Nocturnal Polyuria Research Articles

Effect of desmopressin on water and solute circadian rhythms in treatment-naïve children with monosymptomatic enuresis and nocturnal polyuria.

Enuresis has a complex pathophysiology involving nocturnal polyuria, reduced bladder capacity at nighttime, and impaired arousability. Desmopressin has long been used as a treatment. However, approximately 30% of children do not fully respond to it, suggesting the involvement of other factors. Solute handling and osmotic excretion have been studied in refractory patients. Nevertheless, data on the effect of desmopressin on these factors are sparse. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the SLEEP study. We analyzed the circadian rhythm of solute and water excretion before and after desmopressin in 30 children with monosymptomatic enuresis and nocturnal diuresis > 100% of expected bladder capacity by means of a 24-h urine concentration profile (four daytime and four nighttime urine portions at equivalent time intervals). Under desmopressin, nocturnal diuresis (rate) and Na/creatinine ratio were significantly lower compared to day values (p = 0.009, p = 0.021, respectively). Osmolality, Na/creatinine, and osmotic excretion showed a significant day vs. night variance only after desmopressin. Nighttime osmotic and sodium excretion were significantly lower (p = 0.004, p = 0.019, respectively) under treatment, indicating the impact of desmopressin on kidney sodium handling. During desmopressin treatment, nocturnal diuresis (rate) showed strong positive correlation with nighttime Na/creatinine (r = 0.436, p < 0.05) and very strongly with nighttime osmotic excretion (r = 0.875, p < 0.0001). However, no correlation was observed with osmolality under desmopressin treatment. The anti-enuretic and antidiuretic effects of desmopressin therapy are not only related to urinary concentration and nocturnal diuresis but also to the amelioration of circadian rhythms of sodium and solute handling.

History of clinical applications of desmopressin

Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of the endogenous peptide hormone arginine vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone. The drug was initially developed in 1967 with the intention of creating a molecule that could treat central diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by a deficiency of ADH and results in the production of large volumes of dilute urine (Zaoral et al., 1967). In the years since, therapeutic use of desmopressin has expanded beyond central diabetes insipidus to include the treatment of many other conditions, notably nocturnal polyuria in children with enuresis (bed wetting), adult nocturia, congenital bleeding disorders, and more. The purpose of the present narrative review is to recount the history of desmopressin, review its key therapeutic indications, and discuss important pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic considerations of this medication.

193 - The impact of long-term desmopressin administration on elderly male patients with nocturnal polyuria: Real-world data collected through one year of administration

193 - The impact of long-term desmopressin administration on elderly male patients with nocturnal polyuria: Real-world data collected through one year of administration

195 - Long-term safety and efficacy of low-dose desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in men aged over eighty

195 - Long-term safety and efficacy of low-dose desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in men aged over eighty

Pelvic autonomic dysfunction is common in patients with pure autonomic failure.

Pure autonomic failure (PAF) presents primarily as cardiovascular autonomic failure and may phenoconvert to other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the involvement of other autonomic functions has been poorly evaluated. This study aims to characterize genitourinary and bowel dysfunction and explore their relationship with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Pure autonomic failure patients underwent cardiovascular autonomic testing and an assessment of pelvic autonomic dysfunction using urinary, sexual symptoms questionnaires and a bladder diary. Demographic, clinical features and related medical comorbidities were assessed. Twenty-five patients (10 males) with PAF were included (mean age 71 ± 8 years; disease duration 13 ± 8 years). 96% (24/25) reported lower urinary tract symptoms, of which overactive bladder symptoms were most commonly reported (n = 23; 92%; median overactive subscore 8, interquartile range [IQR] 3-11), followed by voiding difficulties (n = 19; 76%; median low stream subscore 2, IQR 1-3) using the Urinary Symptom Profile; however, only four (16%) required clean intermittent self-catheterization. Sexual dysfunction was common (n = 21; 84%) using the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale. Mild faecal incontinence and constipation were reported. 86% (19/22) had nocturnal polyuria (NP) and the median NP index was 47% (IQR 38%-51%; normal range <33%). 77% (10/13) had voiding dysfunction and 31% (4/13) had post-void residual urine >100 mL. There were no significant correlations between the need for catheterization and the degree of NP with age, disease duration and cardiovascular autonomic parameters (p > 0.05). Nocturnal polyuria, genitourinary and bowel symptoms are commonly seen in PAF. The pathophysiology of NP in PAF is most likely multifactorial and may occur independent of cardiovascular autonomic failure.

Nocturia and obstructive sleep apnea in spinal cord injured patients - a cohort study.

To describe the prevalence of nocturia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a cohort of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and to describe their association. Additionally, to assess clinical and urodynamic data explaining nocturia and to evaluate the effect of OSA management with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Retrospective analysis of data from patients with SCI followed in a tertiary care rehabilitation center with a specialized sleep and neuro-urology units. All adult SCI patients who underwent urodynamic assessment before polysomnography (PSG) between 2015 and 2023 were eligible. Subjective (nocturia) and objective data (urodynamic data, polysomnography, CPAP built-in software) were collated from the Handisom database (database register no. 20200224113128) and the medical records of SCI patients. Statistical testing used Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables, Fisher's exact test for contingency analysis and the Spearman correlation test to assess correlations. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism v9. 173 patients (131 males, 42 females) were included. The majority of patients were paraplegic (n = 111 (64,2%)) and had complete lesions (n = 75 (43,4%)). A total of 100 patients had nocturia (57,5%). The prevalence of OSA (Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 15/h) in the studied population was 61,9%. No correlation was found between nocturia and OSA. A significant difference was observed between patients with and without nocturia in terms of the presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (p = 0,049), volume at the first detrusor contraction (p = 0,004) and the bladder functional capacity (p < 0,001). Nocturia and OSA are highly prevalent in patients with SCI, but no statistical association was found between these two disorders. A prospective study focusing on nocturnal polyuria will be needed to assess the impact of OSA on lower urinary tract symptoms in SCI patients.

A better understanding of basic science may help our management of LUTS/LUTD in older persons with nocturnal polyuria and nocturia: ICI-RS 2024.

To discuss the role of autocrine/paracrine signaling of urothelial arginine vasopressin (AVP) on mammalian bladder capacities and micturition thresholds, impact of distension on water/urea reabsorption from the bladder, review of the literature to better characterize the central/peripheral effects of AVP, desmopressin (dAVP) toxicity, and urine biomarkers of nocturia. This review summarizes discussions during an International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society2024 think tank with respect to the role of urothelial AVP in aged individuals with nocturnal polyuria, impact of solute and water reabsorption by the bladder on uninterrupted sleep, central effects of AVP, pharmacological basis of dAVP toxicity, and biomarkers in nocturia/lower urinary tract dysfunction(LUTD) with neurological diseases. Consensus recognized AVP function and pathways in thecentral nervous system(CNS), pre-proAVP localized using immunohistochemistry in bladder sections from adult/aged noncancerous human punch biopsies and rodent bladder sections is likely to accelerate the systemic uptake of water and urea from the bladder of anesthetized mice instilled with 3H-water and 14C-urea. Mechanisms for charged and uncharged solutes and water transport across the bladder, mechanism of dAVP toxicity, and utility of urine biomarkers in those with neurological diseases/nocturia were determined from literature reviews. Pre-proAVP is present in human/rodent bladders and may be involved in water reabsorption from bladder that prevents the sensation of fullness for uninterrupted sleep in healthy adults. The mechanism of action of AVP in the CNS was discussed, as was electrolyte/water transport across the bladder, the basis for dAVP toxicity, and feasibility of urine biomarkers to identify nocturia/LUTDwith neurological diseases.

Effects of long-term desmopressin treatment for nocturia in older people.

Desmopressin improves nocturia frequency; however, reports on its long-term efficacy and safety are few, and concerns regarding its effect on body composition exist. We thus investigated the efficacy and safety of long-term desmopressin administration and its effect on body composition. This retrospective study, conducted at Chikugo City Hospital between August 2020 and December 2022, involved 133 men (mean age, 77.7 years) with nocturnal and persistent nocturia, who were administered an initial dose of 50 μg desmopressin. Efficacy endpoints included nocturnal urinary frequency, nocturnal urinary volume, hours of undisturbed sleep, nocturnal polyuria index, initial nocturnal urinary volume, and daily urinary frequency in a frequency-volume chart (3 days), before treatment and at 1, 4, 12, 24, and 52 weeks after desmopressin administration. Additionally, the effects of desmopressin on body composition were examined, including blood-brain natriuretic peptide and a chest radiography, before and 52 weeks after administration. Treatment improved most efficacy endpoint evaluation parameters. Around 87.6% of patients showed improved symptoms after 52 weeks compared with those before treatment (score ≤ 3). The blood-brain natriuretic peptide level rose; however, cardiothoracic ratio was unchanged. Long-term administration of desmopressin is thus effective and safe in older people with nocturnal polyuria, with little effect on body composition.

Improvement of medication adherence for desmopressin by adjusting the prescription dosage in male patients with overactive bladder: A claims database analysis.

Desmopressin is widely used for nocturia in patients with nocturnal polyuria. We investigated the continuation rate and adherence for desmopressin in patients with overactive bladder and nocturia using a claims database and evaluated factors that improved adherence. Patients with nocturia in a Japanese claims database who started desmopressin between September 2019 and July 2021 were evaluated. Drug persistence was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method for initial prescription of desmopressin. The proportion of days covered (PDC) was also evaluated among patients with prescription persistence. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis to identify factors predicting adherence to desmopressin. The study included 72,888 patients entered into Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) database between September 2019 and July 2021. For the 236 patients prescribed desmopressin formulations, mean prescription duration was 114 days. Among the total cases, 90 (38.1%) cases were prescribed only once, mean PDC was 0.60, and the number of high-adherence patients (PDC ≥ 0.80) was 108 (45.8%). Desmopressin prescription doses were fixed in 216 patients and adjusted in 20 patients. Multivariate analysis identified prescription dose adjustment for desmopressin as significantly associated with high PDC. Desmopressin showed a 38% dropout rate after the first dose. However, high medication continuation and high medication adherence rates (PDC) could be maintained with prescription adjustments. Careful patient monitoring and appropriate adjustment of the desmopressin dosage appear to be important factors in improving nocturia.

Development of a Novel Prediction Tool for Response to First-Line Treatments of Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis: A Randomized, Controlled, International, Multicenter Study (DRYCHILD).

Nocturnal urine volume and bladder reservoir function are key pathogenic factors behind monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE). We investigated the predictive value of these together with other demographic and clinical variables for response to first-line treatments in children with MNE. A randomized, controlled, international, multicenter study was conducted in 324 treatment-naïve children (6-14 years old) with primary MNE. The children were randomized to treatment with or without prior consideration of voiding diaries. In the group where treatment choice was based on voiding diaries, children with nocturnal polyuria and normal maximum voided volume (MVV) received desmopressin (dDAVP) treatment, and children with reduced MVV and no nocturnal polyuria received an enuresis alarm. In the other group, treatment with dDAVP or alarm was randomly allocated. A total of 281 children (72% males) were qualified for statistical analysis. The change of responding to treatment was 21% higher in children where treatment was individualized compared to children where treatment was randomly selected (risk ratio = 1.21 [1.02-1.45], P = .032). In children with reduced MVV and no nocturnal polyuria (35% of all children), individualized treatment was associated with a 46% improvement in response compared to random treatment selection (risk ratio = 1.46 [1.14-1.87], P = .003). Furthermore, we developed a clinically relevant prediction model for response to dDAVP treatment (receiver operating characteristic curve 0.85). The present study demonstrates that treatment selection based on voiding diaries improves response to first-line treatment, particularly in specific subtypes. Information from voiding diaries together with clinical and demographic information provides the basis for predicting response. NCT03389412.

Nocturia, nocturnal polyuria, and nocturnal enuresis in adults: What we know and what we do not know.

Nocturia is defined as the nocturnal frequency of one or more voiding episodes per night. It increases with aging and has an impact on sleep quality and the risks of falling and mortality. Nocturia disorder involves nighttime frequency, nocturnal polyuria, and nocturnal enuresis. In older adults with nocturia disorder, multiple factors could contribute to nocturia severity and characteristics, including poor sleep quality, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and excessive fluid output. Several nonurological medical diseases have been found to result in nocturia, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Urological and medical assessments should be performed to diagnose nocturia disorder. A frequency volume chart to evaluate the nocturnal polyuria index, functional bladder capacity, and urodynamic study can reveal the presence of nocturnal polyuria and lower urinary tract dysfunction. Treatment should be based on multiple nocturia etiologies, and a combination of multiple therapies for individual pathophysiology will achieve a better treatment outcome.

Correction of nocturia in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Mini-review and analysis of clinical observations

Aim. To outline the importance of nocturia in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and justify the feasibility and clinical need for antidiuretic therapy in these patients. Materials and methods. This article is a literature review. PubMed, Embase, and eLibrary databases were used for the search. Relevant publications were included in the literature review. The pilot study included 20 male patients aged 58–75 years with a confirmed diagnosis of BPH. Patients were divided into two groups: standard therapy (Tamsulosin Canon) and combined therapy (Tamsulosin Canon + Nourem). Diurnal diuresis was assessed based on the results of the Zimnitsky test and the nocturnal bladder volume index before and after treatment. Results. During standard therapy, patients had a decrease in the severity of obstructive and irritative symptoms and an improvement in the QoL index (p0.05). However, there was no significant improvement in nocturia. In the combined therapy group, the severity of symptoms significantly decreased by 53.3%, and the QoL index improved by 62.5%. On average, the sleep duration increased by 1.5 hours with almost unchanged rates of daily diuresis. Conclusion. The study showed that in 65% of patients, nocturia was caused not by anatomical and functional changes in the prostate and lower urinary tract but by nocturnal polyuria. Its management has a major role in nocturia treatment. The only pathogenesis-based treatment is the antidiuretic therapy (desmopressin) added to the α1-blocker.

Long-term safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets in men with nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria: Interim results of a specified drug use-results survey in Japan.

This interim report presents the 12-week results of a post-marketing surveillance evaluating the safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets 25 and 50 μg in Japanese men with nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria. Of the planned study population of 1000 Japanese men receiving desmopressin for the first time for nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria, 971 cases were enrolled. In this interim analysis, 9 cases, including 6 registry violations and 3 cases of unconfirmed desmopressin dosing, were excluded from the 354 case report forms collected and fixed by the end of December 2021, and data up to 12 weeks after administration in 345 cases were defined as the safety analysis set. The mean age was 74.5 ± 9.9 years and 88.7% of the survey participants were aged ≥65 years. Desmopressin was started at a dose of 25 μg in 153 cases (44.3%). There were 102 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported in 71 cases, including 6 serious ADRs in 3 cases (0.9%). The most common ADR was hyponatremia occurring in 29 cases (8.4%). Eight of the hyponatremic cases were asymptomatic. Symptoms were resolved or slightly improved within 4 weeks of onset in 13 of 29 cases of hyponatremia. In addition, hyponatremia occurred in 11 of 217 cases (5.1%), with a serum sodium level before the administration of desmopressin of ≥140 mmol/L, and in 13 of 87 cases (14.9%), with a level of 135-139 mmol/L, and was not measured in 5 hyponatremia cases. Patient characteristics that showed significant differences in the occurrence of hyponatremia included body weight, body mass index, renal function, and pretreatment serum sodium level. Regular monitoring of serum sodium is necessary for early detection of hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was the most common ADR when desmopressin orally disintegrating tablets were used to treat nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria over a 12-week period.

Electroencephalography-based investigation of the effects of oral desmopressin on improving slow-wave sleep time in nocturnal polyuria patients (the DISTINCT study): A single-arm, open-label, single-assignment trial.

To investigate changes in subjective and objective sleep quality after desmopressin administration in patients with nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria (NP) using electroencephalography (EEG) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Twenty male patients (≥65 years old) with NP participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were nocturnal frequency ≥ 2, NP index (NPi) ≥ 0.33, first uninterrupted sleep period (FUSP) ≤ 2.5 h, serum sodium concentration ≥ 135 mEq/L, and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. Participants were given 50 μg of desmopressin to be taken orally once daily before bed. The primary endpoint was the change in the duration of slow-wave sleep (nonrapid eye movement sleep stages 3 and 4), as evaluated by EEG 28 days from the baseline. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used as an additional indicator of sleep quality. Analysis of data from 15 participants (median age: 74.0 [70.5, 76.0] years) revealed that from before to after desmopressin administration, significant decreases occurred in the median nocturnal frequency (3.0 [2.0, 4.0] to 1.5 [1.0, 2.0]) and NPi (0.445 [0.380, 0.475] to 0.360 [0.250, 0.430]). Furthermore, FUSP was significantly prolonged from 120.0 (94.0, 150.0) min to 210.0 (203.8, 311.3) min. Although the VAS scores improved, slow-wave sleep duration and the PSQI global score showed no significant differences (68.50 [47.50, 75.50] and 48.00 [38.00, 66.50]; 5.0 [5.0, 10.0] and 7.0 [5.0, 9.0] min, respectively). Oral administration of 50 μg desmopressin improved nocturnal frequency and FUSP in older individuals with NP but did not significantly enhance sleep quality. In older adults, decreased nighttime urinary frequency may enhance quality of life; however, its influence on objective sleep quality may be limited.

Healthy Sleep Practices for Consumers of Home Total Parenteral Nutrition: A Mixed-Methods Community-Based Participatory Study

BackgroundConsumers of overnight home parenteral nutrition (HPN) often experience sleep disruption; however, existing healthy sleep recommendations are widely inapplicable to consumers. ObjectivesThe aim of this mixed-methods, community-based participatory research study was to develop tailored recommendations on healthy sleep practices for HPN consumers. MethodsThe multipart study involved the following: 1) an initial draft of sleep recommendations based on the evaluation of existing general sleep hygiene guidelines by an expert panel of clinicians and consumers with lived experience; 2) semi-structured focus groups with consumers and clinicians; 3) pre- and post-knowledge tests completed by consumers, and 4) final approval of the recommendations by the expert panel. ResultsThe literature synthesis resulted in 51 recommendations evaluated for relevance for HPN consumers. Focus groups with 20 HPN consumers and clinicians contributed additional recommendations based on lived experience. Ultimately, the final resource included recommendations spanning 4 sections: getting ready for bed, preparing the bedroom for sleep, daytime behaviors, and overall strategies for better sleep. Of the 36 recommendations, 58% were derived from existing general sleep hygiene guidelines, and the remaining 42% addressed sleep challenges experienced uniquely by consumers, including nocturnal polyuria, noise/light from medical equipment, and infusion schedules. Knowledge tests completed by 10 additional consumers indicated a modest increase in sleep health knowledge. ConclusionsThe curated healthy sleep resource tailored for HPN consumers was facilitated by a multidisciplinary expert panel, a strategic collaboration with members of the HPN community and their clinicians, and in partnership with patient advocacy and support organizations. The wide distribution of these resources may improve the overall well-being of HPN consumers.

Prevalence of Sleep CALM nocturia factors in a male veteran population.

Nocturia is a complex and multifactorial condition, associated with several genitourinary abnormalities as well as a host of conditions beyond the urinary tract, and thus often poses a significant diagnostic challenge in real-world practice. Sleep Disorders, Comorbidities, Actions, Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and Medications, the so-called "Sleep C.A.L.M." factors, are five common causes of nocturia requiring judicious evaluation according to current consensus guidelines. This study aims to assess the prevalence of the Sleep C.A.L.M. factors in a nocturia clinical population. Retrospective analysis of frequency-volume charts from men with ≥2 nocturnal voids as well as concurrent demographic, clinical, and medical history data to identify patients with each of the Sleep C.A.L.M. Comorbidities and medications were classified as a single group. A total of 213 subjects met the criteria for inclusion (median age 68.0 [63.5-75.5] years). The prevalence of 1) sleep disorders, 2) comorbidities and/or medication use, 3) actions (i.e., modifiable behaviors/lifestyle factors), and 4) lower urinary tract dysfunction was 31%, 31%, 19%, and 41%, respectively. Among included participants, 73% were found to have at least 1 Sleep C.A.L.M. factor, and 33% had multiple Sleep C.A.L.M. Results were similar upon stratification by age and nocturnal polyuria status. The Sleep C.A.L.M. factors are highly common among nocturia patients in the clinical urology setting. Although many of these factors are strongly associated with advanced age in community-based nocturia study samples, they appear common even among younger men in a nocturia patient population; the differential effect of age and individual Sleep C.A.L.M. factors on nocturia pathophysiology requires further investigation.

Nocturia in Menopausal Women: The Link Between Two Common Problems of the Middle Age.

The aim of this review is to discuss the link between menopause and nocturia and to give an overview of the increasing prevalence, risk factors, causative factors, treatment needs and options for nocturia in peri-menopausal women. This opinion article is a narrative review based on the expertise and consensus of a variety of key opinion leaders, in combination with an extensive literature review.This literature search included a thorough analysis of potential publications on both the PubMed Database and the Web of Science and was conducted between November 2022 and December 2022. The following key words were used "nocturia" and "menopause" or "nocturnal frequency and menopause." Moreover, key words including "incidence," "prevalence," "insomnia," "estrogen therapy," "metabolic syndrome," and "hot flushes" were used in combination with the aforementioned key words. Last, the reference lists of articles obtained were screened for other relevant literature. The perimenopause can be a trigger for inducing nocturia. Typically, obesity, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference are risk factors for developing peri-menopausal nocturia. Presumably the development of peri-menopausal nocturia is multifactorial, with interplay among bladder, sleep, and kidney problems due to estrogen depletion after the menopause. First, impaired stimulation of estrogen receptors in the urogenital region leads to vaginal atrophy and reduced bladder capacity. Moreover, menopause is associated with an increased incidence of overactive bladder syndrome. Second, estrogen deficiency can induce salt and water diuresis through blunted circadian rhythms for the secretion of antidiuretic hormone and the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Additionally, an increased incidence of sleep disorders, including vasomotor symptoms and obstructive sleep apnea signs, is observed. Oral dryness and a consequent higher fluid intake are common peri-menopausal symptoms. Higher insulin resistance and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases may provoke nocturia. Given the impact of nocturia on general health and quality of life, bothersome nocturia should be treated. Initially, behavioral therapy should be advised. If these modifications are inadequate, specific treatment should be proposed. Systemic hormone replacement is found to have a beneficial effect on nocturia, without influencing sodium and water clearance in patients with nocturnal polyuria. It is presumed that the improvement in nocturia from hormonal treatment is due to an improvement in sleep disorders.

Bladder Dysfunction and Neurology: How to Assess Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction?

Here we reviewed bladder dysfunction in neurological diseases. Diseases of the brain cause overactive bladder (OAB); peripheral neuropathy including lumbar spondylosis results in postvoid residual; and spinal cord diseases cause a combination of OAB and postvoid residual. Multiple system atrophy mimics bladder dysfunction related to spinal cord disease. Conversely, in cases of bladder dysfunction of unknown etiologies, the underlying disease can be identified by the bladder dysfunction pattern. Aging also causes nocturnal polyuria. The collaboration between neurologists and urologists is highly recommended to maximize the quality of life of neurological patients.

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors influencing childhood enuresis: a comprehensive survey study.

To identify risk factors associated with childhood enuresis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 146 children aged 6 to 13 years diagnosed with enuresis at Anhui Province Children's Hospital between June 2020 and June 2023. Children were categorized based on bedwetting frequency: those with less frequent episodes (once a week to twice a month) were placed in the mild group (60 cases), and those with frequent episodes (two or more times per week) were placed in the severe group (86 cases). We compared demographic data, family histories, and personal characteristics between the groups and performed logistic regression to determine significant risk factors. The analysis revealed that a stubborn personality, nocturnal polyuria, sleep-wake disorders, and bladder dysfunction significantly increased the risk of enuresis (P < 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach in evaluating psychological aspects, nocturnal urination patterns, sleep quality, and bladder health in managing enuresis. The study identifies stubborn personality, nocturnal polyuria, sleep-wake disorders, and bladder dysfunction as independent risk factors for childhood enuresis. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions that can enhance the management and outcomes of enuresis. Future research should explore the interrelationships among these factors to refine preventive and therapeutic strategies for early childhood enuresis.

Nocturnal enuresis in children

Nocturnal enuresis, defined as urinary incontinence during sleep at least twice weekly for three consecutive months in children over 5 years old, is a common childhood condition that significantly impacts both children and their families. This review examines the classification, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment options for nocturnal enuresis. The condition is classified as either monosymptomatic or non-monosymptomatic, and primary or secondary, with primary enuresis accounting for 80% of cases. The pathophysiology involves three main mechanisms: nocturnal polyuria, high arousal threshold, and bladder dysfunction. Genetic factors play a significant role, with a strong familial component following an autosomal dominant pattern. Evaluation includes detailed medical history, voiding diary, physical examination, and basic laboratory tests. Treatment approaches are divided into non-pharmacological (including behavioral modifications, motivational therapy, and alarm therapy) and pharmacological interventions (primarily desmopressin, tricyclic antidepressants, and anticholinergic drugs). While alarm therapy shows the highest long-term success rates (65-75%), combination therapy may be necessary for treatment-resistant cases. This review emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment approaches and family support in managing childhood nocturnal enuresis effectively.