Nomenclatural Difficulties Research Articles

(261–266) Proposals to amend the Code to update regulations of the nomenclature of fossils

(261–266) Proposals to amend the <i>Code</i> to update regulations of the nomenclature of fossils

A brief history of the classification and nomenclature of Odonata*

The classification of insect order Odonata is traced from Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae, through 19th and 20th century morphology-based taxonomies, to molecular phylogenies published before November, 2007. Past and present nomenclatural difficulties are reviewed and the current situation in regard to rival taxonomies is outlined. Ordinal classifications based on morphological data continue to suffer from intractable uncertainty concerning wing vein homologies between Odonata and other Pterygota, but molecular analyses may soon show where the phylogenetic tree of Odonata should be rooted. The natural classification will become much clearer once this has been achieved.

What a Difference 2 Nucleotides Make: A Short Review of ABO Genetics

ABO is the most important blood group system for transfusion and solid organ transplantation, but it is only over the past 15 years that the techniques for studying its molecular basis became mainstream. Many of its common and rare alleles are now well characterized and by using various expression systems, their effects on the resulting glycosyltransferases are being appreciated. As progress has been made in genetics and glycobiology, so too do reagents used to routinely type red blood cells in the clinical laboratory evolve. Monoclonal reagents are now widely used. This has created difficulties in nomenclature to describe subtype phenotypes as the names of some of these uncommon phenotypes were based on the red blood cell agglutination pattern using polyclonal reagents. In this brief review a discussion of the wild-type ABO allele and the enzymes it encodes is followed by a description of a selection of unusual and fascinating alleles-some that encode enzymes that create both A and B antigens and others that result from hybridization events. A short section on the techniques of ABO allele investigation describes some of the current methodologies used in both research and clinical laboratories.

History and nomenclature of the Conocardioidea (Mollusca: Rostroconchia)

In this nomenclatural-historical account of the genera of the Conocardioidea (Mollusca: Rostroconchia) several inconsistencies and errors in the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conocardioidea are clarified.Cardium aliforme J. de C.Sowerby, 1827, is recognised as type species of the genusConocardium Bronn, 1835, according to the ICZN 4th edition. Based on subsequent incorrect spelling which is in prevailing use, the spellingC. aliforme takes precedence overC. alaeforme andC. aliformis. Further nomenclatural difficulties concerning the generaHippocardia Brown,Pleurorhynchus Phillips,Lichas Steininger andRhipidocardium Fischer are settled. All genus group names and all higher taxa of the Conocardioidea until 2003 are checked from a nomenclatural point of view. The order name Conocardioida is emended herein into Conocardiida as originally used byNeumayr and because it does not conform with Latin grammar.

A review of the nomenclatural difficulties associated with misplaced rank‐denoting terms

SummaryMoore, G.: A review of the nomenclatural difficulties associated with misplaced rank‐denoting terms. – Taxon 50: 495–505. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The nomenclatural difficulties associated with classifications that have misplaced rank‐denoting terms are reviewed. Several examples (both real and hypothetical) of classifications with misplaced rank‐denoting terms are discussed. A distinction is made between misplaced rank‐denoting terms and colloquially (mis)used rank‐denoting terms, and a discussion is provided on whether or not it may be useful to have such a distinction presented in the Code. In providing guidelines on how one should deal with the nomenclature of classifications that include misplaced rank‐denoting terms, a “minimal invalidity” concept is introduced. A review is made on how Art. 33.7 might be reworded so as to provide clearer guidance when dealing with classifications that involve misplaced rank‐denoting terms.

On the nomenclature of lichen phototypes

TAXONVolume 45, Issue 4 p. 663-664 Point of View On the nomenclature of lichen phototypes M. Roos, M. Roos Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2399 RA Leiden, NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorPer M. Jørgensen, Per M. Jørgensen Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author M. Roos, M. Roos Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2399 RA Leiden, NetherlandsSearch for more papers by this authorPer M. Jørgensen, Per M. Jørgensen Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1996 https://doi.org/10.2307/1224250Citations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume45, Issue4November 1996Pages 663-664 RelatedInformation

Is morphology a good way to understand the evolution of corals?

Within a family, genera are usually separated on the basis of their colonial structure. The periodic occurrence of transgeneric highly variable specific units (spectra) in the fossil record poses nomenclatural and phylogenetic problems. A detailed example among Jurassic montlivaltiids is presented in this paper involving the generaMontlivaltia, Coenotheca, Thecosmilia, LatiphylliaandComplexastrea.These spectra are related to peculiar unstable nonreefal environments and are characterized by the dominance of young stages of the colonial growth (astogeny). The arising nomenclatural difficulties are solved by way of spectral nomenclature which allows naming morphological types, as well as taxonomic units and keeping some stability within the general frame of nominal taxa. Genera correspond to grades (solitary, thamnasterioid, phaceloid, meandroid, cerioid) rather than clades and the colonial structure is a labile character. Several alternative phylogenetic hypotheses are proposed, among which, some can renew our vision of this group and emphasize that the iterative production of generic-level shapes is best explained by mean of heterochronic processes. It is suggested that testing of these hypotheses be extended to other families such as Microsolenidae, Stylophyllidae or Fungiidae.

The systematics of the Australasian Dexiini (Diptera : Tachinidae : Dexiinae) with revisions of endemic genera

The Dexiini form a significant component of the Australasian tachinid fauna and include species that parasitise mainly larvae of scarabaeid or cerarnbycid beetles . A generic key and keys to species of all endemic genera (some species-groups of Senostoma excepted) are provided . Senostoma is divided into four species-groups (longipes. rubricarinaturn. punctipenne and hirsutilunula). each described and treated separately. The dominant longipes-group is revised (with a species key). and the remaining groups thoroughly reviewed. with putative species concepts identified . Prosena is not revised, but all valid Australasian species are listed, existing species keys assessed, and various taxonomic and nomenclatural difficulties discussed. The endemic genera (Prosena excepted) are revised from 47 to 85 species (2 nomina dubia included) in 14 valid genera (previously 13). Six new genera are described: Patulifions, Rasiliverpa (based on two species previously placed in Billaea), Cantrellius, Gemursa, Paulipalpus and Effusimentum. Five generic names are newly synonymised: Anatropomyia Malloch, 1930 and Hobartia Malloch, 1930 = Trichostylum Macquart, 1851; Acucera Malloch, 1930 = Geraldia Malloch, 1930; Ola Paramonov, 1968 = Rutilotrixa Townsend, 1933; Macropodexia Townsend, 1933 = Senostoma Macquart, 1847. In all, 73 species are described or redescribed. These comprise 43 new species described in 13 genera [most notably in Trichostylum (10), Geraldia (12) and Senostoma (7)]. An additional 17 species (each based on inadequate material) are left undescribed, but are diagnosed by inclusion in species keys. Six species names are newly synonymised: Chaetogaster diversa Pararnonov, 1954 = Trixa lateralis Walker, 1849; Ola erasmusi Paramonov, 1968 = Rutilia nigrithorax Macquart, 185 1 ; Austrodexia communis Malloch, 1930 = Dexia appendiculata Macquart, 1851; Austrodexia mixta Malloch, 1930 = Dexia longipes Macquart, 1846; Lasiocalypter nigrihirta Malloch, 1930 = Dexia tessellata Macquart, 1851; Lasiocalyptrina modesta Malloch, 1930 = Dexia testaceicornis Macquart, 1851. Nine new combinations are established: Trichostylum flavicorne (Malloch, 1930); Trichostylum peculiare (Malloch, 1930); Rasiliverpa agrianomei (Mesnil, 1969); Rasiliverpa vicinella (Mesnil, 1969); Geraldia montana (Malloch, 1930); Rutilotrixa insectaria (Paramonov, 1968); Rutilotrixa nigrithorax (Macquart, 1851); Rutilotrixa wilsoni (Paramonov, 1954); Senostoma longipes (Macquart, 1846). A lectotype is designated for Billaea agrianomei Mesnil, 1969. The relationships of Australasian genera are reviewed. These comprise two main lineages, which have radiated in distinct adaptive zones, utilising larval hosts in separate niches. Thus carinate genera parasitise Scarabaeidae resident in soil, while non-carinate genera attack mainly wood-dwelling Cerambycidae.

A BOTANICAL GORDIAN KNOT: THE CASE OF ATERAMNUS AND GYMNANTHES (EUPHORBIACEAE)

The taxa of the Euphorbiaceous tribe Hippomaneae (sensu Webster, 1975) still present notoriously difficult problems in generic delimitation, despite the revisionary efforts of Mueller (1866), Baillon (1874), Bentham (1880), Pax and Hoffmann (1912), and others. This is especially true of the complex of taxa with highly reduced flowers which Baillon (1874) reduced to the single genus Excoecaria. Although Rogers (1951) achieved an acceptable differentiation between Sapium and Stillingia, the demarcation lines between Actinostemon, Gymnanthes, Sebastiania, and some smaller genera remain uncertain. This problem in classification is exacerbated by some nomenclatural difficulties, among which the status of Gymnanthes is most critical. Rothmaler (1944) initiated a still unresolved nomenclatural crisis by resurrecting the generic name Ateramnus P. Browne (1756), based on a Jamaican plant that Rothmaler identified with Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Since Ateramnus is a validly published earlier name, Rothmaler argued that it should be adapted for the genus currently known as Gymnanthes Sw. (1788). Recently, this suggestion of Rothmaler's has been taken up by Adams (1970, 1972) and by Gillis (1974), who apply names under Ateramnus to species heretofore treated under Gymnanthes. Gillis avowedly follows the lead of Dandy (1967), who in his index of generic names published between 1753 and 1774 listed Ateramnus in such a manner as to imply that it has priority over Gymnanthes. This has created a confusing situation in the current literature, because some botanists have followed Adams and Gillis in adopting Ateramnus (Correll, 1979; Tomlinson, 1980), whereas others continue to use Gymnanthes (Foumet, 1978; Elias, 1980). Little (1979), in his most recent index to the names of North American trees, judiciously declines to accept Ateramnus in place of Gymnanthes until this nomenclatural conflict is resolved. One solution to this problem might be to propose Gymnanthes for conservation. However, as noted by Gillis (1974), conservation of Swartz's generic name has already been rejected once by the Special Committee for Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae (Taxon 3: 241. 1954). The deciding factor in that vote may have been doubt that Ateramnus and Gymnanthes are synonyms. Long before Rothmaler's article, Hallier (1918) concluded that it is highly doubtful that Ateramnus was based on the plant Swartz called Gymnanthes lucida. This may be seen clearly by comparing the characteristics of Swartz's species with the brief description of Browne (1756: 339):

Enterobacter hafnaie infection

Two of 255 wounded soldiers developed nosocomial infection with Enterobacter hafniae. This species is rarely associated with urinary or gastrointestinal disease, and had not been heretofore reported in the setting of localized or bacteremic wound infection. Difficulties in nomenclature and identification have obviated accurate assessment of the importance of E. hafniae as a pathogen. Nevertheless, in view of the relative sensitivity of this species to antibiotics one should be careful to distinguish E. hafniae from other members of the genus Enterobacter.

A synopsis of American Salix

The classification of American Salix (willows) is updated to account for nomenclatural changes, new species and sections, and new data. Evolutionary relationships, biology, and nomenclatural difficulties in the genus are briefly discussed. A preliminary, simplified key to sections is presented along with a synopsis of subgenera, sections, and subsections. One new section and two new subsections are described. Six new combinations are also made. The important literature is cited.

Quelques remarques sur les relations entre morphologie pollinique et polyploidie dans le genre campanula sous-section heterophylla

Recent work, in particular cytological studies, concerning the Campanula species belonging to the rotundifolia group, allow one to conclude that these species constitute, in fact, a unit in the process of differentiation. This explains also the difficulties in nomenclature. The palynological data observed under the light microscope are not of interest in this work because of the absence of systematic variation. However, some authors have tried to determine if there could be a relationship between the cytotypes and certain characteristics of the pollen-grain morphology. The diversity of their results has led us to pursue this study with the scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.) on a taxonomically limited material (subsect. Heterophylla (Witasek) Fedorov) collected in only one geographical area (French and Spanish Pyrenees). Pollen grains of Campanula longisepala Podlech, C. recta Dulac, C. ruscinonensis Timbal-Lagrave, C. precatoria Timbal-Lagrave, C. cochlearifolia Lamarck, C. hispanica Willkomm ( C. hispanica ssp. hispanica Willkomm and C. hispanica ssp. catalanica Podlech), C. rotundifolia L., C. scheuchzeri Villars et C. ficarioides Timbal-Lagrave have been examined. The observations drawn from the study show firstly that the sculptures are heterogeneous, secondly that the different types of spines which could be identified do not correspond to the species but rather to the degree of polyploidy. There also appears to be a relationship between the level of polyploidy — whatever the species may be — and the morphology of the spine. This relationship might result from the state of coalescence of the extremities of several lirae.

Some scolecodonts in organic association from Devonian strata of western Canada

Abstract Scolecodonts, the acid‐resistant cuticulinous jaws of polychaete annelids, occur commonly in Paleozoic rocks; a more scattered Mesozoic distribution links the fossil forms with Recent species. Although fundamentally different from conodonts, scolecodonts share the same nomenclatural difficulties caused by their usual preservation as dispersed jaws and the rarity of natural assemblages. (The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not recognize “parataxa,” i.e., form‐ or organ‐taxa). Few authors have described natural assemblages, mostly from Ordovician and Permian strata. Here some 30 jaws in organic association from Devonian strata of western Canada are described. Those from palynological preparations are seen in transmitted light; the others are from picked micropaleontological residues and observed with a SEM. Stereopairs of SEM photomicrographs demonstrate the spatial relationships of the separate jaws within an apparatus. Criteria for speciating dispersed jaws are discussed, and t...

Jacquemontia ovalifolia (Convolvulaceae) in Africa, North America, and the Hawaiian Islands

Jacquemontia ovalifolia (Choisy) Hallier f. is one of the most broadly distributed species of the genus. A study of herbarium material from throughout its range lead to the recognition of three subspecies: subsp. ovalifolia from Africa, subsp. obcordata (Millspaugh) Robertson from Mexico and the West Indies, and subsp. sandwicensis (A. Gray) Robertson from the Hawaiian Islands. The species is probably of American origins and was dispersed at an unknown time by unknown means to Africa and Hawaii. The nomenclatural histories of the species and subspecies are reviewed, and a complete taxonomic treatment is presented. While preparing a revision of the New World species of Jacquemontia Choisy, taxonomic and nomenclatural difficulties were encountered with what has been called J. subsalina Britton or J. obcordata (Millspaugh) House, and it became clear that the problems could be resolved only by studying this taxon and its relatives on a world-wide basis, namely Africa, Mexico and the West Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands. NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY

Notes on New Zealand Pyramidellacea

Abstract Review of the marine gastropod superfamily Pyramidellacea shows that New Zealand faunas present significant nomenclatural problems. Clarification of subjective nomenclatural difficulties must await monographic study. Objective problems are briefly rectified below.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Ditrigona (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae: Drepaninae)

A taxonomic revision of the genus Ditrigona (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae: Drepaninae)

PROBLEMS IN CARTOGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE

The paper discusses the desirability of a more serious and systematic approach to map nomenclature on the part of cartographers. It points out that while local usage would seem to provide a ready-made list of names for some areas, overlapping or other problems usually lessen the value of local usage—Finally, the author gives a number of illustrations of the difficulties in map nomenclature caused by the existence of several languages in an area.

The course of Reiter's syndrome.

Reiter's syndrome in its fully developed form is characterized by an association of non-specific urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and a number of less constant features (Reiter, 1916). Cases of urethritis and arthritis alone have a course indistinguishable from the full syn drome and are therefore included in this study. This leads to difficulties in nomenclature which will be resolved only when the aetiology of this condition becomes known.

Wealden Plant Microfossils

AbstractOne new and several re-interpreted species of Lower Cretaceous age are included in Pyrobolospora, a new organ-genus of large spores bearing neck structures; in Triletes (section Aphanozonati) are placed two other species of megaspores, one emended and one new. These are a small part of a distinctive Wealden assemblage of plant microfossils, which represents a critical period in plant evolution and which should play its part in stratigraphy. Certain difficulties in nomenclature and morphology are discussed.

Further Observations on Variation in Canyon Wrens

The Canyon Wrens (Catherpes mexicanus) of the western United States have proved to be a most troublesome group with respect to racial taxonomy. Great amplitude of individual variation in any one population coupled with small series of available specimens are the sources of difficulty. The two most careful considerations of this problem of variation in recent years appear to have been those of Grinnell and Behle (Condor, 37, 1935:247-251) and Behle (Bull. Univ. Utah, 34, 1943:56-67) in which, however, opposing nomenclatural representations of geographic variation were advocated. The later paper of Behle, based on some new material, particularly from Utah, portrays a pattern of variation which my current review of the group largely confirms. In brief, the wrens from California west of the Sierra Nevada are usually rich, dark brown dorsally. In the Great Basin and in the southern deserts coloration is exceedingly variable, with many paler, tawnyor gray-backed birds appearing. Apparently, as Behle has reported, in eastern Nevada and Utah pale and tawny, rather than rich brown, coloration predominates; I am not prepared to say from personal observation that this type of coloration is uniform there. In Colorado and Arizona, richly brown birds again appear, many of them like those of coastal California. Behle has stated that along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada the separation of the dark and pale birds is rather abrupt. This I think is something of an exaggeration. Recently I have taken samples from the Inyo district east of the Sierra and from the western Sierran slopes and western California, including some new material from San Luis Obispo County, and have mixed seasonally comparable material to test the feasibility of separating geographic groups on the basis of color. I find that only about three-fifths of the total of 60 specimens can be correctly separated by this means; there seem to be no other useful characters available. Behle (1943) advocated use of names for the extremes of color differentiation, namely the rich brown type in western California and the pale type in Utah, recognizing that there is a zone of intergrades or of mixed-type birds of great magnitude between them which occupies much more ground than do the extreme populations. This would be a reasonable proposal were it not for other complications. But mixed groups occur across the northern Great Basin (see beyond), not in a line of intergradation between California and Utah, and similarly to the southward in the deserts of California and in Arizona, and again to the east of Utah. Moreover we are not yet in a position to define the geographic limits of the uniform pale population in Utah and we certainly are not able to define an area where the rich-brown bird predominates on the west coast; such a color type is not uniformly present there. Some further nomenclatural difficulties arise in the application of existing names. Punctulatus (Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882:343) would be available, as in the past, for the birds of coastal California, but conspersus (Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, 1873:603) is dubiously applicable to the pale tawny birds of Utah. The type of conspersus according to Behle, who has examined it, is a pale tawny bird like those of Utah. Yet this name should probably not be used for the Utah extreme as Behle has done in disregard for the population of western Nevada, of which the type was a part, and which is a mixed sort of population, representing a mid-segment of the color gradation between California and Utah. As shown by the trial sorting already reported, birds east (conspersus) and west (punctulatus) of the Sierran crest are not separable in large enough degree to make nomenclatural distinction of them useful. Problems similar to