Noise Power Spectral Density Ratio Research Articles

Evaluating Performance: A Study of Encrypted vs. Unencoded Signals in SISO-OFDM with LS and MMSE Estimations

The continuous progress in digital communication has played a crucial role in meeting the increasing need for faster data rates. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), a pivotal methodology in this progression, attains improved data rates through the efficient utilisation of densely packed carriers within a specified channel bandwidth. This article focuses on the investigation of channel estimation in OFDM systems. the study of search lies in its examination of the performance consequences associated with the incorporation or lack thereof of a convolutional encoder in OFDM systems and looks at how well two well-known channel estimation algorithms, Least Square (LS) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), work in 4-Quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) OFDM systems with and without a convolutional encoder with a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of the OFDM system across various channel conditions. It uses MATLAB implementations as its main tool. The findings of the study indicate that the MMSE algorithm, despite its higher complexity, exhibits superior performance in comparison to the LS algorithm when combined with a convolutional encoder. The gain in terms of bit error rate (BER) improvement approximately 12 dB. This represents the logarithmic scale improvement in BER from BER1(uncoded) to BER2(coded) at the same the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0) of 40 dB.

Introduction to the statistical theory of differential communication based on chaotic signals

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the statistical characteristics of a Direct Chaotic Differentially Coherent communication scheme based on chaotic radio pulses in a communication channel with additive white Gaussian noise, where the chaotic signal is given by different instantaneous distributions. Methods. To achieve this goal, numerical modelling of the noise immunity of Direct Chaotic Differentially Coherent communication is conducted and compared with the results of analytical research. Results. The regularities associated with the use of chaotic signals with various statistical distributions of instantaneous values were studied. The minimum values of energy per bit to white Gaussian noise power spectral density ratio were obtained, providing the required error probabilities. Conclusion. It is shown that the proposed system works efficiently at high values of processing gain, and as the processing gain increases, the dependence of noise immunity on the specific statistical distribution of the chaotic signal is levelled out.

СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ СИСТЕМЫ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ИНФОРМАЦИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ХАОТИЧЕСКИХ ИМПУЛЬСОВ В КАНАЛЕ С ГАУССОВСКИМ ШУМОМ

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the statistical characteristics of a differentially coherent communication scheme based on the use of chaotic pulses in the presence and absence of thermal noise for various distributions of chaotic signal instantaneous values. To achieve this goal, a numerical simulation for the performance of direct chaotic differentially coherent communication scheme is carried out in the work by a computer simulation. A numerical simulation was carried out, confirming the previously obtained analytical bit error probability estimates vs energy per bit to gaussian noise power spectral density ratio. The minimum energy per bit to gaussian noise power spectral density ratio values, which provide the given error probabilities, are obtained. It is shown that the proposed communication system works effectively at high values of processing gain(the behavior of the communication system was studied for various values of processing gain), and in the case of high values of processing gain, the results obtained do not depend on the choice of a specific discrete chaotic signal distribution.

Análisis de la técnica NOMA-OFDM en un canal multitrayecto y usando estimación de canal

NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) is a non-orthogonal access technique that can increase spectral efficiency and is considered a candidate technology for 5G. NOMA-OFDM combines the non-orthogonal access of NOMA with OFDM, which is widely used due to several advantages such as its high spectral efficiency. Channel estimation is an essential process in a NOMA-OFDM system, so in this paper a channel estimation scheme with preamble for the downlink is proposed considering a multipath channel and the LS (Least Square) technique. The analysis of the results is performed based on graphs of BER (Bit Error Rate) vs Eb/N0 (Energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) of the simulation implemented in Matlab and shows that channel estimation is possible with the LS method with the advantage that it is a simple technique although it produces a degradation of approximately 3 dB in the BER compared to the ideal case of perfect estimation. In addition, the results show that the selection of the injection factor is very important for the performance of the users to be adequate.

Federated Edge Learning With Misaligned Over-the-Air Computation

Over-the-air computation (OAC) is a promising technique to realize fast model aggregation in the uplink of federated edge learning (FEEL). OAC, however, hinges on accurate channel-gain precoding and strict synchronization among edge devices, which are challenging in practice. As such, how to design the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator in the presence of residual channel-gain mismatch and asynchronies is an open problem. To fill this gap, this paper formulates the problem of misaligned OAC for FEEL and puts forth a whitened matched filtering and sampling scheme to obtain oversampled, but independent samples from the misaligned and overlapped signals. Given the whitened samples, a sum-product ML (SP-ML) estimator and an aligned-sample estimator are devised to estimate the arithmetic sum of the transmitted symbols. In particular, the computational complexity of our SP-ML estimator is linear in the packet length, and hence is significantly lower than the conventional ML estimator. Extensive simulations on the test accuracy versus the average received energy per symbol to noise power spectral density ratio (EsN0) yield two main results: 1) In the low EsN0 regime, the aligned-sample estimator can achieve superior test accuracy provided that the phase misalignment is not severe. In contrast, the ML estimator does not work well due to the error propagation and noise enhancement in the estimation process. 2) In the high EsN0 regime, the ML estimator attains the optimal learning performance regardless of the severity of phase misalignment. On the other hand, the aligned-sample estimator suffers from a test-accuracy loss caused by phase misalignment.

A Wasserstein GAN Autoencoder for SCMA Networks

In the view of the exponential growth of mobile applications, the Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) is one promising code-domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technique. The challenge in the adoption of SCMA in practical networks is twofold: designing optimal codebooks at the transmitter and decoding the data at the receiver. However, most of the works available in the literature address only one aspect. In this letter, we design an end-to-end SCMA en/deconding structure based on the integration between a state-of-the-art autoencoder architecture and a novel Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) that improves the robustness to the channel noise. We compare the performance obtained by the proposed network with conventional computationally intensive solutions and a deep learning based autoencoder. The performance achieved show better performances in terms of Symbol Error Rate (SER), especially at low energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio.

A Novel Signal Design and Performance Analysis in NavCom Based on LEO Constellation.

The mega-launch of low Earth orbit satellites (LEOs) represents a critical opportunity to integrate navigation and communication (NavCom), but first, challenges related to signal design must be overcome. This article proposes a novel signal scheme named CE-OFDM-PM. Via research on the in-band or adjacent band, it was found that the proposed signal scheme was suitable for S-band and had a wide normalized power spectrum density (PSD), high peak-to-side lobe ratio (PSR), and multiple peaks in autocorrelation. In an analysis of the simulation performance evaluation in navigation and communication, it is found that the proposed signal scheme has the potential for high accuracy, a code tracking accuracy of up to 0.85 m, a small mutual influence between the proposed signal scheme and other schemes, excellent anti-interference properties, and a better performance at both short and long distances in terms of its anti-multipath capability. Furthermore, the proposed signal scheme shows the ability to communicate between satellites and the ground and is outstanding in terms of its bit error rate (BER), CNR, and energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). From the technical, theoretical, and application perspectives, our proposed signal scheme has potential as an alternative scheme in future BDS, PNTs, and even 5G/B5G.

Evaluaciónde OPS para la Reducción de la PAPR en un SistemaOFDM conCanal Multitrayecto

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) es una tecnología de comunicacióninalámbrica que tiene ventajas como alta eficiencia espectral, alta tasa de transmisión y es robusta a la propagación por mulitrayecto. Sin embargo, su principal desventaja es que tienealta PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio).Este artículo presenta la evaluaciónde la técnica OPS (Orthogonal Pilot Sequence) para la reducción de la PAPR en un sistema OFDM con canal multitrayecto. Para la evaluación se consideran dos tipos de canalesmultitrayecto selectivos en frecuencia, con y sin línea de vista. Se evalúa la técnica OPS obteniendola gráfica del BER (Bit Error Rate)vs Eb/No (energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) y la gráfica de la CCDF (Cumulative Complementary Distribution Function) para distintos parámetros. Losresultados muestran una reducción de la PAPR cuando se utiliza la técnica OPS y una mejora en el BER.

Rank-One Detector for Kronecker-Structured Constant Modulus Constellations

To achieve a reliable communication with short data blocks, we propose a novel decoding strategy for Kronecker-structured constant modulus signals that provides low bit error ratios (BERs) especially in the low energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio $(E_b/N_o)$ . The encoder exploits the fact that any $M$ -PSK constellation can be factorized as Kronecker products of lower or equal order PSK constellation sets. A construction of two types of schemes is first derived. For such Kronecker-structured schemes, a conceptually simple decoding algorithm is proposed, referred to as Kronecker-RoD (rank-one detector). The decoder is based on a rank-one approximation of the “tensorized” received data block, has a built-in noise rejection capability and a smaller implementation complexity than state-of-the-art detectors. Compared with convolutional codes with hard and soft Viterbi decoding, Kronecker-RoD outperforms the latter in BER performance at same spectral efficiency.

Visible Light Communication System Based on Software Defined Radio: Performance Study of Intelligent Transportation and Indoor Applications

In this paper, our first attempt at visible light communication system, based on software defined radio (SDR) and implemented in LabVIEW is introduced. This paper mainly focuses on two most commonly used types of LED lights, ceiling lights and LED car lamps/tail-lights. The primary focus of this study is to determine the basic parameters of real implementation of visible light communication (VLC) system, such as transmit speed, communication errors (bit-error ratio, error vector magnitude, energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) and highest reachable distance. This work focuses on testing various multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). We have used Skoda Octavia III tail-light and Phillips indoor ceiling light as transmitters and SI PIN Thorlabs photodetector as receiver. Testing method for each light was different. When testing ceiling light, we have focused on reachable distance for each M-QAM variant. On the other side, Octavia tail-light was tested in variable nature conditions (such as thermal turbulence, rain, fog) simulated in special testing box. This work will present our solution, measured parameters and possible weak spots, which will be adjusted in the future.

Channel Estimation Based on IOTA Filter in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM Systems

In this paper, we present a study of bit error rate (BER) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/offset quadrature phase shift keying (OFDM/OQPSK) and OFDM/offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) systems with an isotropic orthogonal transfer algorithm (IOTA) filter. The novel noise suppression method based on an IOTA filter is proposed to reduce the error of channel estimation caused by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems do not insert the guard interval (GI) and pilots in the signal frames, thus they possess transmission efficiency. An analysis was carried out for convolutional coded OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems in Rayleigh fading channels with generator polynomials and constraint lengths. Compared with conventional OFDM/QPSK and OFDM/QAM systems with the insertion of comb-type pilots, the proposed IOTA filter-based channel estimation method can provide significant energy per bit to time-varying noise power spectral density ratio gains over time and frequency-selective propagation Rayleigh fading channels in OFDM/OQPSK and OFDM/OQAM systems.

Multi Band OFDM Alliance Power Line Communication System

This paper describes a new communication system that meets the quality of service requirements for home high speed communications. This system is based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) and Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies.The performances of our MBOA-PLC (Multi Band OFDM Alliance - Power Line Communication) system was evaluated by Matlab simulation to predict the efficiency of the UWB over PLC technology and their potential applications in the home network. The system compares the transmitted and received data to calculate the bit error rate (BER), based on the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb / N0). This is achieved by varying the number of information bits transmitted per OFDM symbol and the convolutional coding rate. The BER performance analysis presented in this study aims for a very high-speed transmission on indoor CPL channels, at more than 200 Mbps. The maximum data rate available on the market does not exceed 200 Mbps, despite the use of advanced coding and modulation systems, such as 1024 QAMs and the turbo-codes used for the Homeplug AV standard. The existing technology has little room to increase throughput because the available operational bandwidth limits the capacity of the channel.In the proposed PHY model for indoor PLC communications, QPSK mapping is used to provide good BER performance at high data rates that existing techniques have difficulty obtaining.

Performance analysis of spectrally encoded hybrid WDM-OCDMA network employing optical orthogonal modulation format against eavesdropper

In this paper, the spectrally encoded hybrid WDM-OCDMA network employing 60 Gbps non-return to zero/differential quadrature phase shift keying (NRZ/DQPSK) orthogonally modulated data signal operating over 100 km SMF+DCF has been proposed. In proposed hybrid WDM-OCDMA network, the orthogonal modulation formats are used to enhance per channel capacity and the spectral amplitude optical coding for enhancing the confidentiality of data from unauthorized user or eavesdropper. The impact of input power, transmission distance and energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0) on the performance of WDM-OCDMA network in terms of output optical power, timing diagram, BER, Q-factor and probability of error free code detection has been investigated. It can also be determined that orthogonal modulation formats are promising option to increase per channel capacity as compared to conventional modulation format and these are less vulnerable to chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD). Meanwhile, the performance of proposed hybrid network is compared with existing OCDMA network which show the feasibility of proposed WDM-OCDMA network in future generation optical networking.

Concentric Circular Arrays for Stratospheric High-Altitude Platforms Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a concentric circular array (CCA) is designed to provide feasible link between High-Altitude Platform (HAP)--which acts as a sink station--to sensor nodes placed on ground to form a Wireless Sensor Network. The proposed array design technique provides two types of coverage cells namely; wider coverage cell of 30 km radius and another smaller cell of 8 km radius. The link feasibility is examined for practical sensor models at two different frequencies (2.4 GHz and 868 MHz) and two corresponding bit rates (250 and 38.4 kbps) and shows the possibility of communications between the HAP and sensors at all scenarios. The CCA is optimized to improve the power gain inside the cell and reduce the out-of-cell sidelobe radiation using a modified Dolph-Chebyshev CCA. The comparison with conventional antenna models that give the same coverage radii shows that the link performance in terms of bit energy to noise power spectral density ratio can be improved by 11.37 dB for cells of 8 km radius and by 16.8 dB in the case of 30 km radius cells which make the link at 2.4 GHz to be feasible and realizable compared to using conventional antenna techniques.

Improved Turbo Decoding Using Soft Combining Principle

One great challenge in wireless communication systems is to ensure reliable communications. Turbo codes are known by their interesting capabilities to deal with transmission errors. In this paper, we present a novel turbo decoding scheme based on soft combining principle. Our method improves decoding performance using soft combining technique inside the turbo decoder. Working on Max-Log-Maximum a Posteriori (Max-Log-MAP) turbo decoding algorithm and using an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel model and 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM), simulation results show that the suggested solution is efficient and outperforms the conventional Max-Log-MAP algorithm in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER). The performance analysis is carried out in terms of BER by varying parameters such as the Energy per bit to Noise power spectral density ratio ( $$\text {E}_{\text {b}}/\text {N}_{\text {o}}$$ E b / N o ), and decoding iterations number. We call our proposed solution Soft Combined Turbo Codes.

Optimizing Concentric Circular Antenna Arrays for High-Altitude Platforms Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has gained interest in many applications and it becomes important to improve its performance. Antennas and communication performance are most important issues of WSN. In this paper, an adaptive concentric circular array (CCA) is proposed to improve the link between the sink and sensor nodes. This technique is applied to the new High – Altitude Platform (HAP) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The proposed array technique is applied for two coverage scenarios; a wider coverage cell of 30 km radius and a smaller cell of 8 km radius. The feasibility of the link is discussed where it shows the possibility of communications between the HAP sink station and sensor nodes located on the ground. The proposed CCA array is optimized using a modified Dolph-Chebyshev feeding function. A comparison with conventional antenna models in literature shows that the link performance in terms of bit energy to noise power spectral density ratio can be improved by up to 11.37 dB for cells of 8 km radius and 16.8 dB in the case of 30 km radius cells that make the link at 2.4 GHz feasible and realizable compared to using conventional antenna techniques.

0.34-THz Wireless Link Based on High-Order Modulation for Future Wireless Local Area Network Applications

This paper presents a 0.34-THz wireless link for future wireless local area networks (WLANs), which is based on high order 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM). The system adopts super heterodyne transceivers and parallel digital signal-processing techniques. The 0.34-THz transceiver consists of a 0.34-THz subharmonic mixer, a 0.34-THz waveguide H-ladder bandpass filter, and a 0.17-THz multiplier chain. Two 0.34-THz Cassegrain antennas with 48.4-dBi gain have been developed to extend the transmission distance. Based on a 32-way parallel signal processing, we have successfully realized the 3-Gb/s, 16QAM real-time modulator and demodulator. The measured data indicate that the lowest bit error rate of the 0.34-THz, 3-Gb/s data link is 1.784×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> over a 50.0-m line-of-sight channel. The maximum received energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio ( Eb/N0) is 23.8 dB, while the output power of transmitter is -17.5 dBm and the noise temperature of receiver is 5227 K. In addition, this paper presents a 0.34-THz WLAN prototype based on IEEE 802.11b/g protocol. The WLAN prototype, which consists of an access point and two terminal nodes, achieves a transmission data rate of 6.536 Mb/s over 1.15 m by using rectangular horn antennas.

Effect of Antenna Directivity on Adaptive Modulation in an Underground Mine Gallery Effet de directivité d’antenne sur la modulation adaptative dans une galerie de mine souterraine

Adaptive modulation is an effective technique to make full use of wireless channel capacity and average spectral efficiency in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Measured channel parameters performed in an underground mine environment at 2.4 GHz have been used in simulation tools based on Agilent SystemVue software. Two types of 2×2 MIMO antennas are investigated aiming to identify the optimal antenna technology that allows us to improve the performance of the MIMO channel. In addition, the modulation behavior at different locations in the undertaken mine gallery is considered. The best suitable modulation scheme is then selected depending on the obtained results [bit-error rate (BER) versus the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0)] and with respect to the receiver location.

BER Performance in Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial for Inner and outer Interleaving Using 64 QAM

Digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) was developed by the DVB Project that was first broadcast in the UK in 1997. The compressed digital audio, video and other data in Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) transport stream, using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is transmitted by this system. In order to analyze how an MPEG transport stream at the input of a DVB-T modulator is turned into a DVB-T signal, the channel coding and modulation technique must be considered. DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). This paper analyzes the performance of the system for the stationary reception. The aim was to implement all the functional blocks as specified in the DVB-T specification and analyze the BER performance of the system. Thus, this paper deals with a MATLAB application being developed to simulate DVB-T system for selected QAM. This work deals with the MATLAB code to establish a system level simulation environment and use this system simulation model to evaluate the system performance hence provide the result in evaluating the performance of DVB-T with 64QAM. This system is able to measure and analyze the performance of bit error rate (BER) versus energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/No) for 64 QAM.

On the Gaussian Approximation and Margin Measurements for Optical DPSK Systems With Balanced Detection

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Based on the computed exact probability density functions (PDFs), we analyze the conventional Gaussian approximation (GA) method and the thresholding-based bit error rate (BER) measurement method in back-to-back optical differential phase shift keying (DPSK) systems with balanced detection for the purpose of margin measurement in noise-loading experiments. We show that the GA method fails when used with DPSK systems in contrast to its success in the case of on-off keyed (OOK) systems, and as a result, the thresholding method is not as robust for DPSK systems as it is for OOK systems. Still, our results show that the thresholding method, when using reasonably small threshold bias, can measure large performance margins for DPSK systems with a wide range of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$E_b/N_0$</tex></formula> (the energy bit to noise power spectral density ratio) and optical bandpass filter (BPF) bandwidth, and receiver imperfections such as the PIN responsivity imbalance and frequency detuning. We further discuss briefly on BER estimation for nonlinear fiber transmission. </para>