Nominal Protection Coefficient Research Articles

Competitiveness of Indian Rice in the Global Market: A Comprehensive Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) Evaluation

Competitiveness of Indian Rice in the Global Market: A Comprehensive Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) Evaluation

Chickpea Production and Trade in India: Competitiveness and Trade Direction Analysis in the Global Market

The study examined the production and trade performance of chickpeas from 2001-2021. Trade direction was estimated using the Markov chain, and export competitiveness was measured using the nominal protection coefficient, revealed comparative advantages, and trade specification coefficient index. India leads other countries in chickpea area and production but lags behind chickpea productivity. India exported chickpeas to Algeria, UAE, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, and the USA (2011-2021). Iran and the USA have been the most loyal markets for Indian chickpea exports. At the same time, Algeria and Sri Lanka were the biggest gainers among major chickpea-importing countries during Period I (2001-2010) and Period II (2011-2021), respectively. The chickpea exports in India are still competitive in the global market. However, India had a negative trade balance as its chickpea exports were lower than those of imports.

Growth and Export Performance of Pineapple from India: An Economic Analysis

The present study was undertaken to know the growth and export performance of pineapple. Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) is a tropical fruit belonging to the Bromeliaceae family, and it is commercially cultivated worldwide as a high-value crop. India is the sixth largest producer in the world. The objective of the study was to elucidate the growth and export performance of the Pineapple from India.The secondary data for analysis was collected from AGMARKNET, National Horticultural Board (NHB) and Agricultural and Processed Food products Export Development (APEDA). The results of the growth rate revealed a positive and increasing trend in pineapple exports from India during the study period, with an annual growth rate of 9.78 percent in quantity and 6.39 percent in value, which is significant at a five percent level of probability. The results of the Cuddy Della Valle index indicated that pineapple exports from India exhibit moderate instability, with values of 17.17 and 19.90 percent in quantity and value terms, respectively. It reveals that the average Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) value for pineapple was 0.53, indicating a moderate level of export competitiveness. Throughout the entire period, it is evident that India did not demonstrate competitiveness in pineapple exports, as indicated by the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) values consistently being below unity and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) values being negative. The direction of the Indian pineapple trade was conducted using the Markov chain framework. Among the major importers, the United Arab Emirates stood out as one of the most stable markets with a high probability of retention at 0.624. Overall, Indian pineapple stands out as a reliable and competitive player in the global market, with a strong performance and potential for growth. Therefore, efforts should be focused on enhancing the quantity of exports while ensuring they meet the quality standards and align with the consumer preferences of other countries.

Implications of policy analysis matrix for competitiveness of Tuong-mango in Dong Nai, Vietnam

Purpose: The aim of the study is to apply policy analysis matrix (PAM) to identify international competitiveness of marketing channels and policy impacts of government on each marketing channels. Methodology: Policy analysis matrix is employed to evaluate influences of macroeconomic policy on the Tuong-mango value chain. The study investigated 213 sampling observation of eight main actors in chain. Findings: The findings indicate that although domestic channel 4 exhibits competitiveness (Private cost ratio (PRC) < 1), channels 1, 2, and 3 possess both comparative and competitive advantages (PRC < 1, Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) < 1, and social benefit-cost (SBC) > 1). The government’s strategy on production protection, referred to as Nominal protection coefficient on tradable output (NPCO) 0.16, together with the plan for enhancing added value, denoted as Effective protection coefficient (EPC) 0.14 and Subsidy ratio to producers (SRP) −0.18, place a significant emphasis on the first export channel. The government’s subsidy plan grants preferential treatment to Channel 4 in terms of the pricing of commercially available products, with a Nominal protection coefficient on tradable input (NPCI) value of 0.75. A value-added strategy is implemented for export channels 2 and 3, which have EPCs of 0.76 and 0.85, respectively. Policy implications: If the tradable cost is modified by 20%, there will be a change in the ratio of DRC, SBC, EPC, and SRP. While the EPC does not see a 20% reduction in domestic prices, the DRC and SBC do benefit from this cost reduction. A reduction of 20% in the local cost, coupled with a corresponding rise of 20% in the Free on Board (FOB) price, would result in a significant elevation of the SRP for export channels 1, 2, and 3. Conclusion: This is as evidence for the combination of quantitative is a dynamic tool in the policymaking process to ensure targets, constrictions, and consistent policies for agricultural fields. This permits policies to be changed in steps with an alteration in the economy and priorities set up for the tropical fruits and vegetables field.

Price Distortions and Competitiveness of Cotton Production in Pakistan

The research is conducted to determine the cotton price distortions, as well as competitiveness at national and international levels. National competitiveness has been measured by using the nominal protection coefficient (NPC) and benefit-cost ratios for the period 2008-09 to 2018-19. To gauge international competitiveness, trade base indices under the revealed comparative advantage approach are used. A comparison of the international competitiveness of Pakistan with major cotton-exporting countries has also been made. The results of this research revealed that at the national level cotton producers in Pakistan faced implicit taxation for most of the years during the study period, as NPCi averaged at 0.87 as an import substitution crop. Export parity prices were slightly less or equal to the domestic prices by varying degrees as NPCe averaged at 1.06. The production cost grew at the rate of 12.3% per annum, while cotton output prices grew at the rate of 8.4 percent per annum. Consequently, a decrease was registered in the benefit-cost ratio during the study period. Pakistan has experienced comparative and competitive advantage for cotton as indicated by results of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices. A comparison of Pakistan’s indices with main exporters/competitors demonstrated that Pakistan has a relatively higher comparative and competitive advantage for cotton. However, Pakistan’s international competitiveness exhibited a declining pattern since 2011-12. This result is consistent with the national level scenarios as the benefit-cost ratio has declined over this period. It can be concluded that productivity growth and a reduction in input costs are needed to improve overall competitiveness in cotton production and trade.

Export competitiveness of Non- basmati Rice in Chhattisgarh, India

The present study is to analysed the export competitiveness of non-basmati rice in Chhattisgarh based on secondary data. All of the secondary sources engaged in collection and curation of export data were utilised. The Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), the Indiastat website, and the Agricultural and Processed Food Product Export Development Authority (APEDA) statistical export reports was used to gather the secondary data needed to meet the objectives over 10 years (2014 to 2023). Nominal protection coefficient, Revealed comparative advantage techniques were used to analyse the data. As NPC and RCA was less than unity, respectively, the competitiveness revealed that Chhattisgarh had a comparative disadvantage in the export of non- basmati rice. Thus the share of non-basmati rice in total agriculture export is medium.

Effects of Government Price Policies on Major Agricultural Commodities in Andhra Pradesh, India

This study was concerned with analysis of export competitiveness and quantification of impact of price policies in Andhra Pradesh on net social loss in production and consumption, and welfare gain of farmers and consumers and change in Government revenue with respect to major food grains and commercial crops. Policy Analysis Matrix and Partial Equilibrium Model in the Marshallian economic surplus framework are employed in this study. The findings from Policy Analysis Matrix revealed that, on the input side, the farmers are more subsidized for rice and maize, as Nominal Protection coefficient on Tradable Inputs are less than one across all the major importing countries (unlike for chickpea, cotton lint and chilies (dry)). However, from the output side (Nominal Protection coefficient on Tradable output), the farmers producing rice, maize and chilies (dry) are more protective compared to social prices. Considering both input and output policies together, the farmers are simultaneously protective (Effective Protection Coefficient) for rice and maize and hence, the overall transfer from society to farmers is positive (Subsidy Ratio to Producers). The findings from Partial Equilibrium Model showed that total net social loss was found to be positive implying protectionism favoured the farmers across all the selected commodities. Further, the net social loss in production turned out to be positive confirming the main postulate of this study—a price greater than the equilibrium price will reduce the quantity demanded. The protectionist policies further led to a positive effect of trade liberalization on the welfare in the State and an increase in foreign exchange earnings, except for chickpea (in view of its net-importer status). Unlike farmers, consumers in Andhra Pradesh suffered welfare loss due to higher domestic prices over border prices for rice, maize and chilies (dry), However, there is a considerable increase in Government revenue due to pricing policies formulated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The welfare gains to farmers are negative for chickpeas and cotton in view of higher domestic prices compared to border prices. So, the key point evident is that due to protectionism, the magnitude of net loss to consumers’ welfare compared to welfare gain of farmers is higher between Rs. 21916 lakh to Rs. 23768 during TE 2020-21 implying welfare transfers from consumers to farmers. Thus, the Government of Andhra Pradesh is spending an enormous amount of money to keep the protection policies going for the benefit of farmers. However, considering the net importer status of chickpeas, the Government should further escalate the subsidy both in production and marketing programs.

Assessing the Competitiveness and Trends of Indian Sugar in Global Market: A 1999- 2018 Analysis

Sugar is one of the most produced and traded commodities in the world. India is the second-largest producer and largest consumer of sugar in the world. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the position of Indian sugar in the international market. The study was based on Time series data of years 1999-2018. To assess the trend, trend analysis was done and, for appraising the competitiveness, export performance ratio and nominal protection coefficient was computed. The cubic model was found best fit for all the particulars considered in the models. Results revealed that production, import quantity and value of sugar had increasing trend while export quantity, value, unit price of export and import of sugar exhibited fluctuating trend. The trade of Indian sugar was found inconsistent in the decadal analysis but overall had a relative advantage in the international market with an EPR vale of 1.11. The higher NPC value of 1.02 pointed out a matter of concern as the Indian sugar was non-competitive in the international market.

Export competitiveness of Pomegranates from India

Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of arid and semiarid regions of the world. In 2021-22, India had an area of 2.7 lakh hectares under pomegranate cultivation with a production of 30.86 lakh metric tonnes and a productivity of 11.4 metric tonnes/ha; 99043.09 tonnes of fresh pomegranates were exported from India to other countries with a value of `688.76 crores. In the present study, export competitiveness of Indian pomegranates was analysed by using nominal protection coefficient (NPC) under the exportable hypothesis for a period of 20 years from 2002-03 to 2021-22. Time series data were collected from the websites of APEDA, NHB and Indiastat. Nominal protection coefficient (NPC) for pomegranates was found to be greater than unity in period I (1.29) while in period II, the NPC was found to be less than unity (0.82). This showed that pomegranates were not export competitive in period I while they were moderately competitive in period II. In the overall period, the NPC value was found to be 0.95 indicating that Indian pomegranates were internationally competitive. Hence, the Government may focus on international relative pricing and formulate targeted strategies to increase domestic pomegranate production through widespread promotion initiatives in the country.

Export competitiveness and direction of trade of almonds from Afghanistan

The study aims to reveal the competitiveness and direction of trade of almonds from Afghanistan. The data was analysed for Nominal Protection Coefficient, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Markov chain analysis to understand the transition probability of almonds between different countries in the context of quantity. The secondary data for almonds was analyzed for the period of 2006-07 to 2020-21. The results indicated that the Afghanistan almonds were very responsive to the share of exports of the country. During the period considered under the study, lower nominal protection coefficient value for UAE was 0.76 followed by 0.79 and 0.82 India and Turkey respectively, which were less than one for the year 2022-23, indicating that UAE, India and Turkey had high export competitiveness than others. The range of RCA indices for Afghanistan was 43.95 to 670.71 followed by USA and Spain 6.83 to 8.43 and 4.64 to 7.86 respectively and the average value of RCA in the global market was highest for Afghanistan 178.61 followed by USA, Spain and Australia which were 7.81, 5.71 and 3.51 respectively. In case of transitional probability matrix for almonds exported quantity from Afghanistan during study period, Pakistan and India retained 96.93 and 31.00 per cent of their original share respectively. Where as other countries retained 32.21 per cent of their original share. Turkey lost 100.00 per cent of its share to others, UAE lost to India, Germany and Turkey in the proportion of 60.28, 23.02 and 16.70 per cent respectively, similarly Germany lost 70.21 per cent to India and 29.79 per cent to others, Iran and Iraq lost 100.00 and 83.67 per cent of their share to Pakistan and Turkey respectively, other countries lost 65.97 per cent of their share to India. The results revealed that Afghan almonds had more competitive advantages compared to others countries in global markets.

The impact of price policy on the production and marketing of Wheat in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif district) as a model for the 2019-2020 agricultural season.

The research aims to analyze the economic implications of the State's policy in the production and marketing of wheat crops in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) by comparing private and social prices by adopting the method of the policy analysis matrix and calculating the standards derived from there. The study results showed that the protection measures showed that there was government support and subsidization for producers of this crop. This is apparent when examining the nominal protection coefficient figures for output per dunum (1.322, 1.370, 1.310 and 1.327) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. Nominal input protection coefficient values were per dunum (0.486, 0.436, 0.487 and 0.474) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. The comparative advantage indicators showed that the crop in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) had a comparative advantage and global competitiveness to produce, The value of the special cost ratio per dunum (0.284, 0.318, 0.319 and 0.316) for each of the three categories and the entire sample respectively. The study recommends increasing government support for crops that have a comparative advantage in their production and are globally competitive to achieve self-sufficiency and then reach the export stage.

Trends and Exports of Garlic in India

Aims: The present study entitled “Trends and exports of garlic in India” was undertaken to know trend in area, production, productivity, export quantity, domestic and international prices and competitiveness of Indian garlic export in international markets.
 Study Design: Secondary data regarding area, production, productivity, export quantity, export value, domestic and international prices of garlic in India was collected from 1990-91 to 2019-20, which includes 30 years data. The period has been divided in to three periods i.e., period I (1990-91 to 2004-05), period II (2005-06 to 2019-20) and overall period (1990-91 to 2019-20).
 Place and Duration of Study: The information of the present study was obtained from secondary data. Data was pertained from the year 1990-91 to 2019-20.
 Methodology: Different functions were tried to study trend in area, production, productivity, export, domestic and international prices of garlic and the best fit was used to analyse the trend. The export competitiveness of garlic was measured by Nominal Protection Coefficient.
 Results: Area, production, productivity, export quantity, export value of garlic showed cubic trend indicating that the movement of all the series was uniform throughout India whereas unit value of export, domestic and international prices of garlic showed compound trend. The export competitiveness of garlic was measured by Nominal Protection Coefficient which concluded values for period I was 1.70, for period II was 1.60 and for overall period was 1.65 indicating non-competitiveness of Indian garlic in all the periods in international markets.
 Conclusion: The study was mostly based only on a secondary data collected from various published sources. Limitations inherent in the secondary data are inevitable. It is important to increase export share of garlic by taking appropriate efforts. Market support by Government is necessary to support the farmers from considerable fluctuation in price and motivating them to produce a quality garlic.

Export Potential and Competitiveness of Processed Food Products from India

The liberalization of trade and India's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) have brought about significant changes in India's agricultural trade and food processing industry. This study aims to evaluate the export competitiveness of processed food products from India by analyzing their comparative advantage and export potential over a specified time period.
 The study utilizes secondary data from sources such as the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and International Trade Centre (ITC) for the analysis. The selection of processed food products is based on the major processed food products exported by food processing industries in Gujarat. Analytical tools employed are compound annual growth rate (CAGR), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and nominal protection coefficient (NPC). These tools help assess growth rates, comparative advantage, and competitiveness of the selected commodities with the data on export potential Provided by ITC.
 The study highlights the export potential and unrealized potential of processed foods which is more than 7.9 billion dollars and 4.5 billion dollars respectively. Among the selected commodities the food preparations with HS code 210690 are observed to have the highest potential. The analysis identifies the largest unrealized potential was in countries such as the United States, Saudi Arabia, China, and UAE for many of the selected processed food products. It was also observed in the export performance of selected processed foods for the last 10 years, with notable growth rates observed in miscellaneous preparations and bread, pastry, and other baked foods. This study concludes by highlighting the Potential of selected food products and also shows the presence of competitive advantage of selected foods in the USA, UAE, UK, Australia, and Saudi Arabia. It highlights the opportunities for manufacturers to expand their exports, capitalize on untapped market potential, and enhance their business growth.

Competitiveness and Policy of Soybean Farming in Jeneponto Regency

The demand for local soybean commodities is very low compared to imported soybeans, which affects the decline in soybean planting area, and farmers are also less willing to farm soybeans because they are less profitable. Government policies related to soybean self-sufficiency are widely carried out, but imported soybean commodities still have stronger competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness and government policies on soybean farming in Tamalatea District, Jeneponto Regency. This study used a survey method. Data collection techniques are observation and interviews. The sampling technique using purposive sampling is to choose soybean farmers who are more productive in their farming, so that the number of samples obtained is 48 farmers. The data analysis technique is quantitative descriptive analysis with the Policy Matrix Analysis method. The results of this study indicate that soybean farming has strong competitiveness, because it has a Private Cost Ratio value of 0.2077 and a Domestic Resource Cost Ratio of 0.1628, with a private profit of Rp 5,752,342.42 per hectare and social profit of Rp 7,682,461.16 per hectare. The input policy on soybean farming resulted in values including: input transfer (IT) of -184,240.32, transfer factor (TF) of Rp 14,365.87, and nominal protection coeficient input (NPCI) of 0.61104. Meanwhile, the output policy resulted in an output transfer (OT) value of Rp -2,099,993.19 and a nominal protection coefficient input (NPCO) of 0.7824. Input-output policies have values including: effectivity policy coeficient (EPC) of 0.7912, subsidy ratio for producer (SRP) of -0.20001, profitability coeficient (PC) of 0.7488, and net transfer (NT) of -1,930,118.73. Government policies that are protective of tradable inputs have a positive impact on soybean farming, so farmers pay lower prices than they should. Government protection policies against tradable output have not been effective, so soybean farmers get output prices that are lower than the price they should. Government policy on tradable inputs simultaneously has not been effective in protecting soybean farming, so it has not been able to provide incentives for increased production.

Evaluating the Performance, Export Competitiveness and Direction of Trade of Indian Banana in the International Market

ABSTRACT The study examined the changing pattern of international trade in bananas globally and in India at a macro level from 2000 to 2020. It analyzed the growth pattern, direction of trade, trade competitiveness, and market access issues like tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) faced by exporters in major markets. The analysis revealed that the export of bananas from India increased from $8.10 thousand to $212 thousand from 2000 to 2020, with an annual growth of 21 per cent. Iran, UAE, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are the major destination markets for Indian bananas, wherein India exports more than 70 per cent of its banana export. Banana exports from India possess export competitiveness as the Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) was less than one (ranging between 0.28 to 0.70), and the domestic prices were lower than the international prices. Oman emerged as a stable market for banana imports from India in quantity and value terms. Iran and Nepal were the most important markets for Indian bananas but Kuwait and Saudi Arabia markets were unstable markets for Indian bananas. Among the major importing countries of Banana, Japan has imposed the highest number of notifications (164 Non-tariff Measures (NTMs)) on total imports of India since 1995. The USA imposed 119 NTMs, and the EU imposed 65 notifications. Still, it had imposed more TBT measures (35). Regarding Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, agricultural goods do not involve technological prowess but only consider consumer health and safety issues, which can be harmonized as it is good for trading partners. For Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures driven mainly by technology, India must follow the same approach carefully. Future research should concentrate on the impact of NTMs in depth by considering all the stakeholders. Keywords: Banana export, competitiveness, Markov Chain Analysis, NPC. JEL Codes: C88, F13, Q17.

Evaluating the Performance, Export Competitiveness and Direction of Trade of Indian Banana in the International Market

ABSTRACT The study examined the changing pattern of international trade in bananas globally and in India at a macro level from 2000 to 2020. It analyzed the growth pattern, direction of trade, trade competitiveness, and market access issues like tariff and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) faced by exporters in major markets. The analysis revealed that the export of bananas from India increased from $8.10 thousand to $212 thousand from 2000 to 2020, with an annual growth of 21 per cent. Iran, UAE, Oman, and Saudi Arabia are the major destination markets for Indian bananas, wherein India exports more than 70 per cent of its banana export. Banana exports from India possess export competitiveness as the Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) was less than one (ranging between 0.28 to 0.70), and the domestic prices were lower than the international prices. Oman emerged as a stable market for banana imports from India in quantity and value terms. Iran and Nepal were the most important markets for Indian bananas but Kuwait and Saudi Arabia markets were unstable markets for Indian bananas. Among the major importing countries of Banana, Japan has imposed the highest number of notifications (164 Non-tariff Measures (NTMs)) on total imports of India since 1995. The USA imposed 119 NTMs, and the EU imposed 65 notifications. Still, it had imposed more TBT measures (35). Regarding Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, agricultural goods do not involve technological prowess but only consider consumer health and safety issues, which can be harmonized as it is good for trading partners. For Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) measures driven mainly by technology, India must follow the same approach carefully. Future research should concentrate on the impact of NTMs in depth by considering all the stakeholders. Keywords: Banana export, competitiveness, Markov Chain Analysis, NPC. JEL Codes: C88, F13, Q17.

Продуктовые сегменты агропродовольственного рынка: единый подход или точечное государственное регулирование

The state policy of protectionism in the agri-food sector yielded ambiguous results, such as success in agriculture and achievement of food security thresholds on the one hand, and a sharp increase in food prices on the other. Sugar market has satisfied domestic demand and therefore needs either export expansion or production restriction. The article analyses the development dynamics of the sugar beet industry and sugar consumer market in 2000-2021. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of existing state support measures in the sugar market, considering changes in import substitution. It is hypothesised that in case of saturation of the market with domestic products, the state should support consumers rather than producers. Statistical data analysis and simulation modelling were used as the main research methods. Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) was chosen to indicate changes in state support. Domestic market volume under constant demand was assessed. Given that the average per capita sugar consumption remains at 39 kg/person, domestic consumption is 5.8 million tonnes. Considering current production volumes (7.6 million tonnes), the equilibrium price of sugar is estimated at 37 roubles/kg. Calculated NPC values show the dominance of market price transfers for sugar producers. Thus, it is necessary to switch to unrelated support measures for strengthening the effect of market mechanisms. The results can be adapted to develop specific agricultural policy instruments. Future research may conduct deeper structural analysis of selected segments of food markets in order to identify regional and corporate characteristics of participant interaction and adjustment of state regulation measures.

Economic Analysis and Competitiveness of Cotton Farms in Mali, the Case of Founia District of Kita Province

In this research, it is aimed to investigate the economic performance of cotton farms and to reveal the profitability and competitiveness of cotton production in Founia district of Kita province. The research data were obtained from the questionnaires conducted with 55 farms determined according to the stratified random sampling method. Policy Analysis Matrix was used to determine profitability and competitiveness in cotton production. The results of the research showed that the farms in Founia county have an average of 10.44 da farm land. Gross production value per farm is $3519.89, agricultural income is $2197.42. According to the result obtained from PAM, private profit of cotton production in Founia district was 58.97 $/ton social profit was 1017.38 $/ton. Within the scope of the research, Specific Cost Ratio (PCR) coefficients of 0.77 and Cost Ratio of Domestic Resources (DRC) of 0.19 obtained from PAM were found. However, according to the Nominal Protection Coefficient on Output (NPCO) (0.30), Nominal Protection Coefficient on Tradable Inputs (NPCI) (0.87) and Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) (0.20) coefficients, it is seen that the cotton price is lower than the comparable world prices and the producer earns less profit from free trade. Therefore, in the short term, incentive premiums, direct financial support, protection of cotton prices, good communication with farms and extension policies should be implemented. The increase in yield with the introduction of irrigation systems will increase competitiveness.The government and the Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles (CMDT) should assist in the leasing and long-term purchase of modern farm machinery, which is one of the fixed capitals, in order to increase productivity.

Trade Competitiveness of Jute in India: Environmental Aspects

The study was aimed to investigate the comparative advantage and competitiveness of Indian jute. The study was based on secondary data for the period of 30 years (1989-90 to 2018-19). The collected data were sub-divided into three periods and Export Performance Ratio (EPR) was used to measure the comparative advantage of Indian jute. The global competitiveness of jute was evaluated using Nominal protection Coefficient (NPC). The results showed that, the Indian jute had a comparative advantage during all the periods of the study. During all the sub-periods viz, period I, period II and period III and overall period almost all the years, jute export registered the EPR/RCA values greater than unity indicated that India had considerable potential in jute export. The positive RSCA from period I to period III could be attributed to increase in the exports due to increase in jute productivity with the introduction of quality seeds of jute. Jute was found to be moderately competitive as NPC during overall period, was less than unity also, the period-wise NPC values showed that, Indian jute was moderately competitive during period I and period III. While, period II had a non-competitive market with NPC value of 1.39 which might be due to the reduction in area under jute in the country and increasing demand that led to increase in the domestic price of jute during the years under period II. Hence, it is suggested that the efforts are needed to address the constraints in cultivation and efforts are needed to increase productivity through advanced technologies. Development of market infrastructure, storage and transport will increase export. In order to face competition and increase India’s market share in world market India need to consistently supply high quality jute at competitive prices.

Review and analysis of agricultural support policies in OECD countries (1995-2015)

Supporting the agricultural sector is a topic that has been discussed for many years in the world and has been the governments’ focus more than other economic sectors for many reasons, such as the nature of the agricultural sector, higher risk than other sectors, food security and nutrition and so on. Accordingly, the support of agricultural sector by different countries has varied depending on its importance in different countries of the world. The present study reviews and analyzes important policy changes, assessments, and recommendations in the context of the research in order to evaluate agricultural support policies in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), including Turkey, Korea and Japan. In this study, the latest agricultural policies in OECD countries are examined through measuring the parameters of agricultural support policies and using library studies. According to the studies, the OECD uses indicators such as Producer Support Estimate (PSE), Market Price Support (MPS), Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient (Producer NPC), Producer Nominal Assistance Coefficient (NACP), Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), General Services Support Estimate (GSSE), Total Support Estimate (TSE), and other related indicators to measure and classify the agricultural support based on a comprehensive system.