Noisy Source Research Articles

Experimental implementation of a three qubit quantum game with corrupt source using nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processor

In a three player quantum ‘Dilemma’ game each player takes independent decisions to maximize his/her individual gain. The optimal strategy in the quantum version of this game has a higher payoff compared to its classical counterpart. However, this advantage is lost if the initial qubits provided to the players are from a noisy source. We have experimentally implemented the three player quantum version of the ‘Dilemma’ game as described by Johnson, [N.F. Johnson, Phys. Rev. A 63 (2001) 020302(R)] using nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processor and have experimentally verified that the payoff of the quantum game for various levels of corruption matches the theoretical payoff.

Identification of noise sources in factory’s sound field by using genetic algorithm

Noise control is important and essential in factory, where the noise level is restricted by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Before noise abatement being performed, the identification work in searching for the location and sound power level (SWL) of noisy sound sources is absolutely prerequisite. Several researches on new techniques of single noise control have been well addressed and developed; however, the research work on sound identification for the existing multi-noise plant is hardly found sufficient. Under the circumstance of unrecognized noises, the noise control work will expectedly be extravagant and fruitless. Therefore, the numerical approach in distinguishing noises from a multi-noise plant becomes crucial and obligatory. In this paper, the novel technique of genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the method of minimized variation square will be adopted and used in the following numerical optimization. In addition, various sound monitoring systems in detecting the noise condition within the plant area will also be introduced. Before noises identification, the accuracy of mathematical model has then been proved to be in good agreements comparing to the simulated data of SoundPlan, a commercialized simulation package in sound field. Moreover, three kinds of multi-noise plants have been fully discussed and acknowledged by GA optimization. The results reveal that the relevant locations and sound power levels (SWLs) of noises can be precisely recognized. This paper surely provides a rapid methodology in the noise identification work for a multi-noise plant.

Numerical modeling of optical coherent transient processes with complex configurations—III: Noisy laser source

A previously developed numerical model based on Maxwell–Bloch equations was modified to simulate optical coherent transient and spectral hole burning processes with noisy laser sources. Random walk phase noise was simulated using laser-phase sequences generated numerically according to the normal distribution of the phase shift. The noise model was tested by comparing the simulated spectral hole burning effect with the analytical solution. The noise effects on a few typical optical coherence transient processes were investigated using this numerical tool. Flicker and random walk frequency noises were considered in accumulation process.

Particle filtering based noisy blind source separation

Noisy blind source separation (BSS) is studied. The proposed method mainly consists of two stages. The first step is to enhance each mixture by particle filtering so that (as in the theory) the noisy mixtures become noise-free. The second is to extract the sources by BSS algorithms. For particle filtering, the state-space model is defined by the time-varying autoregressive model of each mixture, and the measured space is set by each observed noisy mixture. Various simulations prove that the approach is effective.

Annoyance: Comparison between One Dominant Source of Noise and Two Source With Equal Noise

TM5-O-05 Introduction: Traffic noise from road traffic and railway is an environmental health problem. In Sweden, approximately 25% of the population is exposed to traffic noise above 55 dB outside their houses. Regarding simultaneous exposure to noise from several sources, there is only a limited knowledge. One purpose was to determine whether noise from 2 sources resulted in higher annoyance, compared to noise from one dominant source, under condition that the total noise exposure was the same. Methods: Residents exposed to traffic noise were selected to cover a wide range of sound levels, LAeq24h from 45 dB to over 70 dB. An acoustic consultant assessed sound levels from railway and road traffic separately, using SoundPlan and ArcView. The energy summation model was applied for assessment of the total noise exposure. Noise annoyance was assessed by a questionnaire, with separate questions regarding annoyance from noise from railway, road traffic noise, and the total traffic sound environment. A logistic regression was performed, with annoyance defined as “moderately, very or extremely annoyed.” Results: Analyses showed that the respondents did no add the annoyance from the 2 sources but made an assessment of the total traffic sound situation. For a high total noise exposure (63–72 dB), the annoyance to the total traffic sound environment was higher than annoyance to road traffic, for the same total noise level (McNemar, P < 0.001). A comparison was made between those exposed to noise from one dominant source (Group 1, n = 1270) and those exposed to 2 equally noisy sources (Group 2, n = 683), under condition that the total noise exposure was the same. When the total noise exposure is low, the annoyance is the same for Group 1 and Group 2. But when the total noise exposure is high, the annoyance is higher for those exposed to 2 equally noisy sources (Group 2). The annoyance is significantly higher (P < 0.05) for those displayed to equal noise from railway and road (Group 2), when the total noise exposure is above 58 dB. Discussion and Conclusions: This investigation shows that the annoyance is higher among people simultaneously exposed to high noise from 2 sources (railway and road traffic), compared with when only one dominant source produces the same noise. This shows the importance of assessing the effects of the total noise exposure, not only exposure from separate sources.

Production of heralded pure single photons from imperfect sources using cross-phase-modulation

Realistic single-photon sources do not generate single photons with certainty. Instead they produce statistical mixtures of photons in Fock states $\ensuremath{\mid}1⟩$ and vacuum (noise). We describe how to eliminate the noise in the output of the sources by means of another noisy source or a coherent state and cross-phase-modulation (XPM). We present a scheme that announces the production of pure single photons and thus eliminates the vacuum contribution. This is done by verifying a XPM-related phase shift with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

Canonical coordinates for transform coding of noisy sources

Based on the additive white quantization noise model, linear transform coders are derived for Gaussian sources corrupted by noise. There are two alternative design objectives: minimizing the trace of the error correlation matrix and thus minimizing the mean-squared error, or minimizing the determinant of the error correlation matrix and thus maximizing information rate. It is shown that a solution to both problems is to first transform the noisy observations into canonical coordinates, quantize and apply a Wiener filter in this coordinate system, and then transform the result back to the original coordinates. Canonical coordinates are uncorrelated, and quantization and Wiener filtering are applied to each component independently. The type of canonical coordinate system depends on the design objective: Quantization in half-canonical coordinates minimizes the mean-squared error and quantization in full-canonical coordinates maximizes information rate. Finally, it is also demonstrated in this paper that majorization is the fundamental principle underlying proofs of optimal transform coding.

Regularized spectral matching for blind source separation. Application to fMRI imaging

The main contribution of this paper is to present a Bayesian approach for solving the noisy instantaneous blind source separation problem based on second-order statistics of the time-varying spectrum. The success of the blind estimation relies on the nonstationarity of the second-order statistics and their intersource diversity. Choosing the time-frequency domain as the signal representation space and transforming the data by a short-time Fourier transform (STFT), our method presents a simple EM algorithm that can efficiently deal with the time-varying spectrum diversity of the sources. The estimation variance of the STFT is reduced by averaging across time-frequency subdomains. The algorithm is demonstrated on a standard functional resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment involving visual stimuli in a block design. Explicitly taking into account the noise in the model, the proposed algorithm has the advantage of extracting only relevant task-related components and considers the remaining components (artifacts) to be noise.

Zeroing Polynomials Using Modified Constrained Neural Network Approach

This paper proposes new modified constrained learning neural root finders (NRFs) of polynomial constructed by backpropagation network (BPN). The technique is based on the relationships between the roots and the coefficients of polynomial as well as between the root moments and the coefficients of the polynomial. We investigated different resulting constrained learning algorithms (CLAs) based on the variants of the error cost functions (ECFs) in the constrained BPN and derived a new modified CLA (MCLA), and found that the computational complexities of the CLA and the MCLA based on the root-moment method (RMM) are the order of polynomial, and that the MCLA is simpler than the CLA. Further, we also discussed the effects of the different parameters with the CLA and the MCLA on the NRFs. In particular, considering the coefficients of the polynomials involved in practice to possibly be perturbed by noisy sources, thus, we also evaluated and discussed the effects of noises on the two NRFs. Finally, to demonstrate the advantage of our neural approaches over the nonneural ones, a series of simulating experiments are conducted.

Random process reconstruction from multiple noisy source observations

Random process reconstruction from multiple noisy source observations

Analysis of masking effects on speech intelligibility with respect to moving sound stimulus

The purpose of this study is to compare the disturbed degree of speech by an immovable noise source and an apparent moving one (AMN). In the study of the sound localization, we found that source-directional sensitivity (SDS) well associates with the magnitude of interaural cross correlation (IACC). Ando et al. [Y. Ando, S. H. Kang, and H. Nagamatsu, J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 8, 183–190 (1987)] reported that potential correlation between left and right inferior colliculus at auditory path in the brain is in harmony with the correlation function of amplitude input into two ear-canal entrances. We assume that the degree of disturbance under the apparent moving noisy source is probably different from that being installed in front of us within a constant distance in a free field (no reflection). Then, we found there is a different influence on speech intelligibility between a moving and a fixed source generated by 1/3-octave narrow-band noise with the center frequency 2 kHz. However, the reasons for the moving speed and the masking effects on speech intelligibility were uncertain.

QUANTUM AND CLASSICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PLAYERS IN GAME THEORY

Effects of quantum and classical correlations on game theory are studied to clarify the new aspects brought into game theory by the quantum mechanical toolbox. In this study, we compare quantum correlation represented by a maximally entangled state and classical correlation that is generated through phase damping processes on the maximally entangled state. Thus, this also sheds light on the behavior of games under the influence of noisy sources. It is observed that the quantum correlation can always resolve the dilemmas in non-zero sum games and attain the maximum sum of both players' payoffs, while the classical correlation cannot necessarily resolve the dilemmas.

Noise Characteristics of Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifiers

We derive an analytical theory for the noise figure of an undepleted and lossless fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA). Both the signal and the wavelength converted idler are investigated. Our theory is applicable for both an ideal pump power source, as well as a noisy one. We find that a noisy pump source can severely degrade the performance at high gain due to the stochastic gain-variations the signal and idler will experience. The theory is compared with Monte Carlo simulations of the FOPA and an excellent agreement is obtained. Simulations in the gain-depleted region show the possibility to reach below quantum-limited, phase-insensitive amplification for single channel transmission.

内点最小2乗アルゴリズムによる数値的に安定な移動雑音除去

In this paper, we propose a new method for a moving noise reduction with a numerical stability via 2-channel microphone array using the interior point least square(IPLS) algorithm. The noise reduction system is realized by the frequency domain generalized sidelobe canceller(FDGSC) and the IPLS algorithm is applied to form the null of array for the direction of moving noisy source adaptively. The IPLS algorithm is based on the interior point method for the constrained optimization method, and can guarantee the numerical stability at the learning and thus, we obtain the target sound extracted with a high S/N. A superior performance of the proposed method is presented by several computer simulation results when using the speech signal as the noisy source signal.

Non-quasi-static (NQS) thermal noise modelling of the MOS transistor

A non-quasi-static (NQS) thermal noise model of the MOS transistor is presented that is valid in all modes of operation, from weak to strong inversion, and up to frequencies which are near or above the NQS cut-off frequency. It is shown that in addition to the well known induced gate noise (IGN) there is also an induced substrate noise that is generated and that the source and drain noises are also affected. All prior publications on the subject only deal with IGN in the strong inversion regime. It is shown that significant differences are obtained for moderate and weak inversion operation. A brief review is given of the NQS model valid in all modes of operation. The general thermal noise model using four noisy current sources is described. The power spectral and cross-power spectral densities of these noise sources are computed. A first-order approximation is then derived and compared to the complete model. It is shown that the correlation coefficient between the drain and the gate noise is always null in triode (VD=VS), and varies in saturation between j 0.6 in weak inversion to j 0.4 in strong inversion. To the authors&apos; knowledge, it is the first time that a complete HF thermal noise model of the MOST is presented, that is valid in all modes of inversion and up to and above the NQS cut-off frequency. The impact of this complete NQS noise model on RF-CMOS circuit design is illustrated by two examples.

ARTSTREAM: a neural network model of auditory scene analysis and source segregation

Multiple sound sources often contain harmonics that overlap and may be degraded by environmental noise. The auditory system is capable of teasing apart these sources into distinct mental objects, or streams. Such an ‘auditory scene analysis’ enables the brain to solve the cocktail party problem. A neural network model of auditory scene analysis, called the ARTSTREAM model, is presented to propose how the brain accomplishes this feat. The model clarifies how the frequency components that correspond to a given acoustic source may be coherently grouped together into a distinct stream based on pitch and spatial location cues. The model also clarifies how multiple streams may be distinguished and separated by the brain. Streams are formed as spectral-pitch resonances that emerge through feedback interactions between frequency-specific spectral representations of a sound source and its pitch. First, the model transforms a sound into a spatial pattern of frequency-specific activation across a spectral stream layer. The sound has multiple parallel representations at this layer. A sound's spectral representation activates a bottom-up filter that is sensitive to the harmonics of the sound's pitch. This filter activates a pitch category which, in turn, activates a top-down expectation that is also sensitive to the harmonics of the pitch. Resonance develops when the spectral and pitch representations mutually reinforce one another. Resonance provides the coherence that allows one voice or instrument to be tracked through a noisy multiple source environment. Spectral components are suppressed if they do not match harmonics of the top-down expectation that is read-out by the selected pitch, thereby allowing another stream to capture these components, as in the ‘old-plus-new heuristic’ of Bregman. Multiple simultaneously occurring spectral-pitch resonances can hereby emerge. These resonance and matching mechanisms are specialized versions of Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, which clarifies how pitch representations can self-organize during learning of harmonic bottom-up filters and top-down expectations. The model also clarifies how spatial location cues can help to disambiguate two sources with similar spectral cues. Data are simulated from psychophysical grouping experiments, such as how a tone sweeping upwards in frequency creates a bounce percept by grouping with a downward sweeping tone due to proximity in frequency, even if noise replaces the tones at their intersection point. Illusory auditory percepts are also simulated, such as the auditory continuity illusion of a tone continuing through a noise burst even if the tone is not present during the noise, and the scale illusion of Deutsch whereby downward and upward scales presented alternately to the two ears are regrouped based on frequency proximity, leading to a bounce percept. Since related sorts of resonances have been used to quantitatively simulate psychophysical data about speech perception, the model strengthens the hypothesis that ART-like mechanisms are used at multiple levels of the auditory system. Proposals for developing the model to explain more complex streaming data are also provided.

The minimax distortion redundancy in noisy source coding

Consider the problem of finite-rate filtering of a discrete memoryless process {X/sub i/}/sub i/spl ges/1/ based on its noisy observation sequence {Z/sub i/}/sub i/spl ges/1/, which is the output of a discrete memoryless channel (DMC) whose input is {X/sub i/}/sub i/spl ges/1/. When the distribution of the pairs (X/sub i/,Z/sub i/), P/sub X,Z/, is known, and for a given distortion measure, the solution to this problem is well known to be given by classical rate-distortion theory upon the introduction of a modified distortion measure. We address the case where P/sub X,Z/, rather than being completely specified, is only known to belong to some set /spl Lambda/. For a fixed encoding rate R, we look at the worst case, over all /spl theta//spl isin//spl Lambda/, of the difference between the expected distortion of a given scheme which is not allowed to depend on the active source /spl theta//spl isin//spl Lambda/ and the value of the distortion-rate function at R corresponding to the noisy source /spl theta/. We study the minimum attainable value achievable by any scheme operating at rate R for this worst case quantity, denoted by D(/spl Lambda/, R). Linking this problem and that of source coding under several distortion measures, we prove a coding theorem for the latter problem and apply it to characterize D(/spl Lambda/, R) for the case where all members of /spl Lambda/ share the same noisy marginal. For the case of a general /spl Lambda/, we obtain a single-letter characterization of D(/spl Lambda/, R) for the finite-alphabet case. This gives, in particular, a necessary and sufficient condition on the set /spl Lambda/ for the existence of a coding scheme which is universally optimal for all members of /spl Lambda/ and characterizes the approximation-estimation tradeoff for statistical modeling of noisy source coding problems. Finally, we obtain D(/spl Lambda/, R) in closed form for cases where /spl Lambda/ consists of distributions on the (channel) input-output pair of a Bernoulli source corrupted by a binary-symmetric channel (BSC). In particular, for the case where /spl Lambda/ consists of two sources: the all-zero source corrupted by a BSC with crossover probability r and the Bernoulli(r) source with a noise-free channel; we find that universality becomes increasingly hard with increasing rate.

Results for the η′ mass from two-flavour lattice QCD

We present results for the mass of the η′ meson for two-flavor lattice QCD in the continuum limit, calculated on the CP-PACS computer, using an RG-improved gauge action and clover fermion action with tadpole-improved c sw. Measurements are made at three couplings corresponding to a ≈ 0.22, 0.16, 0.11 fm for four quark masses corresponding to m π/ m ϱ ≈ 0.8, 0.75, 0.7, 0.6. The two-loop diagrams are evaluated using a noisy source method. Quark smearing for both one- and two- loop diagrams is successfully applied to obtain ground state signals in the η′ channel. We obtain m η′=0.960(87) −0.286 +0.036 in the continuum limit, where the second error represents the systematic uncertainty coming from varying the functional form for chiral and continuum extrapolations.

Flavor singlet meson mass in the continuum limit in two-flavor lattice QCD

We present results for the mass of the eta-prime meson in the continuum limit for two-flavor lattice QCD, calculated on the CP-PACS computer, using a renormalization-group improved gauge action, and Sheikholeslami and Wohlert's fermion action with tadpole-improved csw. Correlation functions are measured at three values of the coupling constant beta corresponding to the lattice spacing a approx. 0.22, 0.16, 0.11 fm and for four values of the quark mass parameter kappa corresponding to mpi over mrho approx. 0.8, 0.75, 0.7 and 0.6. For each beta, kappa pair, 400-800 gauge configurations are used. The two-loop diagrams are evaluated using a noisy source method. We calculate eta-prime propagators using local sources, and find that excited state contributions are much reduced by smearing. A full analysis for the smeared propagators gives metaprime=0.960(87)+0.036-0.248 GeV, in the continuum limit, where the second error represents the systematic uncertainty coming from varying the functional form for chiral and continuum extrapolations.

Applications of adaptive feedback active noise control system

This paper presents the experimental results of using the single-channel adaptive feedback active noise control (AFANC) algorithm with an innovative setup to achieve global attenuation of industrial machine noise in settings such as large manufacturing plants. An effective solution of using active/passive techniques and three distributed error sensors is proposed. The performance of the AFANC algorithm is verified by real-time experiments using the TMS320C32 DSP to control vibratory bowl and welding power generator noises. The experiments results show that this single-channel AFANC system can effectively reduce the noise level and is cost effective, portable, and easy for installation to control many noisy sources in large spaces.