Nomad Camps Research Articles

FRAME APPLICATIONS OF THE CONCEPT «STEPPE» IN KAZAKH FOLK LYRICS

This article deals with the analysis of the composition “Kara olen”, “Poems about heroes”, which are the part of the collection “Word of ancestors”. It is the first time when the concept of the Steppe in the work “The Word of Ancestors” was considered and taken for conceptual analysis from a linguistic point of view. Thepicture of the Steppe is revealed with the use of a rational approach to conceptual analysis of images.The main goal of the article is to define the expression of the concept steppein the language of Kazakh folk lyrics. Through the concept steppethe character, life of Kazakh people can be clearly seen. Using the method of allegory, the author was able to show the courage, steadfastness of the batyrs, love for their country, and a sense of patriotism for their homeland.The theoretical significanceof the study is determined by the formation of the Kazakh worldview of the concept “steppe” through a conceptual analysis of the language in the works “The word of ancestors”. The theoretical result of the work can be used as the secondarymaterials while studying such subjects as Cognitive Linguistics and Theory of Literature. In the course of the conceptual analysis, frame applications of the concept steppewere considered. With the use of the explanatory dictionary, the concept of "steppe" was defined. Having studied the continuity of the concept steppewith such notions as native land, bright hearth, nomad camp, Motherland, nature, legend, kui, world, etc., it was possible to explore the identity of Kazakh people, who were striving for freedom and independence even at that period of time due to their courageous character. As a result, through the manifestation of the concept steppein “Kara olen” and “Poems about Heroes”, social features of the folklore language were revealed.

Community-based symptom reporting among agro-pastoralists and their livestock in Chad in a One Health approach

One Health Syndromic Surveillance has a high potential for detecting early epidemiological events in remote and hard-to-reach populations. Chadian pastoralists living close to their animals and being socio-economically unprivileged have an increased risk for zoonosis exposure. Engaging communities in disease surveillance could also strengthen preparedness capacities for outbreaks in rural Chad. This study describes a retrospective cross-sectional survey that collected data on clinical symptoms reported in people and livestock in Chadian agro-pastoral communities. In January-February 2018, interviews were conducted in rural households living in nomadic camps or settled villages in the Yao and Danamadji health districts. The questionnaire covered demographic data and symptoms reported in humans and animals for the hot, wet, and cold seasons over the last 12 months. Incidence rates of human and animal symptoms were comparatively analyzed at the household level. Ninety-two households with a homogeneous socio-demographic distribution were included. We observed cough and diarrhea as the most frequent symptoms reported simultaneously in humans and animals. In all species, the incidence rate of cough was significantly higher during the cold season, and diarrhea tended to occur more frequently during the wet season. However, the incidence rate of cough and diarrhea in animals did not predict the incidence rate of these symptoms in humans. Overall, the variations in reported symptoms were consistent with known seasonal, regional, and sociological influences on endemic diseases. Our retrospective study demonstrated the feasibility of collecting relevant health data in humans and animals in remote regions with low access to health services by actively involving community members. This encourages establishing real-time community-based syndromic surveillance in areas such as rural Chad.

Ecological camps for children of indigenous peoples of the North: background and prospects

To organize any environmental camp, it is necessary to find its prerequisites, from which the goals and objectives of the camp are established. Since 2000 up to the present time in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) nomadic camps - temporary educational organizations during summer days for children living in remote, hard-to-reach settlements of the Arctic, where indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North live. The article deals with the process of creating the first ecological camps for children of the indigenous peoples of the North - Evens, as well as the development and search for optimal options for new forms of temporary children's groups during the summer vacation days in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for environmental education, rational nature management, teaching the native language and culture, including traditional economic activities of the peoples of the North. Experience has shown that the nomadic ethno-ecological camp is a new form in the field of environmental education. During the camps' activities, various technologies and methods were applied with the direct participation of conservationists and educators in the field of ecology and biology.

ДОШКОЛЬНОЕ ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НА ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ ТРАДИЦИОННОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КОРЕННЫХ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ ЮГРЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЕКТА «СТОЙБИЩНАЯ ШКОЛА-САД»

The paper describes an online form of pre-school education for children of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, organized in nomadic camps. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate how parents of preschoolers participating in the project “Nomadic kindergartens” assess its performance. The questionnaire survey data obtained in 2023 are used in the paper. It has been proved that a key factor is a socio-psychological one. As the child grows and reaches preschool/primary school age, the online format of education in nomadic camps allows adapting it to new social conditions and consider its ethnocultural component during the education.

Ivermectin and doxycycline treatments against Onchocerciasis: Adaptations and impact among semi-nomadic population in Massangam Health District, Cameroon.

We trialed strategies to reach semi-nomadic population with interventions targeting onchocerciasis including a combination of community knowledge and Geographical Information System (GIS) technology; nomad-specific sensitization; and mobile outreach. The interventions included ivermectin (ivm) mass drug administration (MDA) and treating infected individuals (found upon skin snip microscopy test) with doxycycline for 35 days. Microscopy-negative snips were further tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). After 8 months, individuals immigrating or emigrating constituted 47% of the initial population; 59% of individuals not born in the area have immigrated during the last five years; 28% (age>9) reportedly never taken ivm; 72% (compared to 51% previously) of eligible population (age ≥ 5 years) took ivm; and 47% (age > 8, not pregnant, not breastfeeding, not severely ill,) participated in the test. A high prevalence of onchocerciasis,15.1%, was found upon microscopy & PCR test; 9/10 tested by skin snip microscopy and PCR at follow-up were all negative. Microfilaria prevalence and intensity upon skin snip microscopy reduced significantly from baseline following the intervention (8.9% to 4.1%, p = 0.032; 0.18 to 0.16, p = 0.013, respectively). The strategies considerably increased reach to nomadic camps. Treating with doxycycline in combination with ivm is feasible and has led to a significant reduction in infection level within one year among the semi-nomads. Being potentially curative in one intervention round, this combination should be considered for population group faced with challenges of achieving adequate coverage and adhesion to ivm MDA over prolonged period (>10 years).

Кочевое образование в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе: проблемы и потенциал

In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the project “Nomad Education” has been implemented since 2010, aimed at solving the issues of accessibility of education for children of tundra people in the conditions of family, industrial nomadic camps. For 10 years, the attitude towards nomadic education has changed dramatically, in connection with which the paper presents an analysis of the effectiveness of nomadic education in teaching children of indigenous peoples in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug based on a study of the opinions of the nomadic population. This information can be the impetus for the improving the quality of education in nomadic areas. The purpose of the publication is to identify the problematic issues of nomadic education and determine the prospects for the project. The study involved 622 respondents from the indigenous population in 7 municipalities (districts) of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10 and SAS JMP 11 software packages. The results of a survey of the nomadic population on the effectiveness of teaching children in the system of nomadic education are presented. Nomadic education was assessed, risks and potential were identified. The most active supporters of nomadic education were reindeer herders, which is primarily due to the specifics of their nomadic life. Among the main factors affecting the quality of learning of children of the nomadic population, there is a shortage of qualified teachers who speak their native languages and are willing to work in the extreme conditions of nomadic life. Research materials can be useful to methodologists and teachers implementing the project “Nomadic Education” both in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in other territories of the Russian Arctic.

Наборы костяных пластин с орнаментом «плексис» из раннекочевнических погребений III в. до н. э. на Южном Урале

Sets of bone plates covered with braided ornaments (plexys) which were found in Bishungarovo and Zhaiyik-1 Burial Mounds in Southern Sub Urals belong to Greek-type caskets. Similar caskets were often found in Scythian burials of the Northern Black Sea region. But here the “plexys” ornaments are more widely spread than anywhere else in the early nomadic environment — in the decoration of weapons, vessels made of precious metals, on bone combs and details of spindles. In the décor of a Greek-made casket, a similar ornament was found only once — in the Chirikrabat Culture Balandi-1 in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Probably similar caskets came here from the state of Seleucids or Greco-Bactria in the end of the 4th—3rd century BC. Nomads of the Southern Sub Urals spent winters in the oases of the lower Syr Darya and took a few of such caskets north in the area of their summer nomadic camps where they were buried in their burials.

Experience of collecting medicinal plants in an ethno-ecological nomadic camp

The article deals with the experience of nomadic ethno-ecological camp for children of Even - indigenous minorities of the North, where in addition to learning their native language, schoolchildren collect medicinal plants. A nomadic camp is a form of organising a temporary children's group in the summer for the education and upbringing of children. The creation of nomadic conditions, in-depth study of the native language in natural life conditions in the process of labour and traditional way of life, familiarisation with folk traditions, customs and rituals, transmission of ethnic culture values, study of the toponymy of the native land - all this constitutes a substantial system of pedagogical conditions, the aim and objectives of the nomadic camp's activities.

Nomadic camp as an innovative way to preserve national identity

The article considers the process of introducing new forms of temporary children's associations during summer vacation days for children from indigenous peoples of the north, the Even people, which implies an ecological expedition of children from the Moma ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to study the ecology of Moma National Park, the Even language, culture and traditional industries of small peoples of the north. The work experience from 2000 to 2021 showed that a similar model of a nomadic ethno-ecological camp can be applied by the Nomads of the North. The Ewens, by their lifestyle, eternal nomads living in extreme conditions, are very protective of the environment, they are suited like no other to nature conservation activities, namely to work in the Moma National Nature Park. Therefore, in addition to environmental education, methods and technologies of folk pedagogy were used during the work, through which children learned and mastered the Even language and culture, were immersed in authentic forms of life and traditional economic activities: domestic reindeer breeding, hunting and fishing, national sewing, as well as customs and rituals, folk dances and games. Today, the pupils of the nomadic camp work successfully in the sphere of protection of nature, as well as in the national economy, including teachers of their native language and national culture. The experience of the temporary youth association has attracted the interest of many specialists, for example scientists from the United States of America who developed the "Deer Trail" project; also, many regions of the Russian Federation have introduced summer camps into educational practise in accordance with their requirements and possibilities.

Environmental education theme in nomadic camp: Bear

The topics of environmental education in the nomadic camp, a temporary educational association for children of indigenous minorities of the North, are the study of the fauna of the environment, in our case the territory of the Moma National Nature Park. In environmental education, one of the topics is the knowledge of large predators, bears, which is one of the compulsory disciplines of education. This is due to the fact that the Evenes are one of the nomadic peoples of the North, who live in extreme conditions, where meeting bears is not new. The Moma Evens have developed a huge body of knowledge about the bear, which is passed on from generation to generation. Moma Evenes still strictly fulfil the customs and rituals related to the bear. The article presents various customs, rituals and legends related to this large predator, which children learn not only theoretically, but also in practice.

Nomadic environmental camps for Evenki children: experience and development perspectives

The relevance comes from the fact that the article deals with the most important problem of educating children of small indigenous peoples of the North on the basis of their traditional way of life, native language and original ethnic culture, convincingly argued by quotations from the visiting session of the Presidium of the State Council when discussing the problems of indigenous peoples of the North, 'The concept of sustainable development of small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation', which stresses that 'difficult natural and climatic conditions, vulnerability of traditional way of life and small size of each of the peoples of the North conditioned the necessity to form a special state policy regarding their sustainable development, which provides for systematic measures on preservation of original culture, traditional way of life, and original habitat of these peoples.'

The Kukunor lake campaign of the Oirats 1636–1637: run-up

The main issues discussed in the article are as follows: 1. identification of the time and place where the envoys of the Tibetan Geluk leaders met with the Oirats; 2. establishing the exact place of gathering and advancing of the Oirat army towards Kukunor lake in the autumn of 1636. The authors suggest that the commander-in-chief of the army was Elet (Dzungarian) Batur-Khuntaiji, who later became the "deputy" of the Khoshut Gushi Khan. The arrival of Lama Tsagan Nomyn Khan to the Oirats from the nomad camps which belonged to the Eastern Mongolian ruler Altyn Khan in 1616 enabled their leaders to send their sons to the Tibetan Geluk school monasteries and consequently to establish close relations with their leaders. The following period of 20 years of the Oirat history (between 1616 and 1636) was filled with vivid and dramatic events. Among them were the war with Altyn Khan and civil strife, during which the Khoshuts, Derbets, and in general the Oirats were significantly splitted. At the same time, the influence of the Elet Khara Khula became more significant, which was reflected in the fact that his son Khotogochin, who succeeded him in 1634, received from the Dalai Lama the title "Batur-khuntaiji". Since the second half of 1634, the leading Oirat rulers and above all the Elets (who later on became Dzungars), were geographically close to their former homeland. At that time they met in the Tarbagatai region with Geluk envoys, who asked for help to fight against their enemies in Tibet. The early connections of the Elets with the lamas, as well as the special attention, that the Geluk lamas paid to Elets' leader, invite a suggestion that he was the addressee of that appeal. However, as a result, the Oirat army was led by Khoshut Gushi Khan. The army was gathered near Alakol lake and in the autumn of 1636, it moved towards the Kukunor lake through the Dzungarian Gate.

«Башкирский текст» в прозе С. П. Злобина

The research aims to analyse the peculiarities of representation of the Bashkir cultural, historical and natural space in S. P. Zlobin’s prose. The paper identifies the main elements of the “Bashkir text” functioning in the novels “Salavat Yulaev” and “On the Steep Path”. Scientific originality of the research lies in taking the structural-semiotic and imagological approaches to the study of the “Bashkir text” of the Russian writer. As a result of the study, the researchers have identified the role and semantics of the text-forming elements of S. P. Zlobin’s “Bashkir text”, among which the toponymy of the region (Yuruzen, Ural, Yaik), images of historical figures - leaders of uprisings (Salavat Yulaev, Batyrsha etc.), historical and cultural realia (nomad camp, nomad’s tent, kumis, kurai etc.) stand out. The folklore and mythological principle is noted in the geopoetics of the works (the motif of Sh’gali-Shakman’s bow, sacralisation of Mount Nars, description of Bashkir rituals and customs). Special attention is paid to representation of the speech portrait and the Muslim mentality of Bashkir characters by the Russian author.

Reach and Utility of COVID-19 Information and Preventive Measures for Nomadic Populations in Massangam, West Region of Cameroon.

ABSTRACT.The separation of nomadic pastoralist settlements from settled communities is a well-known challenge to the health system. Difficulties reaching these groups contribute to inequities in their health and impact the spread or control of several diseases. COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many public health interventions in Cameroon, while preventive measures including behavior change communication have been ongoing since the onset of the pandemic. The reach and utility of these campaigns in semi-nomadic population remain unclear. This exploratory qualitative study was conducted in September to October 2020 using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with nomadic camp heads, and their wives to explore their interactions with communication campaigns, awareness, understanding, and acceptance of behavior change messages. The study revealed a general awareness of COVID-19 and its preventive measures and a prevailing belief that they were less at risk because their camps are isolated from the main communities, and the fact that they had never met a COVID-19 case. They perceived that the women were at lower risk because of their limited interaction outside the camps. There was a common concern regarding the transmission of COVID-19 to their cattle. Routes of communication were markets and mosques frequented by men, making access to information limited to or dependent on men. Financial constraints and lack of water were the main barriers affecting the access to and use of COVID-19 prevention measures. There is need for adaptive communication strategies especially tailored to the culture of nomadic pastoralists addressing gender dynamics of this subgroup.

Teaching the Even language in a nomadic camp: problems and solutions

The subject of the study is the education of children in a nomadic camp for indigenous minorities; the analysis of the difficulties that the organizers encountered in the first years of the nomadic camp when learning their native language by Even children was carried out. For the educational system of small comprehensive schools, the nomadic camp is a new form of organization of temporary association during the summer holidays as an inseparable system of teaching the native Even language in natural nomadic conditions. The first years of work showed that children hardly master their native language. One of the reasons is that in secondary schools they were taught the Even language based on the Olsky dialect, which Momsky Evens do not understand. Considering the above, the Even language was taught in the local dialect in the nomadic camp. Author concludes that children that were recruited to the camp did not have the opportunity to go to reindeer herding brigades, and thus had no idea about the traditional way of life of their people. Work experience since 2000 has shown positive dynamics in the field of teaching the native Even language and national culture. After graduating from secondary school, many students of the nomadic camp entered various secondary specialized educational institutions and higher educational institutions and subsequently joined the ranks of teachers in secondary schools, preschool educators, and cultural workers.

Expeditionary Activity of Aleksey Pozdneev (1851—1920) with the Reference to the History of the Development of Scientific Mongolian Studies in Russia

The article deals with the expeditionary work of an outstanding Russian specialist in Mongolian studies Aleksey Matveyevich Pozdneev. He can be characterized by a wide range of work, from collecting field materials, compilation of manuscripts in oriental languages and objects of the religious cult of Buddhists to the creation of fundamental works in the history of the development of scientific Mongolian studies and the organization of leading centers for practical Mongolian studies in Russia, whose tasks were to train specialists in the modern East. The author of the article gives details of the scientist's expeditionary activities, revealed both from his published works and manuscripts from the archives of scientific institutions of St. Petersburg as well as shows the importance of scientific trips in general for the formation and development of scientific Mongolian studies in Russia and obtaining objective knowledge about the Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia.Multiple scientific trips to the territory of Mongolia and China, to the nomad camps of the Trans-Baikal Buryats and Kalmyks of the Astrakhan steppes of Russia contributed to the formation of A. M. Pozdneev as an authoritative scholar of Mongolian studies. Knowledge of history, culture, language and experience accumulated during a long stay among the Mongolian peoples determined the direction of his work as a state and public figure who made decisions about organization of education in national schools and conducted surveys on the situation and role of Buddhist Church. He thoroughly collected materials about life and religion, the administrative structure and social structure of Mongolian society in the late 19th — early 20th centuries which allowed to create a comprehensive picture of Mongolia at that time. The richest collections of manuscripts and woodcuts, which make up “A. M. Pozdneev Fund” of the scientific library in St. Petersburg University, contributed to the formation of new directions in Mongolian studies - linguistic, comparative-historical.

The (In)visible Romá mobility

The Roma issue is a complex, multifaced phenomenon. Existing research on Roma communities in Italy has examined the ways in which recent political debate and policy initiatives have succeeded in reframing the Roma issue exclusively in terms of emergency and public security (Maneri 2018, Piasere 2015, Solimene 2014, Tosi Cambini 2012). Few empirical studies, however, have analysed how the social construction of the Gypsy Problem in Italy is reflected in everyday life. Based on ethnographic research conducted in Cagliari from 2010 until today, this article analyses and discusses how a Xoraxané Romá community’s everyday life changed after the eviction from the nomad camp where they had lived for 30 years. Focusing on cultural processes, three main issues are explored: the “sense of place” and the spatially representation of their identity in the nomad camp; the effects of housing policies promoted in Cagliari; the relation between antigypsism and Romá mobility.

Archaeological monuments of Zangazur (Lachin district)

The settlement of people in Lachin district that located in the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus dates back to ancient times. The settlements of the district were built mainly in accordance with tribal relations. The construction of villages in the area was mainly divided into mountainous, foothill, hill-side and plain types according to the relief of the region. On the whole, since Lachin district is located in a mountainous area, the construction of villages here was also different: mainly, the houses in the district were built far apart, mostly scattered; villages with hut dwellings and those with dwellings built compact, closer to each other.The newly built bines (nomad camps or isolated farmsteads) were named after those who built them first. Although the main occupation of the district population was animal husbandry, they were also engaged in gardening, forestry and beekeeping. Archaeological and ethnographic investigations conducted in the district, clarified that the population were engaged in many handicraft areas (pottery, stone carving, metal working, etc.). At the same time, the settlements, grave monuments, churches and tombs and bridges of the district were comprehensively studied. The district located in a mountainous area, covers one town, one settlement and 125 villages.

ОСВЕЩЕНИЕ В РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕЧАТИ ЖИЗНИ И ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ КАЛМЫКОВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЮГА РОССИИ В XIX ВЕКЕ

The article deals with the coverage of the life and activities of Kalmyks in the South of Russia in the 19th century in the regional periodicals. Particular attention is paid to reflecting the processes of getting used to the nomadic Oirat tribes in the economy and culture of the sedentary Russian population. The question is raised about the typology of the provincial and regional press. The results of a comparative analysis of publications about Kalmyks in various local newspapers are presented. It is shown that the publicists of that time had different points of view on the Kalmyk question. The relevance is due to the need to study the information and propaganda component of the adaptation and integration processes of the Kalmyk people in the Russianspeaking and Orthodox-oriented environment. A review of the scientific literature on the topic is presented. The research has been carried out on the basis of the methodology of the systems approach and the principles of historicism using typological methods for publications and journalistic texts. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that it is the first to show that the numerous materials of these publications on Kalmyk problems were aimed not only at historical and ethnographic research and acquaintance with them to the wide Russian-speaking public, but carried an educational, civilizational and organizational character directed by their own information and communication field directly in the environment of Kalmyk nomad camps.

Goldmines, nomad camps, and cemeteries: The 2018 season of the Atbai Survey Project

Goldmines, nomad camps, and cemeteries: The 2018 season of the Atbai Survey Project