No-go Area Research Articles

Anti-Christ in Egypt: Sexual Danger, Race, and Crime in a Narrative of Imperial Crisis

For a long time, women's crime has been quite a no-go area for feminist thinkers. With the lesser frequency of female crime seemingly encouraging quantitative-minded criminologists to dismiss a gendered approach as altogether irrelevant, theories of crime, in fact, have been mostly written by and tested on men. The emergence of a feminist perspective in criminology pluralized and decentered the disciplinary epistemology with important outcomes. On one side, it paved the way for the investigation of the distinctive ways in which individuals socialized as women commit crimes, deconstructing the die-hard stereotype of female criminals’ abnormality, that is, the idea that female offenders deviate from a female standard of nondelinquency. On the other, quoting Loraine Gelsthorpe, feminist criminology “has not only developed a critique of accumulated wisdom about female offenders and victims, but has illuminated institutionalized sexism within criminological theory, policy and practice.” Feminism has stimulated the production of criminological knowledge both empirically and theoretically. As far as empirical studies are concerned, historian Philippa Levine, in a seminal piece on prostitution, crime, and empire, remarked that prostitution, erroneously conceived as a quintessentially female crime, constituted an important exception to the unquestioned association of crime and masculinity, resulting in the neglect of serious gendered analysis of crime. Here the criminalization of commercial sex can be explained by the fact that prostitution is considered to defy the very norm at the core of the power gender system, that female sexuality has to be kept monogamous, reproductive, and conjugal to service the patriarchal social order. As Levine argues, prostitution “offers the prospect not only of women defined by their sexual nature but also of a more threatening vision of women actively putting that sexuality to work for their own benefit.” As a consequence, the agency of women exchanging sex for money promiscuously outside of wedlock has been conceptualized in two different apparently paradoxical ways: women prostitute themselves either because they are abnormal, so they act out of their deviancy, or because they are forced to do so, so they act under coercion. Completely lost to these split understandings, juxtaposing blame and compassion, was obviously the meaning of women's agency and rationality, especially when these were inscribed within a logic of survival and subsistence.

The Historical Thar Desert of India

Desert was a ‘no-go area’ and the interactions with it were only to curb and contain the rebelling forces. This article is an attempt to understand the contours and history of Thar Desert of Rajasthan and to explore the features that have kept the various desert states (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner etc.) and their populace sustaining in this region throughout the ages, even when this region had scarce water resources and intense desert with huge and extensive dunes. Through political control the dynasts kept the social organisation intact which ensured regular incomes for their respective dynasties. Through the participation of various social actors this dry and hot desert evolved as a massive trade emporium. The intense trade activities of Thar Desert kept the imperial centres intact in this agriculturally devoid zone. In the harsh environmental conditions, limited means, resources and the objects, the settlers of this desert were able to create a huge economy that sustained effectively. The economy build by them not only allowed the foundation and formation of the states, it also ensured their continuation and expansion over the centuries. The continuity of the Rajput states in the Thar Desert is sufficient indicators of the fact that this desert was nourishing all of them efficiently. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

E-business adoption costs and strategies for retail micro businesses

E-business benefit both large and small businesses. However, the aggregate cost of successful online trading, including initial and recurring costs, continues to pose a great challenge to micro-enterprises. For these willing businesses, the result is a mere web presence and for some, the thought of trading online is a no-go area. Using a multi-case study qualitative approach, this study adopts the technology-organisation-environment theoretical lens to explore empirically the strategies used by e-retail microbusinesses to potentially advance their e-business adoption. The findings revealed the actual cost of adoption, the technology-organisation-environment strategies in use to lower the cost barrier, and how the pursuit of the cost barrier simultaneously lowers some adoption barriers outside the cost factors. The study also highlighted the intrinsic idiosyncratic nature of small firms’ ecosystems, and the fact that government resources and services provided by companies, both private and public, could effectively reduce the costs associated with e-business adoption.

A voluntary conservation agreement reduces the risks of lethal collisions between ships and whales in the St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada): From co-construction to monitoring compliance and assessing effectiveness.

Lethal collisions with ships are limiting the recovery of several at-risk whale species worldwide. In the St. Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada), the endangered blue whale and of special concern fin whale are among the migratory species subject to collisions with large ships. In 2011, a working group composed of representatives from the maritime industry, the government, non-governmental organizations, and academia was created to explore solutions to mitigate ship-whale collisions in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Adopting an adaptive risk management framework, the working group took advantage of the best available scientific data and tools to co-construct realistic collision mitigation options and evaluate their likely benefits for whale conservation and costs for the industry. In 2013, the working group recommended the implementation of voluntary measures to mitigate collision risks, consisting of a slow-down area, a no-go area, and a caution area; a recommended route was added in 2014. Along with the voluntary framework, the working group agreed to continuously monitor compliance with and assess effectiveness of these mitigation measures. After the fourth year of implementation, voluntary measures showed encouraging results, with a reduction of up to 40% of lethal collision risks with fin whales in the highest density area. This reduction in risk is mainly related to ship speed reduction in the slow-down area from 14.1 ± 2.6 knots in 2012 to 11.3 ± 1.7 knots since 2014. The presence of a mandatory pilotage area overlapping with the slow-down area was instrumental to facilitate communication about the mitigation measures, with the pilotage corporation sitting as a regular member of the working group. This resulted in significantly slower speeds in the slow-down area for ships with a pilot from the pilotage corporation onboard compared to those without (-0.8 knots, p-value < 0.001). It is also likely to explain the weaker compliance of the maritime industry with the no-go area located outside of the mandatory pilotage area. Other factors of success include: the continuous dedication of the government to a voluntary and transparent participatory process; the use of available data, tools and institutions; the presence of an environmental certification program representative in the working group; and the adoption by consensus of an adaptive risk management approach. The traditional regulatory approach to conservation is often blamed for its focus on deterring negative behaviors, doing nothing to encourage and reward positive ones. In agreement with other case studies, the benefits of the voluntary measures implemented in the St. Lawrence Estuary include the pro-active commitment from the industry (which is likely to reduce conflicts with regulators), the greater flexibility and freedom that allowed to come up with cost-effective and tailored-made mitigation measures, and the fast achievement of conservation gains. More importantly perhaps, the human and working capital built throughout the concertation process have the potential to be a fundamental cornerstone in dealing with more complex issues such as the chronically increasing level of underwater noise in whale habitats.

Unwell in hospital but not incapable: cross-sectional study on the dissociation of decision-making capacity for treatment and research in in-patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses.

Consent to research with decision-making capacity for research (DMC-R) is normally a requirement for study participation. Although the symptoms of schizophrenia and related psychoses are known to affect decision-making capacity for treatment (DMC-T), we know little about their effect on DMC-R.AimsWe aimed to determine if DMC-R differs from DMC-T in proportion and associated symptoms in an in-patient sample of people with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Cross-sectional study of psychiatric in-patients admitted for assessment and/or treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. We measured DMC-R and DMC-T using 'expert judgement' clinical assessment guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research, the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment and the legal framework of the Mental Capacity Act (2005), in addition to symptoms of psychosis. There were 84 participants in the study. Half the participants had DMC-R (51%, 95% CI 40-62%) and a third had DMC-T (31%, 95% CI 21-43%) and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Thought disorder was most associated with lacking DMC-R (odds ratio 5.72, 95% CI 2.01-16.31, P = 0.001), whereas lack of insight was most associated with lacking DMC-T (odds ratio 26.34, 95% CI 3.60-192.66, P = 0.001). With the exception of improved education status and better DMC-R, there was no effect of sociodemographic variables on either DMC-R or DMC-T. We have shown that even when severely unwell, people with schizophrenia and related psychoses in in-patient settings commonly retain DMC-R despite lacking DMC-T. Furthermore, different symptoms have different effects on decision-making abilities for different decisions. We should not view in-patient psychiatric settings as a research 'no-go area' and, where appropriate, should recruit in these settings.Declaration of interestNone.

Underwater acoustic impacts of shipping management measures: Results from a social-ecological model of boat and whale movements in the St. Lawrence River Estuary (Canada)

The recovery of whale species at risk requires the implementation of protection measures designed to mitigate the risks posed by various stressors. In the St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada), several whale species are threatened by navigation activities in various ways. Since 2013, seasonal voluntary ship strike mitigation measures, including a speed reduction area (SRA) and a no-go area, were implemented annually and largely adopted by the maritime industry to reduce the risks of lethal collisions with four species of baleen whales. While the endangered St. Lawrence beluga population is unlikely to be subject to collisions with large merchant ships, it is known to be negatively affected by vessel-generated underwater noise. To assess how these protection measures modify the beluga’s soundscape throughout their critical habitat, we implemented an underwater acoustic module within an existing agent-based model (3MTSim) of ship-whale movements and interactions in the St. Lawrence Estuary. We ran multiple simulations for two scenarios 1) without and 2) with the protection measures to compare the level of noise received by belugas before and after 2013. Overall, the simulations showed a statistically-significant 1.6% decrease in the total amount of noise received by belugas in their critical habitat following the implementation of the protection measures. Although slowing down ships reduces instantaneous radiated noise, it also increases the total amount of acoustic energy released in the environment by extending the time spent in the SRA. Accordingly, our simulations showed a 2.4% increase in the cumulative noise from shipping received by beluga in the SRA. Conversely, belugas located in the Upper Estuary, mostly females and calves, i.e., the most valuable individuals experienced a 5.4% reduction in the cumulative received level of shipping noise. Although refinements are required to improve the modelling of noise sources and propagation for finer scale projections in this complex nearshore environment, this agent-based modelling paradigm of 3MTSim proved informative for underwater acoustic impact assessments.

Why demotion of older workers is a no-go area for managers

Demotion – the reduction of an employee’s rank and salary – is often mentioned by managers and policy-makers as a means of increasing the employability of older workers in an ageing labour force. However, so far in practice demotion is rarely applied. This paper is the first empirical investigation of how managers perceive demotion as an instrument of human resource management. By means of a survey and a vignette study among managers in the Netherlands (N = 355), we examine whether managers consider demotion of poorly performing older workers a fair solution. Three contributions stand out. First, based on attribution theory we find support for the hypothesis that managers judge demotion to be fair in those cases where deterioration in task performance is caused by controllable factors (such as work motivation) and unfair when the causes are uncontrollable (such as age). Second, the expectations of managers about the organization-wide consequences of introducing demotion as a human resource policy play a significant role in considering demotion. Most managers perceive negative organizational externalities (e.g. decrease in loyalty and motivation of staff) to arise when introducing demotion and are reluctant to apply demotion in practice. And a third contribution: positive (negative) beliefs of managers about the hard skills – e.g. creativity, willingness to learn, flexibility – of older workers make demotion less (respectively more) likely.

Feasibility of Diffusion Tractography for the Reconstruction of Intra-Thalamic and Cerebello-Thalamic Targets for Functional Neurosurgery: A Multi-Vendor Pilot Study in Four Subjects.

Functional stereotactic neurosurgery by means of deep brain stimulation or ablation provides an effective treatment for movement disorders, but the outcome of surgical interventions depends on the accuracy by which the target structures are reached. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based probabilistic tractography of deep brain structures that are commonly used for pre- and perioperative targeting for functional neurosurgery. Three targets were reconstructed based on their significance as intervention sites or as a no-go area to avoid adverse side effects: the connections propagating from the thalamus to (1) primary and supplementary motor areas, (2) to somatosensory areas and the cerebello-thalamic tract (CTT). We evaluated the overlap of the reconstructed connectivity based targets with corresponding atlas based data, and tested the inter-subject and inter-scanner variability by acquiring repeated DTI from four volunteers, and on three MRI scanners with similar sequence parameters. Compared to a 3D histological atlas of the human thalamus, moderate overlaps of 35-50% were measured between connectivity- and atlas based volumes, while the minimal distance between the centerpoints of atlas and connectivity targets was 2.5 mm. The variability caused by the MRI scanner was similar to the inter-subject variability, except for connections with the postcentral gyrus where it was higher. While CTT resolved the anatomically correct trajectory of the tract individually, high volumetric variability was found across subjects and between scanners. DTI can be applied in the clinical, preoperative setting to reconstruct the CTT and to localize subdivisions within the lateral thalamus. In our pilot study, such subdivisions moderately matched the borders of the ventrolateral-posteroventral (VLpv) nucleus and the ventral-posterolateral (VPL) nucleus. Limitations of the currently used standard DTI protocols were exacerbated by large scanner-to-scanner variability of the connectivity-based targets.

Determination of Total Potency Equivalent Concentration (Tpec) of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Cpahs) In Soils of Bodo-City

The aim of this paper is to report the determination of Total potency equivalent concentration (TPEC) of Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) in soil samples from Bodo area in Ogoniland using the Toxicity Equivalent Factor (TEF) model. Gas Chromatography GC HP 5870 with FID was used for analysis. Out of the seven cPAHs investigated only three were detected. They are Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP), Dibenzo (a, h) anthracene and Indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene with soil concentrations of 19.06 mg/kg, 6.67 mg/kg and 29.26 mg/kg respectively. Their correspondingly individual potency equivalent concentrations in soil (mg/kg) are 19.06, 0.67 and 2.93 respectively. Benzo (k) Fluoranthene, Benzo (a) Anthracene, Benzo (b) Fluoranthene and Chrysene was not detected. The calculated TEQ or TPEC is 22.66mg/kg and this value by far exceeds the method B cleanup levels of BaP value of 0.137mg/kg, it suggests a massively contaminated soil. TPEC is 226.6 times higher than the method B and CAL-EPA risk-based cleanup value of 0.1mg/kg while Total cPAHs is 549.9 times higher than the risk-based cleanup value as indicated. This level of soil toxicity with respect to BaP indicates that the area should be declared a no-go area for humans and animals alike. We strongly recommend the application of Dispersion by Chemical Reaction Technology, should be deployed immediately in this area for total detoxification and decontamination of the area. Keywords : TEQ, TEF, PEF, cPAHs, BaP, Bodo, risk assessment

Assessment of a critical area for a give-way ship in a collision encounter

Evasive action in ship-ship encounter has to be carried out on time and in line with the international convention on collision regulation – COLREG. The convention not only includes a set of rules defining types of relations between encountering ships but also indicates appropriate action to be taken in a given encounter. One of such encounters is crossing, where, in case of a collision situation, a give-way ship has to take an appropriate action in due time. However, a stand-on vessel is also given an opportunity to manoeuver, if it is made clear to her that the other ship is not fulfilling her obligations. However, it is difficult to specify, at which point in time in the course of an encounter, the stand-on ship has to take an action in order to avoid collision. It is understandable, as this parameter depends on numerous factors, both endogenous (e.g. ship characteristics, her maneuverability), and exogenous (e.g. type of encounter, weather conditions). Therefore in this paper we make an attempt towards the definition of the critical area for a maneuver of a stand-on ship, in the situation where the give-way vessel does not take an action. This is determined with the use of a hydrodynamic model of ship motion, and series of simulations conducted for several types of encountering ships under various conditions. Once determined, the critical area demarcates the no-go area around the own ship, where any other ships on collision courses must not enter. Otherwise a collision cannot be avoided by an action of one ship alone.

Why Demotion of Older Workers is a No-Go Area for Managers

Why Demotion of Older Workers is a No-Go Area for Managers

Surrounding the Void: Samuel Beckett and Spain

ESTRAGON: I'm going. VLADIMIR: Help me up first. Then we'll go together. ESTRAGON: You promise? VLADIMIR: I swear it! ESTRAGON: And we'll never come back? VLADIMIR: Never! ESTRAGON: We'll go to the Pyrenees. VLADIMIR: Wherever you like. I've always wanted to wander in the Pyrenees. VLADIMIR: You'll wander in them. (Samuel Beckett. Waiting for Godot) 1.- Introduction Samuel Beckett never went to Spain. At least

Society and community: the role of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology

Society and community: the role of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology

Remembering the Alum Rock Road: Reputational Geographies and Spatial Biographies

Typing 'Alum Rock Birmingham' into the Google or YouTube search fields generates references to crime, gangs, cars, terrorism-related arrests and severe economic deprivation. At first sight few areas offer such a challenging context for testing whether diversity, equality and solidarity can be easily reconciled in contemporary cities. Yet an ongoing series of interviews with local residents in this area of east Birmingham, and related archival research, is uncovering richer and more complex stories. The main commercial artery, the Alum Rock Road, has been not just a major focus for potentially misleading representations of the locality as a 'no-go area', but a site of considerable emotional resonance. These deep-seated, often ambivalent attachments to place are woven into both personal and spatial biographies and tend to be overlooked in contemporary debates about social cohesion. These issues are focused through a series of representations of Alum Rock: a set of photographs taken for the Community Development Project in 1976, a 1970s local community newspaper, street art, an exhibition and recent YouTube videos. These sources illustrate how localities contain multiple 'subjugated knowledges' which need to be excavated, captured and articulated, for they form an integral part of the spatial biographies of places like Alum Rock.

Virtual reality, ultrasound-guided liver biopsy simulator: development and performance discrimination

The aim of this article was to identify and prospectively investigate simulated ultrasound-guided targeted liver biopsy performance metrics as differentiators between levels of expertise in interventional radiology. Task analysis produced detailed procedural step documentation allowing identification of critical procedure steps and performance metrics for use in a virtual reality ultrasound-guided targeted liver biopsy procedure. Consultant (n=14; male=11, female=3) and trainee (n=26; male=19, female=7) scores on the performance metrics were compared. Ethical approval was granted by the Liverpool Research Ethics Committee (UK). Independent t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) investigated differences between groups. Independent t-tests revealed significant differences between trainees and consultants on three performance metrics: targeting, p=0.018, t=-2.487 (-2.040 to -0.207); probe usage time, p = 0.040, t=2.132 (11.064 to 427.983); mean needle length in beam, p=0.029, t=-2.272 (-0.028 to -0.002). ANOVA reported significant differences across years of experience (0-1, 1-2, 3+ years) on seven performance metrics: no-go area touched, p=0.012; targeting, p=0.025; length of session, p=0.024; probe usage time, p=0.025; total needle distance moved, p=0.038; number of skin contacts, p<0.001; total time in no-go area, p=0.008. More experienced participants consistently received better performance scores on all 19 performance metrics. It is possible to measure and monitor performance using simulation, with performance metrics providing feedback on skill level and differentiating levels of expertise. However, a transfer of training study is required.

Sydney Ringer: physician, physiologist and pharmacologist

This year marks the centenary of the death of Sydney Ringer, whose name crops up daily in clinical hospital practice. I have often asked my new entries of anatomy demonstrators at Guy's: ‘have you seen Ringer's solution used?’, to which most of them reply in the affirmative. I follow this up by asking if any of them know its composition and I am usually met with a profound silence. In fact, using modern units, it contains Na 148, K 4, Ca 2 and Cl 156 mmol/litre. Today, Ringer's lactate is often used, which is made up of Na 130, K 4, Ca 2, Cl 109 and lactate 28 mmol/litre. This is very similar in composition to the more commonly used Hartmann's solution. Finally, I ask if anyone can tell me who Ringer is or was, and this, to date, I have invariably found to be a strictly no-go area.

&lt;i&gt;Lima: A Cultural and Literary History&lt;/i&gt; (review)

Reviewed by: Lima: A Cultural and Literary History John Fisher James Higgins , Lima: A Cultural and Literary History. Oxford: Signal Books. 2005. xvi + 243 pp. ISBN 1-902669-97-5. This is the fourth volume on Latin America (the previous three were on Buenos Aires, Mexico City and Havana) in the 'Cities of the Imagination' series, which seeks to provide 'in-depth cultural and historical guides to the great cities of the world'. Those already familiar with Lima might raise an eyebrow at its depiction as a 'great' city, except, of course, in terms of its population of almost 10 million, well over one-third of that of Peru as a whole. Most visitors now approach it from Jorge Chávez airport rather than the dingy port of Callao, where James Higgins landed in the mid-1960s on the first of his many trips to undertake his research on modern Peruvian literature. Either way, the enduring impressions are of chaotic traffic, poor roads, shanty towns, roadside vendors, disagreeable odours and dirt, given that the smarter suburbs of Miraflores, San Isidro, Barranco and beyond, to which the upper and middle classes have retreated from downtown Lima – and which many tourists do not see – are on the opposite side of the city. Those who do not know Lima might be seduced by its oft-misunderstood soubriquet 'City of the Kings', unaware that this defines not so much a splendid imperial past as the simple fact that it was founded on the site of a small native settlement by Francisco Pizarro on 6 January 1535, the feast of the Epiphany or 'Three Kings'. Its name derives from a corruption of 'Rímac', the river that used to flow through it before it virtually dried up, and the city's location in a dismal, arid coastal strip 8 km (5 miles) inland from its port of Callao, was designed to ensure the maintenance of relatively secure maritime communication with Panama (and, eventually, Seville), far from the risky Inca strongholds in the southern Andes. [End Page 722] Unlike the truly 'great' Cusco, Lima and its environs have few pre-Hispanic remains to speak of other than a number of crumbling and much-looted burial mounds. Moreover, most of its colonial buildings date from the late eighteenth century rather than the early colonial period because of the severity of earthquakes, notably that of 1746 and its accompanying tidal wave, which literally washed away Callao and its 5,000 inhabitants and destroyed most of Lima's baroque buildings, themselves constructed after the earlier seismic disaster of 1687. Some splendid mansions erected during the further reconstruction overseen by Manuel de Amat (Viceroy 1761–66) remain to give it a certain grandeur, but others, like the city's old walls, were lost in the 1920s as the old city expanded, with the construction of wide avenues fit for motor traffic and new public spaces such as the rather faded Plaza de San Martín. The old viceregal palace was also lost in the same period, to be replaced by the unremarkable Palacio de Gobierno. Higgins clearly knows Lima well. This reviewer recalls being guided around what remains of the old city by him in 1970, before it became a virtual no-go area for 'decent' citizens, especially at night, in the 1980s. Lima was, and still is, the magnet that draws in ambitious writers and politicians from the provinces – such as his first literary subject, the Trujillo-raised poet César Vallejo – who seek national recognition. Like his counterparts in Cusco and Arequipa (cities that had headed unsuccessful movements for regional autonomy from Lima in the nineteenth century), Vallejo recognized the truth of the saying 'Peru is Lima, and Lima is the Jirón de la Unión' (the street that links the Plaza de Armas with the Plaza San Martín and their respective elite clubs, the Club de la Unión and the Club Nacional). Although primarily a specialist on twentieth-century literature, Higgins is also familiar with the colonial era. His fluent volume has three substantive chapters, preceded by a brief introduction and a sketch of Lima's prehistory. He devotes some 70 pages of 'City...

Criminal Law in the 21st Century: The Demise of Territoriality?

Crime never confined itself to within the four walls of a given State. Cross-border crime always existed. Yet, States turned a relatively blind eye to the international aspect of crime: they fought crime by bringing it back within their realm. If necessary, they will use extradition rules, but extradition is just an other mechanism to assert territorial jurisdiction, as its objective is to bring the offender to justice within a given space. Indeed, crimes are not only defined but also sanctioned within a territory. States claim jurisdiction first of all on a territorial basis, whether the offense is entirely committed within its four walls, or whether only the conduct or the result of this conduct happened on the territory. Even when a State can claim jurisdiction on personality (author or victim), it ultimately does so because personality is associated with a territory, an enclosed space encompassing values a State wishes to defend through the person of its citizens, as if the person was carrying with her at all times a portion of that territory.Not surprisingly then, criminal law is perceived as the bastion of State's power, maybe the last bastion. Within the EU for example, where States forego important areas of their sovereignty, criminal law remains a no-go area for the European institutions that officially have no power to legislate and adjudicate in criminal law offenses.And yet, the past decades have seen an evolution that tends to relegate the principle of territoriality to the background (I). The increase in transnational crimes forced States to reinvent their cooperation. Regarding international crimes, which have emerged only sixty years ago, the new ICC illustrates the vitality of this movement to bypass territorial walls when necessary. More recently, cybercrime challenged the traditional assizes of criminal law, notably by creating, in virtual communities, virtual crimes which impact is difficult to translate and thus to sanction in real space. And even the EU starts to claim competence to draft criminal laws to protect the environment.In light of those examples, the demise of territoriality could appear imminent. And yet, it is not: despite undeniable challenges, criminal law continues to rest on territoriality (II). Contrary to what was predicted or wished about cyberspace regulation, most cybercrimes can be dealt and are dealt with on a territorial basis, extradition playing an important role in bringing to justice offenders. Old walls stay and if they disappear, it is to be replaced by bigger walls: the EU may weaken its Member States' inside walls, but the outside walls are reinforced. Thus, territories remain the first anchor of criminal law, despite some notable changes in some areas that might well lead the way to rethink criminal law.

Northern Ireland's '68. Civil Rights, Global Revolt and the Origins of The Troubles. By Simon Prince.

Northern Ireland is generally not a location to be included in accounts of global 1968. The communitarian dissensions that caught international attention – usually referred to as ‘The Troubles’ – from the late sixties onward are more likely to evoke nightmares of the past than images of a non-alienated future. Simon Prince, however, rightfully draws our attention to the concrete circumstances of Northern Ireland in 1968, which, upon closer inspection, indeed suggest plentiful parallels to what happened elsewhere in Europe and the wider world. Not only were the specific political actors responsible for giving Northern Ireland headline news exposure in 1968 roughly equivalent to similar actors in Berkeley, Paris or in Rome, but even the language and the images evoked during the heat of the struggle clearly point to the manifold parallels between Irish battles and the heated contestations beyond the Irish Sea and Atlantic. When, in early 1969, a giant message – ‘You Are Now Entering Free Derry’ – was painted onto the outside wall of a house on the edge of that part of Derry which had become a no-go area for the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the slogan had been consciously adapted from Berkeley's famous Free Speech Movement in the autumn of 1964. Thus, this reviewer eagerly grabbed the chance to scrutinize this volume, which promised to be an important new study. Yet, despite providing some useful insights on the conjuncture of Northern Ireland's 1968, in the end this book remains disappointing. For, above all, it suffers from two conceptual flaws.

Myths, lies and urban warfare

When is a no-go area not a no-go area? According to television and newspaper reports, walking through the Oldham districts of Glodwick, Coppice and Westwood should be a very dangerous business indeed. Lurking on street corners, Asian gangs wait to attack white people. So they say