Nomadic Environment Research Articles

The Diwani Hikmet Collection and Its Relation to the Kazakh People Oral Literature

The teachings and works of Hoja Ahmet Yasawi are of great importance to Kazakh national culture. The collection «Diwani Hikmet» is a unique work composed of symmetrical dimensions, in rhythmic, branching, rhyming style, containing many wise thoughts and philosophical generalizations. It is filled with reflections in the form of prayers, proverbs and stories to help educate humanity in faith, brotherhood, love and kindness. The collection of wisdom is an important monument of culture and literature of the Turkic peoples, including the Kazakh people. The wisdom and philosophical thoughts it contains are very relevant even for the modern society. Since the collection is oriented towards a nomadic environment, it was written under the influence of oral artistic tradition. Therefore, it is closely related to the oral literature of the Kazakh people. Hikmet was not only related to the oral tradition of folklore and oral, folklore literature that preceded it. As a result of oral distribution, they have greatly influenced the formation of many genres, themes and art forms of the whole Turkic, and especially Kazakh, folklore. The purpose of this research paper is to determine the content and form of connection and continuity between the oral literature of the Kazakh people and the collection of Yasawi «Diwani Hikmet». The article aims to describe the content and art forms of Yasawi wisdom that originated in the oral artistic tradition of the Kazakh people, as well as to identify common artistic origins from which they both are rooted. The materials and results of the analysis of Hikmets of Yasawi can form the basis for the creation of new theoretical works.

Наборы костяных пластин с орнаментом «плексис» из раннекочевнических погребений III в. до н. э. на Южном Урале

Sets of bone plates covered with braided ornaments (plexys) which were found in Bishungarovo and Zhaiyik-1 Burial Mounds in Southern Sub Urals belong to Greek-type caskets. Similar caskets were often found in Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region. But here the “plexys” ornaments are more widely spread than anywhere else in the early nomadic environment — in the decoration of weapons, vessels made of precious metals, on bone combs and details of spindles. In the décor of a Greek-made casket, a similar ornament was found only once — in the Chirikrabat Culture Balandi-1 in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Probably similar caskets came here from the state of Seleucids or Greco-Bactria in the end of the 4th—3rd century BC. Nomads of the Southern Sub Urals spent winters in the oases of the lower Syr Darya and took a few of such caskets north in the area of their summer nomadic camps where they were buried in their burials.

Предметы одежды в курганах ранних кочевников Южного Приуралья: иконография и погребальная практика (по материалам курганных могильников Филипповка 1 и Филипповка 2)

The article is devoted to publication and analyses of objects found during the excavation of the cemeteries Filippovka 1 and Filippovka 2 which are of value for reconstruction of clothing of the early nomads from the Filippovka Southern Urals. The objects under study are divided into two blocks – those carrying images of the nomads themselves for instance depictions of exclusively male riders with weapons or of various decorative elements made of precious metals, stripes, pendants and embroideries, according to the location of which in the burial relative to the backbone, one can get an idea of the costume as a whole. All burials where decorative patch elements were found in situ belong to females. The absolute majority of the sew-on decorations are made in the version of animal style art traditionally associated with Filippovka 1 cemetery, represented to a large extent by plates made from precious metals ornamenting wooden vessels. Obviously, this series of objects expresses the worldviews of the early nomads who left these funerary monuments on the territory of the Southern Urals, reflecting their religious and mythological ideas on the world around them and the vision of themselves. It is unlikely that these items were produced in a nomadic environment; they were rather produced in workshops the location of which has yet to be determined. In any case, they should be separated from Achaemenid style treasures which are referred to as “the antique” and were redesigned by nomads to suit their own needs.

Achaemenid Decoration with an Eight-Pointed Star from Filippovka 1

The article is devoted to the publication of a piece of jewelry with an eight-pointed star – a symbol of the goddess Inanna / Ishtar. The main decorative elements (an eight-pointed star, a filigree made of braids and smooth wire, an end with pyramids of four grain balls, additional elements of chains in the form of wires ending in pyramids of grain on which beads were strung, and drop-shaped pendants decorated with pyramids of four grains, four-bladed pendants, consisting of two thin almond-shaped plates bent at right angles, soldered together along the fold line), as well as the use of cloisonne enamel technique by the master and the method of attaching round eyelets soldered to the underside of the plate, have numerous parallels among Achaemenid jewelry. We can assume that the decoration was sewn on the upper part of the headdress, which was a trun-cated cone, the top of which was beveled back. In this case, chains of medium length could be lo-cated in front, and short chains – behind, dropping to the same level. Along with other Achaemenid prestige values, it fell into the hands of the Southern Urals nomads as payment for their participation in the suppression of the Inaros' revolt in Egypt in 456–454 BC and then for several decades it existed in a nomadic environment. Taking into account the available analogies and the historical context of the find, the decoration can be dated to the last quarter of the 6th – the first half of the 5th century BC.

REFERENCES TO THE TITLE OF THE TURKIC RULERS WHEN DESCRIBING THE HISTORY OF THE GHAZNAVIDS IN “TABA’I’ AL-HAYYAWAN” BY AL–MARWAZI

Within the framework of this article, the focus is on the mention in al-Marwazi’s work “Taba’i’al-hayyawan” (“On the nature of animals”) of embassies from the Uighur and Khitan rulers to the court ofSultan Mahmud Ghaznаvi. This author also cites in his work the text of the messages that were sent to thissultan by both rulers. In the text of the letter of the Khitan emperor, the title “Qara-khan” is used in relationto Mahmud Ghaznavi, which could not but raise certain questions from researchers. In this article, we wouldlike to consider, first of all, the author’s explanation of the origin of such a title, as well as its application toMahmoud Ghaznаvi. Here it is necessary to analyze al-Marwazi’s instructions on the connection betweenthe title “Qara-khan” and African slaves in the Turkic nomadic environment, on which this author dwellsin detail. In addition, we will analyze the points of view of researchers, both on the origin of such title, andits existence in the political system of Desht-i Qipchak and neighboring regions. We hope that this articlewill be useful not only for researchers dealing with the history of the Ghaznavid dynasty, but also for a widerange of experts on the history of nomadic Turkic tribes, as well as the reflection of their history in medievalMuslim historiography.

Soft-traditionalism as a strategy for actualizing folk tradition in the postmodern parameters of the chronotope of Ukrainian folk art culture

The purpose of the article is to consider the causes of the crisis of authenticity of Ukrainian folk art culture in postmodernism and to reveal the features of soft-traditionalism as a strategy of actualization of folk tradition in the postmodern parameters of the chronotope. The methodology consists in using analytical (establishing the causes of the crisis of authenticity of Ukrainian folk art culture in postmodernism), culturological (revealing soft-traditionalism as a strategy of actualization of folk tradition in postmodernism), axiological, and systemic (determining the basic principles of axiosphere of Ukrainian folk art culture approaches. The scientific novelty is to reveal the causes of the crisis of authenticity of Ukrainian folk art culture in the postmodern, due to virtualization, deontologization, destruction of the traditional linear chronotope of historical memory in a virtual nomadic environment. Based on modern achievements of culturological thought, the ambivalent nature of cyberspace as a post-ontological and archaic-ontological phenomenon at the same time is demonstrated, given the connection of the rhizome with the symbolic language of myth, subconscious and chthonic archetypes of culture. The classification of three models of soft-traditionalism as a value-semantic strategy of preservation of tradition in the conditions of postmodernism is developed. Conclusions. The study showed that in the postmodern chronotope, the interconnected processes of deontologization and virtualization cause a crisis of authenticity of Ukrainian folk art culture. The rhizome environment of the Internet leads to the destruction of the classical linear narrative of a fairy tale, myth, traditional narrative: the hierarchical triad of the chronotope is replaced by a chaotic nomadic movement. It is shown that traditional identification has always had a consistent systematic character, inherent in the gradual entry of the individual into the cultural tradition. Today, identity practices are spontaneous and cross-cultural. Nomadism is depicted as a characteristic feature of the Internet environment, which renews the archaic practices of primitive nomads, returning us to the pre-mythological structures of chthonic magic. The common sacred, gender and informational features of traditional culture are revealed, which create favorable preconditions for the development of the latest strategies of actualization of folk tradition in postmodernism. Such a strategy was «soft-traditionalism»/«light traditionalism», developed within the Chicago School of Phenomenology of the Sacred M. Eliade. The essence of soft-traditionalism is revealed, which consists in accentuating the axiological approach to folk art culture as an existential phenomenon of experiencing meanings that can be expressed in modern semiotic language. As an adequate relationship between the language of tradition and the language of its representation, a triadic structure of classification of models of soft-traditionalism is proposed: isolation, interaction, and stylization. It is emphasized that children's folklore, as a universal cultural form, is the most vivid embodiment of the three models of soft-traditionalism.

Horse Whip Pommels With a Special Protrusion of the XI—XIII Centuries (Based on the Materials of the National Museum of History of Ukraine)

To bridge a riding war horse and subordinate it to the will of the rider is possible through the usage of harness and other special equipment, which were fixed on an animal or operated by a person. In addition, a whip was used to execute the orders of the rider more effectively. The whip occured in the complex of weapons of the Ancient Rus warrior from a nomadic environment, where it simultaneously acted as a cult attribute and a kind of amulet. The structure of the whip provided the following components: a whip woven made of leather straps, a whip-handle, which ended with a knob at the pommel. Nowadays, there are different whip pommels according to their shape, material of manufacture and construction. The parts of the handle are divided into groups due to the material of manufacture (bone/horn, metal), into types according to the body shape, and into ornamental schemes if possible. All of them are connected by the presence of a typical protrusion, which prevented the whip from falling out of the rider’s hand and, in some cases, acquired a certain visual similarity to the head of a bird, or had specific zoomorphic (ornithological) features. Four types are distinguished for bone knobs (group I): spherical flattened; barrel-shaped rounded and with elongated proportions; with zoomorphic features; attached to the heads of the natural curves of the horny outgrowth. Metal knobs are of five types (group II): spherical; barrel-shaped elongated; zoomorphic; with cut corners; star-shaped. In the Eastern European region, finds of whip pommels with somewhat flattened forms and small beak-like outgrowths begin to be recorded from the X c. and all items are exclusively made of bone. The round, spherical and barrel-shaped knobs with elongated projections appear in the second half of the XI c. and continue to exist in the next two centuries. Zoomorphic knobs in the shape of a bird’s head of small proportions existed for a relatively short time — XI — first half of the XII c., and items on an elongated socket – from the XII — first half of the XIII c. The knobs with cut corners are dated more widely, within the XII—XIII/XIV c. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains eight items representing the corresponding pommels or their parts. Two finds are of unknown origin, and six are identified and come from Ancient Rus settlement structures of the XI—XIII c. from the territory of the Ros River region: Nabutiv, Kononcha, Sharky, Kniazha Hora.

РОЛЬ СУФИЗМА В ПЕРЕХОДЕ КИРГИЗОВ ОТ ТЕНГРИАНСТВА В ИСЛАМ

The article deals with the penetration of Islamic faith through Sufism into the Kyrgyz environment. The article describes the common features of Tengrianism and Sufi philosophy, which in many ways were the main factor contributing to the rooting of Muslim ideology in the nomadic pagan environment.

Creating an Upbringing Space by Nomadic Preschool Educational Organization

Introduction. The problem of the research is the discrepancy between approaches to the use of socio-cultural resources of the modern sparsely populated Arctic region for preschooler’s upbringing with the possibilities of the upbringing space created at the initiative of a nomadic preschool educational organization. Nomads represent a special civilization. Children of nomads are physically developed: they have keen eyesight, good sense of smell and hearing, agility and quick reaction, etc. However, no attention is paid to the traditional indicators of the development, upbringing and socialization of a child, for example, the development of oral speech: the word is not the main means of solving life problems. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the possibility and prospects of creating an upbringing space on the initiative of a preschool educational organization in an Arctic nomadic environment. Methodology and methods of the research. The research is based on the activity-based, anthropological and event-driven approaches. Research methods: study of pedagogical literature and the legislative base of changes in the education system of the Russian Federation, pedagogical observation of children, interviewing nomadic parents and educators. Analysis of the upbringing traditions of indigenous Arctic peoples. A description of some of the practices and results of upbringing a preschool child-northerner in the family, clan community is presented. The sources of the early formation of independence and responsibility for the surrounding area of the indigenous northern peoples are substantiated. Results of the research. A scientific idea has been developed for the creation and implementation in a nomadic region of an algorithm for creating an upbringing space, created at the initiative of a multi-age community of a nomadic preschool educational organization. The algorithm is based on the concept of interaction of special socio-cultural institutions of the Arctic territory. The main directions of activities of communities of different ages for the development of educational space are proposed: creation of conditions for the formation of an ideological level, a respectful attitude to nature as a component of the human environment with living natural objects; realization of the potential of the preserved ethnocultural experience, traditions of leisure and economic management of the nomadic Arctic peoples; mastering the traditions of family life, the role of father, mother, head of the clan. Conclusion. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in the course of the development and implementation of the algorithm for creating an upbringing space, the characteristics of the personality of a northerner preschooler living in a nomad were systematized; the conditions are determined, the peculiarities of creating an upbringing space on the initiative of a nomadic pre-school educational structure are substantiated; methodological materials have been developed that reveal the features of the reproduction of the proposed algorithm for creating an upbringing space. Prospects for the practical application of the research results. The results can be used in municipalities with similar territorial features for organizing nomadic preschool education and upbringing.

Jewellery from Burial 2 Kurgan 1 Filippovka 1 Cemetery: Manufacturing Techniques, Purpose and Semantics of Images

The article is dedicated to the publication of the unique jewelry which was found in the untouched noble female’s grave-pit of the Early Sarmatian elite burial ground located at Southern Urals. It stands out with an unordinary complicated construction, polychrome style, a variety of materials and techniques used in its manufacture, central disc containing cloisonne artwork. Analysis of the item’s burial context convincingly showed this item was not worn as a decoration in social life, but it was the precious relic used in religious ceremonies and ritual practices for short periods of time. A detailed study of manufacturing technology allows us to reconstruct the fastening ways and application methods for this jewelry. The search of analogies for images placed on the central medallion, made it possible to clarify its compositional semantics. Its central character is the sacred tree, guarded by the divine power of “khvarenah” deity. “Khvarenah” is presented by two guises - the winged sun disc and the sacred Veraghna birds. General meaning of the ritual reflects the idea of increasing fertility: ensuring the well-being and increasing offspring numbers, health, wealth and prosperity of the family. New Assyrian compositional scheme used in the medallion. It appeared at the beginning of the IX century BC and actively spread in Urartu and pre-Achaemenid Media since the VIII-VII centuries BC. This relic was found in the early nomadic burial site dating back to the IV century BC. All these show the significant continuity of ancient Iranian religious cults. They continue to exist in the satrapies of Achaemenid Iran, they are perceived by the elite of the Sarmatian tribes of the Southern Urals and they spread in a nomadic environment.

The caregiving practices of nomadic Yuruk Turkmen families for their children in terms of developmental well-being: an ecocultural perspective

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in order to investigate the caregiving practices of nomadic Yuruk Turkmen (NYT) families for their children for developmental well-being in view of ecocultural theory perspective. The ethnography method was used in order to investigate the caregiving practices of NYT families in physical and social environment in detail. The sample consists of four NYT children and their family members who take part and responsibility in caregiving practices. As data collection tools observation, interview, ethnographic photographs, and the researcher’s diary were used. The findings indicate that the practices of sheltering, nutrition, sleeping, cleanliness, and health are shaped by factors such as nomadic life style, physical and social environment and livelihood sources. Children participate in production activities from an early age. They also take some responsibilities in the care of their siblings. Within environmental possibilities, care givers possess false caregiving practices although they carry out practical and effective ones.

Семипоколенная экзогамная структура «Жетіата» как община-социум* (к проблеме совпадения рода и общины у казахов-кочевников)

The ethnically characteristic organizational form of communal relations among Kazakh nomads was a clan (ru) - the so-called seven-generation exogamous structure “zhetiata”, which united a group of blood relatives within seven generations on the paternal line and synthesized practically all types and levels of social relations in a nomadic environment. Its known demographic limitation in time and space and territorial localization, as well as delimitation from such structures, was ensured by the exogamous barrier of family and marriage relations. Such localization, as well as the relative autonomous mode of functioning of this structure, received a powerful ideological and historiographic substantiation in the geneological tradition - «shezhire» and are conditioned by socio-economic, natural-ecological and institutional factors.

Agricultural practices among the nomads of the Lbishensky Disctrict of the Ural Region in the Beginning of the XX century

n this article, the author shows the role of agriculture among nomads based on data from the cadastral source of the 1912 issue of “Materials on Kyrgyz Land Use ...” in the Lbishchensky district of the Ural region. The research focuses on the nomads of Lbishchensky district. The author shows the number of sown grain, types of grain and the area of ​​planted land. Millet was the most common cereal among nomads, who were living in the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, including Lbischensky district. The average yields of millet are summized and it is calculated whether nomads could survive in the nomadic environment only at the expense of grain, using the method introduced by Masanov, and further developed by Kanyashin. This technique was created to calculate the number of cattle necessary for the Kazakhs to survive in nomadic environment. Using the “Materials on Kyrgyz land use ..” and a number of other sources and research the author argues that farming in this district could not feed the majority of nomads and could only be a supplementary economic activity

Information context and socio-technical practice of digital nomads

Inspired by a task-based approach, this study aims to investigate the transformability of digital nomadic workers’ information practices by capturing the related social and technical perspectives. It concentrates on conducting an exploration of the characteristics of nomadic work from two standpoints: mobile social practices adopted by nomadic workers in their unsteady work activities and the used technical approaches.,The paper provides a clear understanding and basic insights about nomadic working trends by interviewing 21 Omani digital nomads working in large organisations or small- and medium-sized enterprises, corporation workers, creative freelancers and workers who have a multi-functional set of competencies.,Although nomadic work is still in the early stages in Oman, the study results indicate that digital nomads are able to create transient work strategies that allow them to establish their own efficient workplaces. They also have the essential abilities to take advantage of technology to support their work achievement. The findings from such research could be used to develop general thinking among workers and organisations about the role of mobile work in improving work performance and investing in modern computing and information technology applications to facilitate successful remote working.,The study finding can help decision makers to address socio-technical matters by ensuring that cafes, airport lounges, public places and co-working spaces can meet the particular requirements of digital nomadic workers. Additionally, the study provides programmers with useful context on workers’ behaviour in relation to distance work, which could encourage them to develop new and local applications and potentially boost nomadic work.,There have been no empirical studies exist that cover key issues related to nomadic workers in the region. This study is the first attempt to provide primary indications that describe and define the nature of nomadic work in Oman by exploring the workers’ information practices in the nomadic environment. The study determines the information context of nomadic work, mainly focussing on how these dynamic contexts frame their information practices.

Future of IoT Networks: A Survey

The introduction of mobile devices has changed our daily lives. They enable users to obtain information even in a nomadic environment and provide information without limitations. A decade after the introduction of this technology, we are now facing the next innovation that will change our daily lives. With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT), our communication ability will not be restricted to only mobile devices. Rather, it will expand to all things with which we coexist. Many studies have discussed IoT-related services and platforms. However, there are only limited discussions about the IoT network. In this paper, we will thoroughly analyze the technical details about the IoT network. Based on our survey of papers, we will provide insight about the future IoT network and the crucial components that will enable it.

A review of lightweight block ciphers

Embedded systems are deployed in various domains, including industrial installations, critical and nomadic environments, private spaces and public infrastructures. Their operation typically involves access, storage and communication of sensitive and/or critical information that requires protection, making the security of their resources and services an imperative design concern. The demand for applicable cryptographic components is therefore strong and growing. However, the limited resources of these devices, in conjunction with the ever-present need for smaller size and lower production costs, hinder the deployment of secure algorithms typically found in other environments and necessitate the adoption of lightweight alternatives. This paper provides a survey of lightweight cryptographic algorithms, presenting recent advances in the field and identifying opportunities for future research. More specifically, we examine lightweight implementations of symmetric-key block ciphers in hardware and software architectures. We evaluate 52 block ciphers and 360 implementations based on their security, performance and cost, classifying them with regard to their applicability to different types of embedded devices and referring to the most important cryptanalysis pertaining to these ciphers.

Security in Pervasive Computing: Current Status and Open Issues

Million of wireless device users are ever on the move, becoming more dependent on their PDAs, smart phones, and other handheld devices. With the advancement of pervasive computing, new and unique capabilities are available to aid mobile societies. The wireless nature of these devices has fostered a new era of mobility. Thousands of pervasive devices are able to arbitrarily join and leave a network, creating a nomadic environment known as a pervasive ad hoc network. However, mobile devices have vulnerabilities, and some are proving to be challenging. Security in pervasive computing is the most critical challenge. Security is needed to ensure exact and accurate confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and access control, to name a few. Security for mobile devices, though still in its infancy, has drawn the attention of various researchers. As pervasive devices become incorporated in our day-to-day lives, security will increasingly becoming a common concern for all users - - though for most it will be an afterthought, like many other computing functions. The usability and expansion of pervasive computing applications depends greatly on the security and reliability provided by the applications. At this critical juncture, security research is growing. This paper examines the recent trends and forward thinking investigation in several fields of security, along with a brief history of previous accomplishments in the corresponding areas. Some open issues have been discussed for further investigation.

Image of an Eagle in the Art of the Early Nomads

In the Saka-Scythian animal style was extremely popular the image of a bird of prey (eagle). Images of eagles’ heads, in a characteristic manner of transmitting the image of a stylized bird of prey are common in the art of the early nomads of Central Asia. Widespread in the applied arts was the image of an eagle in the era of the early nomads, but continued to prevail later.Eagle presents in the myths and symbols of all the ancient civilizations, and the most complete way that image embodies the steady and universal sense - the sky (solar) power, fire and immortality. At the same time, the eagle symbolizes the supreme imperial power, emphasized its divine origin. Distribution of this image in a nomadic environment associated with the increasing role of war and the military aristocracy in a nomadic society.

Cooperative evolution of services in ubiquitous computing environments

As the number and capabilities of mobile devices is rapidly increasing, new challenges arise in the way services are currently designed. Users are seeking for more complex and advanced functionalities able to satisfy their increasing requirements. As a consequence, in ubiquitous environments, a different way to design services has to be introduced in order to guarantee services always up to date in a transparent and efficient way. In this paper, we present and analyze a framework for distributed cooperative service evolution in a wireless nomadic environment. In particular, we assume a disconnected network architecture, where users' mobility is exploited to achieve a scalable behavior, and communication is based on localized peer-to-peer interactions among neighboring nodes. Service management is achieved by introducing autonomic services, whose operations are based on a distributed evolution process, which draws tools and concepts from evolutionary computation (and genetic algorithms in particular). The latter relies on the concept of recombination , i.e., the exchange of information among service users, which collaborate to enhance their fitness , defined as the ability of the actual service to fulfill user's requirements. We introduce a general framework for analyzing service recombination policies and exploit results from martingales theory to study their convergence properties.

Privacy‐aware shared UI toolkit for nomadic environments

SUMMARYAs computing becomes more nomadic, privacy becomes a greater concern. People use portable devices to annex displays in their environments so that they can share information with other people. However, private information such as usernames, e‐mail addresses, and folder names are shown on foreign displays. In addition, foreign keyboards can be used to enter in passwords generating a significant privacy and security risk. Because nomadic users' sensitive data is constantly at risk for exploitation via the UI toolkit, a solution for protecting user privacy must include that toolkit. This paper introduces the XICE framework—a windowing toolkit that provides easy display annexing and includes a robust privacy framework to help protect users and their data. This paper discusses the exploits that annexing external devices introduces and how XICE mitigates or eliminates those threats safely and naturally for both users and developers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.