expectations, we find that synergistic interactions are less common (16%) than additive (40%) and antagonistic (44%) interactions overall and their proportion decreases with increasing trophic level. Predators are the most tolerant trophic level to both individual and combined effects. For interactive effects, calcifying and non-calcifying species show similar patterns. We also identify climate region-specific patterns, with interactive effects ranging from synergistic in temperate regions to compensatory in subtropical regions, to positive in tropical regions. Our findings improve understanding of how ocean warming, and acidification affect marine trophic levels and highlight the need for deeper consideration of multiple stressors in conservation efforts.

Molecular responses to ocean acidification in an Antarctic bivalve and an ascidian

Southern Ocean organisms are considered particularly vulnerable to Ocean acidification (OA), as they inhabit cold waters where calcite-aragonite saturation states are naturally low. It is also generally assumed that OA would affect calcifying animals more than non-calcifying animals. In this context, we aimed to study the impact of reduced pH on both types of species: the ascidian Cnemidocarpa verrucosa sp. A, and the bivalve Aequiyoldia eightsii, from an Antarctic fjord. We used gene expression profiling and enzyme activity to study the responses of these two Antarctic benthic species to OA. We report the results of an experiment lasting 66 days, comparing the molecular mechanisms underlying responses under two pCO2 treatments (ambient and elevated pCO2). We observed 224 up-regulated and 111 down-regulated genes (FC ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.05) in the ascidian. In particular, the decrease in pH caused an upregulation of genes involved in the immune system and antioxidant response. While fewer differentially expressed (DE) genes were observed in the infaunal bivalve, 34 genes were up-regulated, and 69 genes were downregulated (FC ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.05) in response to OA. We found downregulated genes involved in the oxidoreductase pathway (such as glucose dehydrogenase and trimethyl lysine dioxygenase), while the heat shock protein 70 was up-regulated. This work addresses the effect of OA in two common, widely distributed Antarctic species, showing striking results. Our major finding highlights the impact of OA on the non-calcifying species, a result that differ from the general trend, which describes a higher impact on calcifying species. This calls for discussion of potential effects on non-calcifying species, such as ascidians, a diverse and abundant group that form extended three-dimensional clusters in shallow waters and shelf areas in the Southern Ocean.

Hydrogen isotope fractionation response to salinity and alkalinity in a calcifying strain of Emiliania huxleyi

Hydrogen isotope ratios of long-chain alkenones (δ2HC37) correlate with water isotope ratios and salinity, albeit with varying degrees of biological fractionation between alkenones and water. These differences in fractionation are the result of environmental and species related effects, which in some cases have consequences for the magnitude of the δ2HC37 response per unit increase in salinity. Earlier culture experiments have focused on constraining hydrogen isotope fractionation factor α in non-calcifying strains of Emiliania huxleyi. Here we studied isotopic fractionation in a calcifying strain of E. huxleyi and show that although absolute fractionation is different, the response to changes in salinity and alkalinity is similar to those of non-calcifying species. This suggests that calcification does not alter the δ2HC37 response to salinity significantly.

Assembly of a reference transcriptome for the gymnosome pteropod Clione limacina and profiling responses to short-term CO2 exposure

The gymnosome (unshelled) pteropod Clione limacina is a pelagic predatory mollusc found in polar and sub-polar regions. It has been studied for its distinctive swimming behavior and as an obligate predator on the closely related thecosome (shelled) pteropods. As concern about ocean acidification increases, it becomes useful to compare the physiological responses of closely-related calcifying and non-calcifying species to acidification. The goals of this study were thus to generate a reference transcriptome for Clione limacina, to expose individuals to CO2 for a period of 3days, and to explore differential patterns of gene expression. Our Trinity assembly contained 300,994 transcripts of which ~26% could be annotated. In total, only 41 transcripts were differentially expressed following the CO2 treatment, consistent with a limited physiological response of this species to short-term CO2 exposure. The differentially expressed genes identified in our study were largely distinct from those identified in previous studies of thecosome pteropods, although some similar transcripts were identified, suggesting that comparison of these transcriptomes and responses may provide insight into differences in responses to ocean acidification among phylogenetically and functionally distinct molluscan lineages.

Using mineralogy and higher-level taxonomy as indicators of species sensitivity to pH: A case-study of Puget Sound

Information on ecosystem sensitivity to global change can help guide management decisions. Here, we characterize the sensitivity of the Puget Sound ecosystem to ocean acidification by estimating, at a number of taxonomic levels, the direct sensitivity of its species. We compare sensitivity estimates based on species mineralogy and on published literature from laboratory experiments and field studies. We generated information on the former by building a database of species in Puget Sound with mineralogy estimates for all CaCO3-forming species. For the latter, we relied on a recently developed database and meta-analysis on temperate species responses to increased CO2. In general, species sensitivity estimates based on the published literature suggest that calcifying species are more sensitive to increased CO2 than non-calcifying species. However, this generalization is incomplete, as non-calcifying species also show direct sensitivity to high CO2 conditions. We did not find a strong link between mineral solubility and the sensitivity of species survival to changes in carbonate chemistry, suggesting that, at coarse scales, mineralogy plays a lesser role to other physiological sensitivities. Summarizing species sensitivity at the family level resulted in higher sensitivity scalar scores than at the class level, suggesting that grouping results at the class level may overestimate species sensitivity. This result raises caution about the use of broad generalizations on species response to ocean acidification, particularly when developing summary information for specific locations. While we have much to learn about species response to ocean acidification and how to generalize ecosystem response, this study on Puget Sound suggests that detailed information on species performance under elevated carbon dioxide conditions, summarized at the lowest taxonomic level possible, is more valuable than information on species mineralogy.

Distribution and functional traits of polychaetes in a CO2 vent system: winners and losers among closely related species

This authors' personal copy may not be publicly or systematically copied or distributed, or posted on the Open Web, except with written permission of the copyright holder(s). It may be distributed to interested individuals on request. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Mar Ecol Prog Ser Vol. 550: 121–134, 2016 doi: 10.3354/meps11727 Published May 25 Distribution and functional traits of polychaetes in a CO 2 vent system: winners and losers among closely related species M. C. Gambi 1 , L. Musco 2, 6, *, A. Giangrande 3 , F. Badalamenti 2 , F. Micheli 4 , K. J. Kroeker 5 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center, 80077 Ischia, Napoli, Italy Laboratory of Marine Ecology - IAMC - CNR, 91014 Castellammare del Golfo, Italy University of Salento, DiSTeBA, 73100 Lecce, Italy Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Present address: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy ABSTRACT: We report on fine taxonomic and functional analyses of polychaetes associated with rocky reefs along a gradient of ocean acidification (OA) at the volcanic CO 2 vent system off the Castello Aragonese (Ischia Island, Italy). Percent cover of algae and sessile invertebrates (a deter- minant of polychaete distribution) was classified into functional groups to disentangle the direct effects of low pH on polychaete abundance from the indirect effects of pH on habitat and other species associations. A total of 6459 polychaete specimens belonging to 83 taxa were collected. Polychaete species richness and abundance dramatically dropped under the extreme low pH con- ditions due to the disappearance of both calcifying and non-calcifying species. Differences in dis- tribution patterns indicate that the decreasing pH modified the structure and biological traits of polychaete assemblages independent of changes in habitat. A detailed taxonomic analysis high- lighted species-specific responses to OA, with closely related species having opposing responses to decreasing pH. This resulted in an increase in the abundance of filter feeders and herbivores with decreasing pH, while sessile polychaetes disappeared in the extreme low pH zones, and were replaced by discretely motile forms. Reproductive traits of the polychaete assemblages changed as well, with brooding species dominating the most acidified zones. The few taxa that were abundant in extreme low pH conditions showed high tolerance to OA (e.g. Amphiglena mediterranea, Syllis prolifera, Platynereis cf. dumerilii, Parafabricia mazzellae, Brifacia aragonen- sis), and are promising models for further studies on the responses of benthic organisms to the effects of reduced pH. KEY WORDS: Annelida · Algal cover · Ocean acidification · Hard bottoms · pH gradient · Covariation · Mediterranean Sea · Functional trait analysis Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are pre- dicted to be among the major drivers of global change in the coming century in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Gattuso & Buddemeier 2000, IPCC 2014). Large among-species variation in bio- logical responses to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification (OA) is evident in the literature, but it is biased towards calcifying organisms (Ries et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013a), with most available data derived from laboratory or mesocosm studies (Fabry et al. 2008, Feely et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013a). However, recent studies performed in natu- *Corresponding author: luigi.musco@szn.it © Inter-Research 2016 · www.int-res.com INTRODUCTION

Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions

Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ocean ecosystems, but a conceptualization of biological change derived from quantitative analyses is lacking. Derived from multiple ecosystems and latitudes, our metaanalysis of 632 published experiments quantified the direction and magnitude of ecological change resulting from ocean acidification and warming to conceptualize broadly based change. Primary production by temperate noncalcifying plankton increases with elevated temperature and CO2, whereas tropical plankton decreases productivity because of acidification. Temperature increases consumption by and metabolic rates of herbivores, but this response does not translate into greater secondary production, which instead decreases with acidification in calcifying and noncalcifying species. This effect creates a mismatch with carnivores whose metabolic and foraging costs increase with temperature. Species diversity and abundances of tropical as well as temperate species decline with acidification, with shifts favoring novel community compositions dominated by noncalcifiers and microorganisms. Both warming and acidification instigate reduced calcification in tropical and temperate reef-building species. Acidification leads to a decline in dimethylsulfide production by ocean plankton, which as a climate gas, contributes to cloud formation and maintenance of the Earth's heat budget. Analysis of responses in short- and long-term experiments and of studies at natural CO2 vents reveals little evidence of acclimation to acidification or temperature changes, except for microbes. This conceptualization of change across whole communities and their trophic linkages forecast a reduction in diversity and abundances of various key species that underpin current functioning of marine ecosystems.

海洋酸化效应对海水鱼类的综合影响评述

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海洋酸化效应对海水鱼类的综合影响评述 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201104070452 作者: 作者单位: 山东省海水养殖研究所,山东青岛,山东省海水养殖研究所,山东青岛,山东省海水养殖研究所,山东青岛,山东省海水养殖研究所,山东青岛 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 海洋公益性行业科研专项:典型海湾生境与重要经济生物资源修复技术集成及示范(200805069);我国典型人工岸线生态化建设技术集成与示范(201005007) A review of comprehensive effect of ocean acidification on marine fishes Author: Affiliation: Mariculture institute of Shandong Province,Qingdao,Mariculture institute of Shandong Province,Qingdao,Mariculture institute of Shandong Province,Qingdao,Mariculture institute of Shandong Province,Qingdao Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:人类活动引起的大气CO2浓度的升高,除了使全球温度升高外,导致的另一个严重生态问题--海洋酸化(Ocean acidification, OA),受到社会各界包括科研界的高度重视,该领域的大部分研究结果都是在近十年才发表出来的,目前还有很多需要解决的问题。海洋酸化的研究涉及到很多学科的交叉包括化学、古生物学、生态学、生物地球化学等等。在生物学领域,海洋酸化主要围绕敏感物种,例如由碳酸钙形成贝壳或外骨骼的贝类,珊瑚礁群体等。鱼类作为海洋脊椎动物的代表生物类群,自身具有一定的酸碱平衡调节能力,但相关海洋酸化方向的研究并不是很多。尽管人们对于海洋酸化对鱼类的影响了解甚少,这并不说明海洋酸化对鱼类没有作用或者效应小,在相关研究逐步展开的同时,发现鱼类同样受到海洋酸化的危害,几乎涉及到鱼类整个生活史和几乎大部分生理过程,尤其是早期生活史的高度敏感。因此就目前国内外对此领域研究结果做综述,以期待业界同行能够对海水鱼类这个大的类群引起重视。 Abstract:Increasing anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 is not only increasing global temperature but also rapidly acidifying seawater through the formation of carbonic acid. This results in another serious ecological problem: a process known as 'ocean acidification’. If the current trajectory of global emissions is maintained, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will exceed 500 μL/L by mid-century and could reach between 730 and 1020 μL/L at the end of the century. This would cause ocean pH to decline by 0.3-0.4 units compared with current-day levels (8.06), with a rate of change many times faster than at any time during the past 650000 years. Research of ocean acidification involves many fields, including chemistry, ecology, biogeochemistry, and so on. Ocean acidification is expected to influence marine ecosystems through its effects on marine calcifying organisms (which biomineralize calcium carbonate into hard parts such as shells and skeletons), such as shelled mollusks and coral reefs. Most papers on ocean acidification have been published in the past decade, and have highlighted effects on marine calcifiers from a range of marine ecosystems including deep-sea and tropical corals. There are still some problems that need to be resolved. These effects are not well understood at the community and ecosystem levels, especially for non-calcifying species such as marine fishes, although the consequences are likely to involve range shifts and population declines. A current focus in ocean acidification research is to understand the resilience that organisms possess to withstand such changes, and to extend these investigations beyond calcification, addressing impacts on other vulnerable physiological processes. In general, marine fishes appear to be relatively tolerant to mild increases in CO2 and decreases in pH; however, the research on ocean acidification effects has been very scarce. Although we know little about the impacts of ocean acidification on marine fish, it does not mean that ocean acidification will have little or no effect on them. In fact, there is increasing evidence from laboratory experiments that elevated levels of dissolved CO2 and reduced seawater pH can affect developmental, metabolic and behavioral processes of some marine species, including some non-calcifying species, with highly significant consequences for population replenishment and sustainability. In general, ocean acidification could affect marine fish at all ontogenetic stages and mostly physiological duration. Most benthic marine species have a planktonic larval phase that must transition to a benthic existence to join the adult population. This life-history transition is usually associated with high rates of mortality and can be a period of strong sensitivity to environmental factors. Thus, the highest sensitivity of marine fishes is in the early life history stages, during which serious adverse impacts on the whole wild fish populations can arise. This paper summarizes empirical evidence for the impacts of ocean acidification on marine fish, and we hope that special emphasis will be placed on this important area of research. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification

There is increasing concern that ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional CO(2) at the ocean surface, could affect the functioning of marine ecosystems; however, the mechanisms by which population declines will occur have not been identified, especially for noncalcifying species such as fishes. Here, we use a combination of laboratory and field-based experiments to show that levels of dissolved CO(2) predicted to occur in the ocean this century alter the behavior of larval fish and dramatically decrease their survival during recruitment to adult populations. Altered behavior of larvae was detected at 700 ppm CO(2), with many individuals becoming attracted to the smell of predators. At 850 ppm CO(2), the ability to sense predators was completely impaired. Larvae exposed to elevated CO(2) were more active and exhibited riskier behavior in natural coral-reef habitat. As a result, they had 5-9 times higher mortality from predation than current-day controls, with mortality increasing with CO(2) concentration. Our results show that additional CO(2) absorbed into the ocean will reduce recruitment success and have far-reaching consequences for the sustainability of fish populations.

Are jellyfish increasing in response to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification may negatively affect calcifying plankton, opening ecological space for noncalcifying species. Recently, a study of climate‐forcing of jellyfish reported the first analysis suggesting that there were more jellyfish (generally considered a noncalcifying group) when conditions were more acidic (lower pH) from one area within the North Sea. We examine this suggestion for a number of areas in the North Sea and beyond in the Northeast Atlantic using coelenterate records from the Continuous Plankton Recorder and pH data from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea for the period 1946‐2003. We could find no significant relationships between jellyfish abundance and acidic conditions in any of the regions investigated. We conclude that the role of pH in structuring zooplankton communities in the North Sea and further afield at present is tenuous.

Calibration of alkenone unsaturation index with growth temperature for a lacustrine species, Chrysotila lamellosa (Haptophyceae)

Although long chain alkenones (LCKs) occur widely in lacustrine sediments, their origin is not clear. Here, we report a lacustrine source, the non-calcifying species Chrysotila lamellosa Anand (Haptophyceae), collected and isolated from an inland saline water body, Lake Xiarinur (Inner Mongolia, China). Its alkenone pattern is similar to those of coastal marine strains of C. lamellosa,but the relationship between U 37 K ′ index and culture temperature for the lacustrine species is quite different from that of the coastal species. A significant feature of the alkenones in this strain of C. lamellosa is a lack of C 38 methyl alkenones, which might be used to distinguish the species from the marine haptophyte species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The higher C 38 tetraunsaturated compound abundance might be another important feature for distinguishing the C. lamellosa alkenone producer from the coastal species Isochrysis galbana. This alkenone distribution pattern has been detected in many lakes, which suggests that C. lamellosa or a closely related species might be a very common alkenone precursor in lacustrine systems. We examined U 37 K ′ and U 37 K values for C. lamellosa as a function of culture temperature in a batch culture experiment. The calibration for U 37 K ′ vs. culture temperature ( T) was U 37 K ′ = 0.0011 × T 2 - 0.0157 × T + 0.1057 ( n = 14 , r 2 = 0.99 ) from 10 °C to 22 °C or U 37 K ′ = 0.0257 × T - 0.2608 ( n = 9 , r 2 = 0.97 ) from 14 °C to 22 °C. U 37 K vs. culture temperature was U 37 K = 0.0377 × T - 0.5992 ( n = 14 , r 2 = 0.98 ) from 10 °C to 22 °C. Our experiments show that the alkenone unsaturation index ( U 37 K ′ ) is strongly controlled by culture temperature and can be used for palaeoclimate reconstruction.

Is there any relationship between phytoplankton seasonal dynamics and the carbonate system?

Production of calcium carbonate by marine calcifying organisms has been shown to decrease under increasing CO 2. This effect appears to be driven by a decrease in [CO 3 2−]. The modelling study here described aims at investigating whether the success of a marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, may be tied to [CO 3 2−]. The work highlights the complex interactions between the carbonate system variables and spring blooms, and the possibility of a link to the competition between calcifying vs. non-calcifying species on the Bering Sea shelf. We find that the strong seasonal cycle in [CO 3 2−] is driven primarily by carbon drawdown during spring blooms. The interesting outcome of this work is the fact that E. huxleyi bloom timings always coincide with periods of high [CO 3 2−], which is consistent with studies showing coccoliths malformations and a slowdown in calcification at low [CO 3 2−]. Whether the condition of high [CO 3 2−] can be considered a crucial ecological factor for the success of E. huxleyi, however, remains an open and important question needing further investigation.