A previously well male infant presented to his general practitioner (GP) for his routine 6-week check. His parents reported the presence of tan-brown lesions since birth. The marks were uniform in color, were present on the trunk, scalp, and face, and were not overlying bony prominences. The GP was concerned that these lesions represented bruising as a manifestation of non-accidental injury (NAI), and arranged an urgent review at our pediatric department. Following assessment by the pediatric team he was admitted for investigation of potential NAI, and dermatology consultation was sought. On examination, scattered reddish brown to tan macules and papules were noted on the torso and limbs, not overlying bony prominences (Figure 1A, B). Darier's sign was negative, although some reactive cutis marmorata was appreciable on the trunk following the rubbing of multiple lesions. A diagnosis of urticaria pigmentosa (UP), now known as maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), a form of CM, was made clinically. Skin biopsies demonstrated an infiltrate of spindled and round mast cells and scattered eosinophils within the superficial and mid dermis, with immunohistochemistry positive for CD117, consistent with CM (Figure 1C–E). Blood tests during admission showed a normal complete blood count and coagulation screen (including von Willebrand factor), normal renal and liver function, normal lactate dehydrogenase, normal immunoglobulins, and normal mast cell tryptase. Cranial ultrasound and abdominal ultrasound (including liver and spleen) were normal. Mastocytosis is a spectrum of disease characterized by the pathologic accumulation of mast cells in tissues, including skin, bone marrow, and the gastrointestinal tract. The World Health Organisation has outlined three variants: CM, systemic mastocytosis, and mast cell sarcoma. CM can be further classified as maculopapular CM, also known as UP; diffuse CM; and localized cutaneous mastocytomas.1 Pediatric CM is regarded as a benign condition limited to skin, most commonly presenting as UP, which usually spontaneously regresses in puberty.2 In contrast, adult-onset mastocytosis is more often associated with systemic involvement, a persistent course, and activating mutations of the KIT gene.1 With UP, children typically present in the first two years of life with multiple reddish-brown macules, papules, and/or plaques distributed anywhere on the body, most commonly the trunk. In darkly pigmented skin, lesions may be hyperpigmented and erythema less appreciable. Darier sign, a transient urticarial response upon gentle rubbing of the skin, is classic and supportive of the diagnosis, though not always demonstrable. Treatment with antihistamines can be helpful.3 UP has rarely been reported to be misdiagnosed as NAI.4, 5 Other ‘bruising’ mimics include disorders of coagulation, Valsalva petechiae, vasculitis, acute hemorrhagic edema, incontinentia pigmenti, phytophotodermatitis, coin rubbing, spooning, cupping, Mongolian spots, morphea, neuroblastoma, and ink stains, some of which may be unfamiliar to pediatricians or dermatologists.5 CM can be differentiated from bruising by the typically monomorphic appearance; the persistence of lesions with very gradual resolution; the development of new lesions without trauma; the presence of lesions on any part of the body, not specifically overlying bony prominences; the presence of itch; and the presence of Darier sign. Dermatologists have a crucial role in recognizing cutaneous manifestations of NAI in children, which commonly includes bruising, particularly in infants who are not yet mobile.4 While consideration of NAI is important in all children presenting for medical care, this case highlights the importance of considering underlying dermatoses to avoid unwarranted distress and unnecessary investigations. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's parent. None.
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Oct 1, 2023
Matthew Barry + 1
Open Access