Node-disjoint Multipath Routing Research Articles

A delay-constrained node-disjoint multipath routing in software-defined vehicular networks

A delay-constrained node-disjoint multipath routing in software-defined vehicular networks

Multi-Objective Function-Based Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The main goal is to find multiple node-disjoint paths that meet the multi-objective optimization problem in terms of energy consumption minimization and network lifetime improvement. Due to the battery-dependent nodes in mobile ad hoc networks, the performance of the network will degrade. Hence, it is necessary to choose multiple optimal node-disjoint paths between source and destination for data transfer. Additionally, it improves the Quality of Service (QoS) of wireless networks. Multi-objective function is used to select a path such that it gives an optimum result based on the energy consumption, hop, and traffic load. From the simulation results, it is proved that the proposed system is achieving less energy consumption and improved network lifetime compared with existing Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Hopfield Neural Network-based Disjoint Path set Selection (HNNDPS) and Multipath DSR (MDSR).

Designing a Energy Efficient Node Disjoint Multipath Routing technique to achieve energy efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks which comprise of mobile nodes with limited energy resources. Every node cooperates to perform routing and expends energy on a frequent basis. Nodes are mobile thus link breakages are common and new routes need to be established quickly. Traditional routing protocols tend to find shortest routes to destination providing best-effort delivery service. However due to limited energy and bandwidth resources shortest path routes may not suffice and may usually degrade the performance of the network. In this paper an Energy aware Node Disjoint routing technique END-AODV is proposed that is based on the traditional AODV protocol. The technique designed is based on the argument that node disjoint multipath routing can conserve energy more efficiently as compared to link disjoint routing. Link Disjoint routing leads to overuse of a subset of nodes thus decreasing the overall network lifetime. The technique proposed incorporates energy drain rate metric to establish energy aware routes which are node disjoint in nature. Simulation results with ns2.34 simulator show efficiency of the proposed technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption per data bit delivered, network lifetime and average end to end delay.

Ant Colony Based Node Disjoint Local Repair in Multipath Routing in MANET Network

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Link failure frequently occurs in ad-hoc networks due to nodes' mobile nature, which is not static to their position. The dynamic characteristic of the mobile ad hoc network facilitates multi-path routing protocols as a novel research area. This paper comprises an approach based on ACO acknowledge as NDLR-MP, an ACO-based node-disjoint multi-path routing protocol using AODV protocol. The proposed protocol intends to find all node-disjoint paths from source to destination in a single route discovery process that will conclusively minimize the routing control overhead. In this approach (NDLR-MP), the data packet transportation is initialized just after the first path is determined, wherein all the other secondary routes are also concurrently discovered. Additionally, we have also suggested an efficient local route repair method that redirects the current traffic to an available route if a broken link to the next hop is positioned towards the destination. The proposed route detection and maintenance methods can be considered as performance evaluation metrics. Moreover, results obtained on the Network Simulator (EXata 2.0) have shown the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach of NDLR-MP in contrast to the AODV protocol, which has significantly amplified the performance of the provided protocol. The parameters like route availability, control overhead, average E-2-E, and PDR are comparing with the existing protocol.

Security Enhanced Location-aided Level-based Disjoint Multipath Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), the location-based multipath routing protocols involves less routing overhead compared to non-location-based protocols. This paper proposes two location-based algorithms, Enhanced Location-aided Level-based node Disjoint Multipath routing (ELLDMR) and Secure Location-aided Level-based node Disjoint Multipath routing (SLLDMR), to enhance the link lifetime and the security of the MANET. The objective of ELLDMR is to build multiple paths with non-critical nodes so that the lifetime of the routing path is significantly increased. It also hides the source, destination and path identity in intermediate nodes to avoid intrusion of routing attacks in the routing path. The SLLDMR is an enhancement over ELLDMR where it aims to overcome rushing attack and exhibit secure data transmission using two-level cryptographic processes. The performances of ELLDMR and SLLDMR are simulated using NS2 where it shows a minimum routing overhead, less end to end delay and high packet delivery compared to existing Location-aided Level-based node Disjoint Multipath routing (LLDMR) algorithm and Topology Hiding multipath protocol (TOHIP).

Безопасная и надежная передача данных в MANET на основе принципов вычислительно стойкого разделения секрета

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) require special approaches to the design and selection of data transmission and security algorithms Nodes mobility and dynamic topology give rise to two key problems of MANET – the difficulty of ensuring confidentiality when transmitting data through a network and the complexity of organizing reliable data transfer. This paper proposes a new approach to organizing data transfer through MANET, based on node disjoint multipath routing and modular coding of data. Distributed modular coding allows the use of secret-sharing schemes to ensure confidentiality on the one hand and reliable coding on the other hand. In this paper, a Computationally Secure Secret Sharing Scheme based on the Residue Number System is used, which ensures the confidentiality of data and the reliability of their transmission. Such an approach also allows for balancing the network loading.

ENERGY SENTIENT QOS IMPLEMENTED NODE-DISJOINT MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOLFOR MANET

Some of the main challenges dealing with mobile ad-hoc networks are typically associated with insufficiency of energy and attaining QoS requirements. In order to attain efficient utilization of energy and improve the operational lifetime of the mobile ad-hoc network while at the same time providing reliable packets delivery, energy efficient node disjoint multipath routing was suggested. In such networks attaining Quality of Service (QoS) routing is a not an easy task due to the network breakage by node mobility or high power consumption of mobile nodes. This paper presents a new adaptation of Energy Sentient QoS Implemented in Node- Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol (ESQI-NDMRP) incorporated with cluster head selection in clusters to allow the sharp selection of node- disjoint routes, and these node-disjoint routes are selected in various cluster head at clusters from the environment circumstance of the network to satisfy the QoS requirements. The performance of our protocol is contrasted with ESQI-NDMRP. From simulation results attained from NS2 simulator by implementing the proposed method, show improved result in terms of energy consumption and throughput as compared to ESQI-NDMRP.

A Novel Effective Multipath Routing Technique Providing High Availability in Wireless Networks

Wireless networks, such as mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or wireless sensor networks (WSNs), usually suffer link failures and topology changes, due to the mobility of wireless nodes, the insufficient power of wireless nodes, the unstable state of wireless links, and unpredictable environmental interference. If any link or node failure occurs, a lack of fault-tolerant mechanisms may lead to the interruption of active communication between the source and destination nodes. Multipath routing protocols have been proposed to solve the problem. In this paper, we propose a novel multipath routing approach called node-disjoint multipath routing (NDMR) for discovering and establishing two node-disjoint paths between a source and a destination in a wireless network. The proposed approach uses the request-reply mechanism to find the node-disjoint paths. However, it discards duplicates of request messages instead of re-broadcasting them as occurs in several existing approaches. Additionally, NDMR uses a two-way handshake or three-way handshake process for discovering the node-disjoint paths. If the destination can find two node-disjoint paths in the first route discovery, it uses the two-way handshake process. Otherwise, it applies the three-way handshake process. By decreasing the number of steps in the route discovery process, NDMR reduces the route discovery time achieved by existing techniques. These advantages make NDMR very useful for applications that demand high availability and fault tolerance in MANETs and WSNs. The performance of NDMR has been analyzed, evaluated, and compared with that of several existing approaches. Various simulations were conducted to validate the analyzed results. The analyzed and simulated results show that NDMR significantly reduces the control overhead as well as the time required, by existing approaches, for route discovery.

A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation-based node-disjoint multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks

How to establish node-disjoint paths is the key issue in multi-path routing of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, a node-disjoint multi-path protocol based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (MPFCE) is proposed. In the protocol, the mediate nodes selectively forwards the RREQs from the source based on the path ID and the path ability. The path ability, which is calculated based on the energy mean, the energy variance, the hop count and the retransmission number by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, reflects the energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS). Finally, the RREQ arrived at the destination contains a node-disjoint path. The simulations demonstrate that the energy consumption of MPFCE is 60-70% of HENDMR and TinyONDMR; and the transmission delay of transmitting one packet in MPFCE is about 95% of TinyONDMR and HENDMR. Moreover, the overheads used in establishing multiple paths are also less than the other protocols.

A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation-based node-disjoint multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks

How to establish node-disjoint paths is the key issue in multi-path routing of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, a node-disjoint multi-path protocol based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (MPFCE) is proposed. In the protocol, the mediate nodes selectively forwards the RREQs from the source based on the path ID and the path ability. The path ability, which is calculated based on the energy mean, the energy variance, the hop count and the retransmission number by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, reflects the energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS). Finally, the RREQ arrived at the destination contains a node-disjoint path. The simulations demonstrate that the energy consumption of MPFCE is 60-70% of HENDMR and TinyONDMR; and the transmission delay of transmitting one packet in MPFCE is about 95% of TinyONDMR and HENDMR. Moreover, the overheads used in establishing multiple paths are also less than the other protocols.

Range Adjustable Hybrid Multi Path Routing Algorithm for WSNs

Node disjoint multipath routing is an effective way to achieve reliability and load balancing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, an attempt has been made in proposing a novel node disjoint multipath routing algorithm, the range adjustable hybrid multipath (RAHM). RAHM uses hybrid routing approach. The centralised node disjoint path selection is based on the objective of minimising the end to end communication drain on each path. The localised distributed route reconfiguration initiates on the node failure events and the route re-establishment is based on the objective of residual energy of the nodes. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated through simulations and compared with collection tree protocol (CTP) and multipath ring routing protocol. RAHM performs around 36% and 76% better in terms of network lifetime parameter compared to CTP and multipath ring routing protocol respectively.

A Queueing Model for Node-disjoint Multipath Routing in Cluster-based Hierarchical Multimedia Sensor Networks

A Queueing Model for Node-disjoint Multipath Routing in Cluster-based Hierarchical Multimedia Sensor Networks

End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Among the many multipath routing protocols, the AOMDV is widely used in highly dynamic ad hoc networks because of its generic feature. Since the communicating nodes in AOMDV are prone to link failures and route breaks due to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count which does not ensure end-to-end reliable data transmission. To overcome such problems, we propose a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called End-to-End Link Reliable Energy Efficient Multipath Routing (E2E-LREEMR) protocol by extending AOMDV. The E2E-LREEMR finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using two metrics such as Path-Link Quality Estimator and Path-Node Energy Estimator. We evaluate the performance of E2E-LREEMR protocol using NS 2.34 with varying network flows under random way-point mobility model and compare it with AOMDV routing protocol in terms of Quality of Service metrics. When there is a hike in network flows, the E2E-LREEMR reduces 30.43 % of average end-to-end delay, 29.44 % of routing overhead, 32.65 % of packet loss ratio, 18.79 % of normalized routing overhead and 12.87 % of energy consumption. It also increases rather 10.26 % of packet delivery ratio and 6.96 % of throughput than AOMDV routing protocol.

An optimized node-disjoint multipath routing scheme in mobile ad hoc

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), link failures are caused frequently because of node’s mobility and use of unreliable wireless channels for data transmission. Multipath routing strategy can cope with the problem of the traffic overloads while balancing the network resource consumption. In the paper, an optimized node-disjoint multipath routing (ONMR) protocol based on ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV) is proposed to establish effective multipath to enhance the network reliability and robustness. The scheme combines the characteristics of reverse AODV (R-AODV) strategy and on-demand node-disjoint multipath routing protocol to determine available node-disjoint routes with minimum routing control overhead. Meanwhile, it adds the backup routing strategy to make the process of data salvation more efficient in case of link failure. The results obtained through various simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of route availability, control overhead and packet delivery ratio.

An Analysis of Link Disjoint and Node Disjoint Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Network

In Mobile Ad hoc Network, path between source and destination node changes too frequently due to unpredictable behavior and movement of mobile nodes. The data delivery to the intended destination becomes very challenging. The paths exist between source and destination node may be various types. Data delivery may be done with single or multiple paths. Single path sometimes not guaranteed about data delivery, so one of the better solution is multipath data delivery. Here, in this paper, we have considered Link Disjoint and Node Disjoint multipath for data delivery. For this AOMDV protocol with node and link disjoint is considered to evaluate performance. To evaluate their performance different node pause time considered with varying number of nodes. We have computed various QoS network metrics like throughput, average end-to-end delay, routing overhead to identify in which method of data delivery perform better and in what conditions. The results obtain shows that Node Disjoint multipath method AOMDV performs better than Link Disjoint method. The simulation work carried out using Simulator NS-2.34. Index Terms—Link-Disjoint, Node-Disjoint, Throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, pause time.

Power Aware QoS Management in Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol FOR Mobile Adhoc Network

Multipath routing protocols are gradually increasing the network duration by share out the traffic between several paths. To widen the load between dissimilar nodes, node disjoint multiple paths are implemented for data communication. In such networks achieving Quality of Service (QoS) routing is a challenging task due to the network breakage by node mobility or high power consumption of mobile nodes. This paper presents a novel adaptation of Power Aware QoS Management in Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol (PAQM-NDMRP) to permit the sharp selection of node-disjoint routes from the environment condition of the network to satisfy the QoS requirements. The performance of our protocol is contrasted with NDMRP. From simulation results obtained from NS2 simulator by implementing the proposed protocol, show improved result in terms of power consumption, end-to-end delay, node mobility and throughput as compared to NDMRP.

A Countermeasure to Eavesdropping on Data Packets by Utilizing Control Packet Overhearing for Radio overlapping Reduced Multipath Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks are autonomously distributed wireless networks which consist of wireless terminals (hereinafter, referred to as nodes). They do not rely on wireless network infrastructures such as base stations. Relaying nodes and their surrounding nodes are susceptible to data theft and eavesdropping because nodes communicate via radio waves. Previously, we had proposed the secure dispersed data transfer method for encryption, decryption, and transfer of the original data packets. To use the secure dispersed data transfer method securely, we had proposed using the node-disjoint multipath routing method. In this method, multiple versions of encrypted data packets are transferred along each disjoint multipath to counter data packet theft. We had also proposed the enhanced version of the aforementioned routing method to reduce radio area overlap by using rebroadcasting of control packets to counter eavesdropping attacks. In this paper, we propose a multipath routing method to reduce radio area overlap through the introduction of control packet overhearing. We introduce control packet overhearing mechanisms to eliminate excess control packet counts and latency in the pathfinding process. Our main contributions are as follows: (1) our proposed method can reduce radio area overlap without  each node's geographical location information (e.g., using GPS information); (2) our proposed method also can eliminate excess control packets and latency without degradation of the security. Furthermore we conducted simulation experiments to evaluate our proposed method. We observed that our proposed method can construct the desired paths with a smaller amount of control packets and a shorter latency in the pathfinding process. We also conducted additional experiments to discuss the applicable scope of our proposed method. As a result, we confirmed that our proposed method was more effective as the average number of adjacent nodes increased.

Robust Path Construction for Reliable Data Transmissions in Node Disjoint Multipath Routing

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to node breakdowns due to energy constraints, which contribute to frequent topology changes. Moreover, since sensor nodes have restricted transmission range, multiple hops are needed by the node in order to forward the packets from one node to the other and this raises very challenging issues when designing routing protocols. Most of the proposed single path routing schemes use a periodic low-rate flooding of data in order to recover from path failures, which causes higher consumption in sensor node resources. So multipath routing is an optimal approach to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper, a robust path construction for a reliable data transmission in node-disjoint multipath routing (RNDMR) is proposed for WSNs. The proposed RNDMR has the ability to provide a low overhead path construction as well as provide data transmission reliability by using XOR-based coding algorithm, which entails low utilization of resources, such as low storage space and lesser computing power. In the proposed RNDMR, the procedure involves the splitting up of all transmitted messages into many different segments of equal size, before adding the XOR-based error correction codes and distributing it among multiple paths simultaneously in order to boost reliable data transmission and to be assured that the essential fragment of the packet arrives at the sink node without any additional consumption of energy and undue delay. By using simulations, the performance of RNDMR was assessed and compares it with ReInForm routing. The results illustrate that RNDMR attains low energy consumption, records low average delay and routing overhead, as well as increased packet delivery ratio when compared with ReInForm Routing.

Link Reliable Energy Efficient AOMDV routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

Reliable data transmission has been an emerging issue in ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing since the nodes are prone to link failures and route breaks in highly dynamic ad hoc networks owing to the selection of multiple routes between any source and destination pair based on minimal hop count. For eliminating such problems, a novel node disjoint multipath routing protocol called link reliable energy efficient AOMDV (LR-EE-AOMDV) routing protocol, the extension of AOMDV is proposed. The LR-EE-AOMDV finds multiple link reliable energy efficient paths between any source and destination pair for data transmission using three metrics such as path length, path-link quality estimator (P-LQE) and a novel path-node energy estimator (P-NEE). The performance of LR-EE-AOMDV is evaluated using NS2.34 with varying network flows and number of nodes under random waypoint mobility model in terms of quality-of-service (QoS) metrics. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of LR-EE-AOMDV routing protocol.

Bandwidth-aware routing and admission control for efficient video streaming over MANETs

In this paper, we develop and evaluate an adaptive self-configurable routing framework that can deal with dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks and provides quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for efficient video streaming. Proposed framework mainly consists of two major components. Firstly, it is a reactive bandwidth-aware node-disjoint multipath routing protocol which determines routes based on the specified bandwidth requirements of the requesting application. The second component of the framework is a session admission control (SAC) process that permits or denies a session to enter into the network based on the current availability of network bandwidth. We also propose methods to handle QoS violations caused by network mobility and congestion by keeping backup routes, performing local route recovery, avoiding routing through short-lived low quality links and periodic monitoring of the active transmission routes. To verify our proposed algorithms, the network with H.264/SVC encoded video traces which are generated from real-time video traffic is used for modeling the behaviour of the source nodes. It has been observed that reactively discovered and maintained routes on the basis of the most recent information about network topology and available resources can significantly improve the admission decision accuracy of SAC process, in turn improving the quality of received video traffic significantly.