Nodal Character Research Articles

The Time-Space Regimes of Human Mobility in the North Atlantic Island Spaces (Iceland, Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde)

Throughout history the North Atlantic archipelagos have projected themselves outwards thanks to travel and the innate capacity of their inhabitants to relate to other peoples. This research aims to reveal their nodal character on the stage of global mobility, using a detailed statistical analysis of their migration trends since the 1960s. To this end, it is necessary to recognise the rhythms of the migration transition and its parallelism with the socio-economic development of the island spaces themselves. In addition, common features can be identified in their recent migration patterns in which a great diversification of origins and destinations predominates, as well as a multiplicity of motivations. With this aim, migration in these archipelagos is interpreted from a temporal and spatial perspective, redefining the historical concept of “Atlanticity,” and allowing to identify the strategic position they play in the geography of human mobility in times of global capitalism.

Tuning (Anti)Aromaticity: Variations on the [8]-Circulene Framework.

Optoelectronic properties of organic molecules are underpinned by delocalisation and delocalisability of π-electrons. These properties are sensitive to small changes in electron count, whether achieved by heteroatom substitution or redox chemistry. One measure of the delocalisability of π-electrons is the current induced by an external magnetic field, which is diagnostic of (anti)aromaticity. The ab initio ipsocentric method is used here to model diverse ring-current patterns in the family of [8]-circulenes based on tetracyclopenta[def,jkl,pqr,vwx]tetraphenylene (TCPTP), in different charge states, with disjoint hetero-atom substitution, and with CC units systematically replaced by BN pairs. Maps calculated at the CHF/CTOCD-DZ2/6-31G** level reveal that these modifications of the TCPTP framework access the full range of possibilities for current from concentric global circulations (typically counter rotating) to full (non-aromatic) localisation. In the ipsocentric approach, induced current density is partitioned into robust orbital contributions that obey selection rules based on orbital symmetry, energy and nodal character. The selection rules are applied here to interpret current-density and exploit insights gained from simpler models to suggest design strategies for fine-tuning of π-delocalisability (aromaticity and antiaromaticity) in macrocyclic frameworks.

Nodal superconductivity in miassite Rh17S15

Solid state chemistry has produced a plethora of materials with properties not found in nature. For example, high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates is drastically different from the superconductivity of naturally occurring metals and alloys and is frequently referred to as unconventional. Unconventional superconductivity is also found in other synthetic compounds, such as iron-based and heavy-fermion superconductors. Here, we report compelling evidence of unconventional nodal superconductivity in synthetic samples of Rh17S15 (Tc = 5.4 K), which is also found in nature as the mineral miassite. We investigated the temperature-dependent variation of the London penetration depth Δλ(T) and the disorder evolution of the critical superconducting temperature Tc and the upper critical field Hc2(T) in single crystalline Rh17S15. We found a T − linear temperature variation of Δλ(T) below 0.3Tc, which is consistent with the presence of nodal lines in the superconducting gap of Rh17S15. The nodal character of the superconducting state is supported by the observed suppression of Tc and Hc2(T) in samples with a controlled level of non-magnetic disorder introduced by 2.5 MeV electron irradiation. We propose a nodal sign-changing superconducting gap in the A1g irreducible representation, which preserves the cubic symmetry of the crystal and is in excellent agreement with the derived superfluid density. To the best of our knowledge, this establishes miassite as the only mineral known so far that reveals unconventional superconductivity in its clean synthetic form, though it is unlikely that it is present in natural crystals because of unavoidable impurities that quickly destroy nodal superconductivity.

Diferencijalna dijagnoza limfadenopatija

The majority of patients presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy have easily identifiable causes that are benign or self-limited. Among primary care patients presenting with lymphadenopathy, the prevalence of malignancy has been estimated to be as low as 1.1 %. The critical challenge for the primary care physician is to identify which cases are secondary to malignancies or other serious conditions. Key risk factors for malignancy include older age, firm, fixed nodal character, duration of greater than two weeks, and supraclavicular location. Knowledge of these risk factors is critical to determining the management of unexplained lymphadenopathy. In addition, a complete exposure history, review of associated symptoms, and a thorough regional examination help determine whether lymphadenopathy is of benign or malignant origin. Unexplained lymphadenopathy without signs or symptoms of serious disease or malignancy can be observed for one month, after which specific testing or biopsy should be performed. While modern hematopathologic technologies have improved the diagnostic yields of fine-needle aspiration, excisional biopsy remains the initial diagnostic procedure of choice.

Renormalizations in unconventional superconducting states born of normal and singular Fermi liquids

The density of low-energy particle-hole excitations is nonanalytic in a singular Fermi liquid, but it is altered on entering a superconducting state in which, in the pure limit, it vanishes asymptotically at the chemical potential and in general is analytic. The single-particle excitations in the superconducting states are then quasiparticles so that a form of Landau theory may be constructed for thermodynamic and transport properties in the superconducting state. In this theory, the renormalization of measurable properties due to quasiparticle interactions, such as specific heat, compressibility, magnetic susceptibility, superfluid density, etc., changes in a temperature dependent fashion from the noninteracting theory. This is illustrated by showing the renormalization of these quantities and the relation between the parameters introduced to account for their temperature dependence. When the renormalizations in the normal state are large or singular, temperature dependence of properties in the superconducting states are then in general not useful for identifying the nodal character or symmetry of the superconducting state except for measurements at very low temperatures, the upper limits of which are specified. The results obtained are expected to be useful in interpreting the experimental results for the temperature dependence of various properties in the superconducting state born of singular Fermi liquids.

Status procesowy wojewódzkiego konserwatora zabytków w postępowaniu cywilnym na tle art. 95 ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami

In the paper considerations are presented on the processual status of Regional Conservator of Monuments in civil proceedings. Procedural rights of public authority to protect monuments in civil proceedings are set out in Article. 95 of the Protection and Guardianship of Monuments Act. However, the legislature strictly defined the position of the Regional Conservator of Monuments in civil proceedings, but did so in a rather concise and imprecise. Despite the nodal character of this regulation, it is a comprehensive platform for many scientific polemics.

Superconductivity in a non-centrosymmetric compound ThCoSi

The silicide ThCoSi crystallizes with a tetragonal crystal structure of the LaPtSi-type (space group I41md) that lacks an inversion center. Its properties were studied by means of magnetization, electrical resistivity and heat capacity measurements, performed down to 0.4 K in magnetic fields up to 50 kOe. This weakly correlated compound was revealed to exhibit bulk superconductivity below Tc = 2.95 K, characterized by the upper critical field comparable to the Pauli-Clogston limit. The specific heat data hint at possible nodal character of the superconducting state.

Relativistic ring currents in metallabenzenes: an analysis in terms of contributions of localised orbitals

Ring currents calculated in the ipsocentric CTOCD-DZ formalism are presented for four representative metallabenzenes, compounds in which a benzene CH group is formally replaced by a transition metal atom with ligands. Aromaticity is probed using ring currents computed using non-relativistic and relativistic orbitals (derived with relativistic effective core potentials or ZORA). Maps computed at different levels of relativistic theory turn out to be similar, showing that orbital nodal character is the main determinant of ring current. Diatropic/paratropic global ring currents in these compounds, and also circulations localised on the metal centre, are interpreted in terms of contributions of localised π-type orbitals and metal d-orbitals, respectively. All four considered metallabenzenes should be regarded as 6π electron species, despite the fact that three support diatropic ('aromatic') ring currents and one a paratropic ('anti-aromatic') current. The current-density maps determine the correct way to count electrons in these species: differential occupation of d-orbitals of formal π-symmetry contributes to circulation on the metal centre, but not around the benzenoid ring. The overall trend from strongly diatropic to weakly paratropic ring currents along the series 1 to 4 is explained by the increasing strength of interaction between formally non-bonding orbitals on the metal centre and C(5)H(5) moiety, which together make up the six-membered ring.

The Fukui matrix: a simple approach to the analysis of the Fukui function and its positive character

The Fukui matrix is introduced as the derivative of the one-electron reduced density matrix with respect to a change in the number of electrons under constant external potential. The Fukui matrix extends the Fukui function concept: the diagonal of the Fukui matrix is the Fukui function. Diagonalizing the Fukui matrix gives a set of eigenvectors, the Fukui orbitals, and accompanying eigenvalues. At the level of theory used, there is always one dominant eigenvector, with an eigenvalue equal to 1. The remaining eigenvalues are either zero or come in pairs with eigenvalues of the same magnitude but opposite sign. Analysis of the frontier molecular orbital coefficient in the eigenvector with eigenvalue 1 gives information on the quality of the frontier molecular orbital picture. The occurrence of negative Fukui functions can be easily interpreted in terms of the nodal character of the dominant eigenvector versus the characteristics of the remaining eigenvectors and eigenvalues.

Clinical burden of erosive hand osteoarthritis and its relationship to nodes

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical burden of erosive osteoarthritis (EOA) of the hand in terms of pain, functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQL) and its relationship to nodal osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsPatients...

Band structures of porous graphenes

Band structures of porous graphenes are deduced by crystal orbital method. The dispersions suggest ca. 3.7 eV of band gaps. Bandwidths of the HOCOs and LUCOs are zero within Hückel approximation due to the nodal character of phenylene units. The graphene ribbons with n porous ladders also have singular electronic states, of which flat HOCOs and LUCOs are n-fold degenerate, respectively. The flat bands are useful for possible magnetic materials.

18.6-year lunar nodal tides from altimeter data

Harmonic analyses of 16-year long time series of collocated TOPEX, Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeter data were carried out in the Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans and their marginal seas. These time series are sufficiently long to adequately separate the 18.6-year nodal satellites Q 1 n , O 1 n , K 1 n , M 2 n and K 2 n from their parent constituents Q 1 , O 1 , K 1 , M 2 and K 2 . Editing criteria were used to eliminate results in areas where these satellites are weak (i.e., smaller than their formal error estimates), or where they are strongly affected by aliased low-frequency signals (e.g. in the Kuroshio, in the Gulfstream and in their extension regions). As expected from tidal theory, the phases of the altimetry-derived nodal satellites agree reasonably well with the phases of their parents. However, due to their relatively small amplitudes and the remaining influence from low-frequency aliased signals, the altimeter observed amplitude ratios between the nodal satellites and their parent constituents tend to exceed the values predicted by the theory. Examination of diurnal and semidiurnal nodal amplitudes in select coastal areas and marginal seas around the Pacific and the western Atlantic Ocean allowed the assignment of a nodal character to regions, which were each classified as nodal diurnal, nodal semidiurnal, or nodal mixed, based on the nodal amplitudes in each band. While the areas with predominant diurnal tides are all nodal diurnal, the small nodal ratio of 0.037 for M 2 n resulted in some regions with strong M 2 tides being classified as nodal diurnal or nodal mixed. The amplitude ratio between K 2 n and K 2 is 0.30, making the K 2 n amplitudes sometimes comparable to those of M 2 n . However, this effect was not sufficient to make all the areas with dominant M 2 to be dominant nodal semidiurnal. The observed amplitudes of the 18.6-year nodal constituent M n are relatively small, 1.5–3.5 cm. These values significantly exceed its theoretical amplitudes, which are less than 1 cm almost everywhere. The analysed signals at M n frequency are therefore of mostly non-tidal origin, part of the broad-band decadal ocean variability.

What determines the sign of the Fermi-contact contribution to the NMR spin–spin coupling constant?

The Dirac vector model for the sign of the spin–spin coupling constant ( J) between a pair of atoms states that one-bond coupling constants are positive, two-bond negative, three-bond positive, etc. However, this rule is often violated. In an attempt to understand the sign of J, we propose a new model, the Nuclear magnetic resonance triplet wavefunction model (NMRTWM) which is based on the phases of excited triplet state wavefunctions, and the response of magnetic nuclei to these phases. The model demonstrates that, (1) the excited states which contribute to the coupling constant do so in a regular manner; (2) the sign of an individual contribution is determined by the nodal character of the excited-state wavefunction and the response of the nuclei to the phases of this function; and (3) the sign of the total coupling constant is the result of competing positive and negative contributions from various states. NMRTWM provides a fundamental explanation for both the successes and failures of the Dirac vector model, and can be used to gain insight into some puzzling results for the orientation dependence of F–F coupling between two HF molecules.

Nodal solutions for p-Laplace equations with critical growth

This paper is concerned with the existence and nodal character of the nontrivial solutions for the following quasilinear elliptic equations involving critical Sobolev exponents: (1) − ∑ i=1 N ∂ ∂x i | ∇u| p−2 ∂u ∂x i +|u| p−2u=|u| p ∗−2 u+f(u), u∈W r 1,p( R N), where p⩾2 and p ∗=Np/(N−p) is the critical Sobolev exponent for the embedding W r 1,p( R N)↪L p ∗ ( R N) . The function f satisfies some conditions given by ( f 1),( f 2),( f 3) in the paper. The main results obtained in this paper are that there exists at least a pair of nontrivial solutions for Eq. (1) provided that N⩾ p 2 and there exists at least a pair of nontrivial solutions u k +, u k − of Eq. (1) for each k∈ N∪{0} such that both u k +, and u k − possess exactly k nodes provided that ( f( t))″⩾0 for t⩾0 and N⩾ p 2( p−1)+ p.

Kronos forms alliance with Gulfstream Aerospace

Harmonic analyses of 16-year long time series of collocated TOPEX, Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeter data were carried out in the Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans and their marginal seas. These time series are sufficiently long to adequately separate the 18.6-year nodal satellites Q1n, O1n, K1n, M2n and K2n from their parent constituents Q1, O1, K1, M2 and K2. Editing criteria were used to eliminate results in areas where these satellites are weak (i.e., smaller than their formal error estimates), or where they are strongly affected by aliased low-frequency signals (e.g. in the Kuroshio, in the Gulfstream and in their extension regions). As expected from tidal theory, the phases of the altimetry-derived nodal satellites agree reasonably well with the phases of their parents. However, due to their relatively small amplitudes and the remaining influence from low-frequency aliased signals, the altimeter observed amplitude ratios between the nodal satellites and their parent constituents tend to exceed the values predicted by the theory.Examination of diurnal and semidiurnal nodal amplitudes in select coastal areas and marginal seas around the Pacific and the western Atlantic Ocean allowed the assignment of a nodal character to regions, which were each classified as nodal diurnal, nodal semidiurnal, or nodal mixed, based on the nodal amplitudes in each band. While the areas with predominant diurnal tides are all nodal diurnal, the small nodal ratio of 0.037 for M2n resulted in some regions with strong M2 tides being classified as nodal diurnal or nodal mixed. The amplitude ratio between K2n and K2 is 0.30, making the K2n amplitudes sometimes comparable to those of M2n. However, this effect was not sufficient to make all the areas with dominant M2 to be dominant nodal semidiurnal.The observed amplitudes of the 18.6-year nodal constituent Mn are relatively small, 1.5–3.5 cm. These values significantly exceed its theoretical amplitudes, which are less than 1 cm almost everywhere. The analysed signals at Mn frequency are therefore of mostly non-tidal origin, part of the broad-band decadal ocean variability.

Detection of the high eigenmodes of spin diffusion in porous media

The dynamics of spin diffusion in a fluid is governed by the Torrey-Bloch equations, and the solution is often expressed mathematically in an eigenmode expansion. We report an experimental demonstration of the excitation and detection of a wide range of eigenmodes in porous media by exploring the inhomogeneous internal magnetic field in the pore space. The nodal character of the eigenfunctions of the high eigenmodes was clearly observed. The methodology of excitation and detection of the high eigenmodes may be used to better characterize pore geometry.

A Theoretical Study of Crystallochromy. Quantum Interference Effects in the Spectra of Perylene Pigments

The crystallochromy of perylene pigments has been explored using tight-binding extended Hiickel calculations on a one-dimensional infinite stack of perylenes as a function of transverse and longitudinal offset. Although the smallest band gap occurs for perylenes when the molecules are completely eclipsed in the solid state, the general perception in the literature that the degree of of successive perylenes in the solid state determines simply the shift of the absorption maximum is not supported by the calculations. The nodal character of the HOMO and LUMO wave functions may be such that the area overlap is large, but the band gap and band broadening is small. This is a quantum interference effect. Calculations on one-dimensional stacks of perylenes of known structure can reproduce the trend both in the wavelength of the absorption maximum and the change in width of the absorption. An analysis of the relationship of band broadening to the photogeneration efficiencies of pigments in photoconductors shows that pigments with substantial band broadening by aggregation are precisely those which benefit most significantly by separating the hole and electron on excitation. Examples of band-broadened pigments with high photogenerating efficiencies are taken from perylenes, squaraines, thiopyrylium, and diketopyrrole photogenerators.

THE EXISTENCE AND NODAL CHARACTER OF THE SOLUTIONS IN Rn FOR SEMILINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATION INVOLVING CRITICAL SOBOLEV EXPONENT

This paper is concerned with the existence and the nodal character of the nontrivial solutions in the entire space for some semilinear elliptic equation involving critical Sobolev exponent.

The Hückel model for small metal clusters. II. Orbital energies, shell structures, ionization potentials, and extrapolation to the bulk limit

We analyze the results of HMO calculations (this paper and its preceding companion) for the neutral and cation alkali-like metal clusters, M2–M14. The filled HMO energy levels develop as well separated energy shells 1s, 1p, 1d, ... where s, p, and d denote the global nodal character of the Hückel orbitals. The HMO energy shells decrease in energy with increasing cluster size. By smoothly fitting the HMO orbital energies, we obtain trends in (a) atomization energies, (b) relative cluster stabilities, and (c) ionization potentials which are highly reminiscent of those derived from jellium calculations. The HMO atomization energies are best described by a classical drop model. When extrapolated to infinity, the HMO cohesive energies are within 15% of the experimental results for bulk Li→Cs. Thus we are able to unify within the single framework of HMO theory the quantum, jellium, and droplet models for alkali metal clusters. For the neutral clusters, HMO and local-spin-density atomization energies agree to within ∼4%. The HMO cation energies, modified by addition of a classical charge-correlation term, differ from the local-spin-density results by about 2%. Except for an exaggerated drop at the n=8 shell closing, the HMO ionization potentials are in good agreement with the experimental data for Na and K clusters.

The Formation Process of Tokachi Region, Eastern Hokkaido

It seems to the present writer that the regional concept in the field of geography has remarkably developed in the recent 20 years. In Japan, however, there are not so many studies made on the formation and development process of nodal regions. The purpose of this study consists in reconstructing the process through which Tokachi (called Kasai until 1932) Sub-pref ectural Area has become “Tokachi Region.” For this purpose, special attention has been given to the relationship between the nodal region and the uniform one.The results of this research are summarized as follows.(1) The agriculture in Tokachi had already been restricted on bean production since around 1900, that is to say, since the beginning of land reclamation in Tokachi. In the circumstances of the bean boom caused by the World War I, Tokachi became a main area of bean production in Hokkaido, and such a status of Tokachi lasted until recently.(2) This characteristic of agriculture has been almost homogeneous throughout Tokachi, except its coastal area. Therefore it may be concluded that Tokachi Region has assumed a uniform character since the end of the Meiji era (around 1910).(3) Owing to the fact that the Sub-prefectural Office was established in Obihiro in 1897 and that in 1907 this town was connected by railway to Otaru and Sapporo, both of which were more developed, Obihiro became a dominant center in Tokachi Region. But on the other hand, Moyori (called Hiroo at present) and Ohtsu, historical port settlements, were left behind Obihiro, because they had no railway connections.(4) With the rapid growth of bean production, Obihiro became a center of the bean circulation, where many wholesalers dealing in fertilizers, agricultural implements and daily necessaries had long lived. Thus, so-called bean brokers emerged in Obihiro, who were in some cases wholesalers of other goods or landowners as well and whose influence was expanded throughout Tokachi. It was through this process that Tokachi Region as a uniform one acquired the nodal character.(5) The differentiation of central-place hierarchy took place approximately between 1920 and 1935, as a result of the following facts: (a) construction of the railway and establishment of the stations, (b) fixation of the location of town or village offices, (c) differentiation of hierarchy in the agricultural circulation system. This central-place hierarchy has continued to the present time on the whole.(6) As understood from these facts, Tokachi Region has been not only a uniform region but also a nodal one with its center, Obihiro, and is suitable to the name of “substantial region.”(7) In this paper, it proved obvious that the role of railway was of great importance to the formation of the. region. At least in such a newly developed district as Hokkaido, where in many cases railway was constructed before colonization, railway stations, together with village offices, often became a historical core of the central place. It is suggested that in such a district the function of the railway was not limited to passenger or goods transportation.Because of several restrictions, this report is confined to a sample study taking Tokachi Region as its field. Therefore, a general theory concerning with the relations between region formation and central places will only be formulated after studies having been made in other fields and after careful comparisons between those studies and the present one. The writer wishes to make it his prospective subject to form such a theory.