Nitrogen-doped Carbon Support Research Articles

Tuning the Inter-Metal Interaction between Ni and Fe Atoms in Dual-Atom Catalysts to Boost CO2 Electroreduction.

Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) are promising for applications in electrochemical CO2 reduction due to the enhanced flexibility of the catalytic sites and the synergistic effect between dual atoms. However, precisely controlling the atomic distance and identifying the dual-atom configuration of DACs to optimize the catalytic performance remains a challenge. Here, the Ni and Fe atomic pairs were constructed on nitrogen-doped carbon support in three different configurations: NiFe-isolate, NiFe-N bridge, and NiFe bonding. It was found that the NiFe-N bridge catalyst with NiN4 and FeN4 sharing two N atoms exhibited superior CO2 reduction activity and promising stability when compared to the NiFe-isolate and NiFe-bonding catalysts. A series of characterizations and density functional theory calculations suggested that the N-bridged NiFe sites with an appropriate distance between Ni and Fe atoms can exert a more pronounced synergy. It not only regulated the suitable adsorption strength for the *COOH intermediate but also promoted the desorption of *CO, thus accelerating the CO2 electroreduction to CO. This work provides an important implication for the enhancement of catalysis by the tailoring of the coordination structure of DACs, with the identification of distance effect between neighboring dual atoms.

Coupling methanol oxidation with CO2 reduction: A feasible pathway to achieve carbon neutralization

The energy consumption of up to 90 % of the total power input in the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) slows down the implementation of electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to generate valuable chemicals. Herein, we present an alternative strategy that utilizes methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) to replace OER. The iron single atom anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon support (Fe-N-C) use as the cathode catalyst (CO2RR), low-loading platinum supported on the composites of tungsten phosphide and multiwalled carbon nanotube (Pt-WP/MWCNT) use as the anode catalyst (MOR). Our results show that the Fe-N-C exhibits a Faradaic selectivity as high as 94.93 % towards CO2RR to CO, and Pt-WP/MWCNT exhibits a peak mass activity of 544.24 mA mg−1Pt, which is 5.58 times greater than that of PtC (97.50 mA mg−1Pt). The well-established MOR||CO2RR reduces the electricity consumption up to 52.4 % compared to conventional OER||CO2RR. Moreover, a CO2 emission analysis shows that this strategy not only saves energy but also achieves carbon neutrality without changing the existing power grid structure. Our findings have crucial implications for advancing CO2 utilization and lay the foundation for developing more efficient and sustainable technologies to address the rising atmospheric CO2 levels.

Heterogeneous Fe-N-C Catalyst for Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds Used for Carbene Transfer.

Organic diazo compounds are versatile reagents in chemical synthesis and would benefit from improved synthetic accessibility, especially for larger scale applications. Here, we report a mild method for the synthesis of diazo compounds from hydrazones using a heterogeneous Fe-N-C catalyst, which has Fe ions dispersed within a graphitic nitrogen-doped carbon support. The reactions proceed readily at room temperature using O2 (1 atm) as the oxidant. Aryl diazoesters, ketones, and amides are accessible, in addition to less stable diaryl diazo compounds. Initial-rate data show that the Fe-N-C catalyst achieves faster rates than a heterogeneous Pt/C catalyst. The oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrazones may be performed in tandem with Rh-catalyzed enantioselective C-H insertion and cyclopropanation of alkenes, without requiring isolation of the diazo intermediate. This sequence is showcased by using a flow reactor for continuous synthesis of diazo compounds.

Pt3Co/C Catalyst on the Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Support with High Catalytic Activity and Stability

Pt₃Co/C Catalyst on the Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Support with High Catalytic Activity and Stability

Electron-rich ruthenium nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped carbon for the efficient catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid

Modulating the electronic structure of metal nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrates to be useful for the optimization of the catalytic performance. Herein, electron-sufficient ruthenium NPs were successfully constructed on a nitrogen-doped carbon support (Rux-NC), which displayed excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Especially, a high FDCA yield of 97% was implemented over Ru2.0/NC catalyst in water. The FDCA productivity in this case is also as high as 4.8 molFDCA‧molRu−1‧h−1, which value exceeds most of the previous reported Ru-based catalysts for the production of FDCA. It has been disclosed that the Ru2.0/NC was endowed with high N content and abundant electron-rich Ru0 NPs evoked by the electronic interactions between the NC support the Ru NPs. These facts greatly contribute to the activation of O2, and accelerate the oxidation both of the hydroxymethyl and aldehyde groups of HMF to the carboxyl one. This work provides new understanding for the development of effective Ru-based catalysts for the catalytic oxidation reactions by the electronic structure regulation strategy.

Aqueous Phase Reforming over Platinum Catalysts on Doped Carbon Supports: Exploring Platinum-Heteroatom Interactions.

A series of platinum catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers with various heteroatom dopings were synthesized to investigate the effect of the local platinum environment on the catalytic activity and selectivity in aqueous phase reforming (APR) of ethylene glycol (EG). Typical carbon dopants such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and boron were chosen based on their ability to bring acidic or basic functional groups to the carbon surface. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to identify the platinum oxidation state and platinum species formed during APR of EG through multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares analysis, observing differences in activity, selectivity, and platinum local environment among the catalysts. The platinum-based catalyst on the nitrogen-doped carbon support demonstrated the most favorable properties for H2 production due to high Pt dispersion and basicity (H2 site time yield 22.7 h-1). Direct Pt-N-O coordination was identified by XAS in this catalyst. The sulfur-doped catalyst presented Pt-S contributions with the lowest EG conversion rate and minimal production of the gas phase components. Boron and phosphorus-doped catalysts showed moderate activity, which was affected by low platinum dispersion on the carbon support. The phosphorus-doped catalyst showed preferential selectivity to alcohols in the liquid phase, associated with the presence of acid sites and Pt-P contributions observed under APR conditions.

Elucidating the role of interface of Cu-Co hybrid metal oxide for oxygen reduction reaction in Zn-air batteries

Energy security and sustainable energy are becoming more crucial in the current situation. As a result, fuel cells and metal-air batteries have recently received a lot of interest. However, these devices' main drawbacks are the slowness of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the expense of the catalyst. The necessity for high-performance noble-metal-free electrocatalysts is therefore urgent. This paper describes a CuOx-Co3O4-based heterostructure with nitrogen-doped carbon support (Cu/CuOx-Co3O4/NC-700) as an effective, durable, inexpensive ORR catalyst. The catalyst exhibits good ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.81 V vs. RHE with a 6.5 mA cm−2 limiting current density. The observed ORR performances are comparable with benchmark Pt/C catalysts. The Zn-air battery (ZAB), utilizing the synthesized Cu/CuOx-Co3O4/NC-700 catalyst, produces a high open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.41 V. The catalyst also exhibits a superior specific capacity of 820 mAh gZn−1 and a higher peak power density of 103 mW cm−2. Cu/CuOx-Co3O4 and NC have a strong synergistic impact and are responsible for the enhanced ORR activity. Hence, Cu/CuOx-Co3O4 heterostructures introduced oxygen vacancies, high surface area, desirable charge transfer, and unsaturated chemical bonds in the interface to create a charge redistribution. As a result, the catalytic activity has improved significantly.

Boosting the sodium storage performance of iron selenides by a synergetic effect of vacancy engineering and spatial confinement

Recently, iron selenides have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for the anodes of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their cost-effectiveness and high theoretical capacity; however, their practical application is limited by poor conductivity, large volume variation and slow reaction kinetics during electrochemical reactions. In this work, spatially dual-carbon-confined VSe-Fe3Se4-xSx/FeSe2-xSx nanohybrids with abundant Se vacancies (VSe-Fe3Se4-xSx/FeSe2-xSx@NSC@rGO) are constructed via anion doping and carbon confinement engineering. The three-dimensional crosslinked carbon network composed of the nitrogen-doped carbon support derived from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and reduced graphene enhances the electronic conductivity, provides abundant channels for ion/electron transfer, ensures the structure integrity, and alleviates the agglomeration, pulverization and volume change of active material during the chemical reactions. Moreover, the introduction of S into iron selenides induces a large number of Se vacancies and regulates the electron density around iron atoms, synergistically improving the conductivity of the material and reducing the Na+ diffusion barrier. Based on the aforementioned features, the as-synthesized VSe-Fe3Se4-xSx/FeSe2-xSx@NSC@rGO electrode possesses excellent electrochemical properties, exhibiting the satisfactory specific capacity of 630.1 mA h g−1 after 160 cycles at 0.5 A/g and the reversible capacity of 319.8 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 3 A/g with the low-capacity attenuation of 0.016 % per cycle. This investigation provides a feasible approach to develop high-performance anodes for SIBs via a synergetic strategy of vacancy engineering and carbon confinement.

Efficient Hydrogen Production from the Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons over an Ultrafine Pt Nanocatalyst

Hydrogen from biomass, as a promising alternative fuel, is becoming considerably attractive due to its high energy density and clean emissions. The aqueous phase reforming (APR) of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons and water is a renewable and efficient pathway for hydrogen production and shows great potential. However, the key to the application of this technique is to develop catalysts with high hydrogen productivity. In this work, we first synthesized polyaniline–platinum (PANI-Pt) organo-metallic hybrid precursors and then obtained a high-loaded (~32 wt.% Pt) and highly dispersed (~3 nm Pt particles) Pt@NC−400 catalyst after pyrolysis at 400 °C, and the nanoparticles were embedded in a nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) support. The Pt@NC−400 catalyst showed an almost three times higher hydrogen production rate (1013.4 μmolH2/gcat./s) than the commercial 20% Pt/C catalyst (357.3 μmolH2/gcat./s) for catalyzing methanol–water reforming at 210 °C. The hydrogen production rate of 1,2-propanediol APR even reached 1766.5 μmolH2/gcat./s over the Pt@NC−400 catalyst at 210 °C. In addition, Pt@NC−400 also exhibited better hydrothermal stability than 20% Pt/C. A series of characterizations, including ICP, XRD, TEM, SEM, XPS, N2 physisorption, and CO chemisorption, were conducted to explore the physiochemical properties of these catalysts and found that Pt@NC−400, although with higher loading than 20% Pt/C (~23 wt.% Pt, ~4.5 nm Pt particle), possessed a smaller particle size, a more uniform particle distribution, a better pore structure, and more Pt metal active sites. This study provides a strategy for preparing high-loaded and highly dispersed nanoparticle catalysts with high hydrogen productivity and sheds light on the design of stable and efficient APR catalysts.

Development of Non-Spherical Platinum Nanoparticles on Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are anticipated to play an important role in decarbonizing the global energy system, but the performance of platinum (Pt) catalysts must be improved to make this technology more economical. Studies have identified non-spherical Pt nanoparticles on carbon supports as promising approaches to address this challenge. However, to realize the full benefits of these strategies, the catalyst synthesis procedures must be successfully simplified and scaled up, and the catalyst must perform well in half and full-cell tests. In this study, a surfactant-free one-pot method is developed to synthesize non-spherical Pt nanoparticles on Ketjen Black carbon, which is either non-treated (Pt/KB), acid-treated (Pt/KB-O), or nitrogen-doped (Pt/KB-N). The catalysts are synthesized in both small and large batches to determine the effect of scaling up the synthesis procedure. The nitrogen-doped carbon support shows a nearly identical morphological structure with uniform distribution of non-spherical Pt nanoparticles for both small and large batches’ synthesis compared with non-treated and acid-treated carbon samples. The comparative oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity shows that the Pt/KB-N prepared in small and large batches has better ORR activity, which is likely caused by uniformly distributed non-spherical Pt nanoparticles on the nitrogen-doped carbon support. All three catalysts show similar ORR durability, testing from 0.5–1.0 V, while Pt/KB-O displays slightly better durability from 1.0–1.5 V for carbon corrosion. These results will help inform the implementation of shape-controlled Pt catalysts on modified carbon supports in large scale.

Atomically Dispersed Cobalt/Copper Dual-Metal Catalysts for Synergistically Boosting Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid.

The development of practical materials for (de)hydrogenation reactions is a prerequisite for the launch of a sustainable hydrogen economy. Herein, we present the design and construction of an atomically dispersed dual-metal site Co/Cu-N-C catalyst allowing significantly improved dehydrogenation of formic acid, which is available from carbon dioxide and green hydrogen. The active catalyst centers consist of specific CoCuN6 moieties with double-N-bridged adjacent metal-N4 clusters decorated on a nitrogen-doped carbon support. At optimal conditions the dehydrogenation performance of the nanostructured material (mass activity 77.7 L ⋅ gmetal -1 ⋅ h-1 ) is up to 40 times higher compared to commercial 5 % Pd/C. In situ spectroscopic and kinetic isotope effect experiments indicate that Co/Cu-N-C promoted formic acid dehydrogenation follows the so-called formate pathway with the C-H dissociation of HCOO* as the rate-determining step. Theoretical calculations reveal that Cu in the CoCuN6 moiety synergistically contributes to the adsorption of intermediate HCOO* and raises the d-band center of Co to favor HCOO* activation and thereby lower the reaction energy barrier.

Synergistic interactions between PtRu catalyst and nitrogen-doped carbon support boost hydrogen oxidation

Synergistic interactions between PtRu catalyst and nitrogen-doped carbon support boost hydrogen oxidation

Atomically Dispersed Pt and Fe Sites and Pt-Fe Nanoparticles for Durable Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as a promising clean energy conversion technology have gained considerable attention. However, the high cost and low durability of Pt-based nanocatalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) hinder the wide adoption of this technology.1 Despite great efforts on the development of advanced Pt-based catalysts to improve the Pt utilization and mass activity toward ORR, 2-3 their high activities/durability measured in liquid cells have rarely been realized in fuel cells. On the other hand, carbon-based Pt group metal (PGM)-free ORR electrocatalysts consisting of highly dispersed transition-metal single atoms in nitrogen-coordinated carbon surfaces (Me-N-C) are promising candidates to replace Pt.4 Unfortunately, the poor durability of Me-N-C has limited their practical applications.5 Some early studies6-7 shown that Me-N-C as a support for Pt-based electrocatalyst could improve the stability of the latter.Herein, we report a hybrid electrocatalyst (denoted as Pt-Fe-N-C) consisting of Pt-Fe alloy nanoparticles on highly dispersed Pt and Fe single atoms in a nitrogen-doped carbon support (Figure 1a). The multiple types of active sites result in not only a 3.7 times higher Pt mass activity, but also excellent durability. The performance loss is negligible even after 100,000 potential cycles (Figure 1b), and no current drop is observed at 0.6 V in a fuel cell test with an ultra-low Pt loading (0.015 mgPt cm−2) in the cathode. The morphology and structure of Pt-Fe-N-C catalyst after 100,000 cycles in a fuel cell were further analyzed. Abundant single atoms were still uniformly distributed on the carbon support. No noticeable aggregation of Pt-Fe nanoparticles was observed. Most of particle size was smaller than 4 nm, a solid PtFe@Pt core-shell structure was formed. Around 7% large size particles formed a percolated structure.This work highlights the importance of the synergistic effects among different active sites in hybrid electrocatalysts and provide an alternative way to design more active and durable low-PGM electrocatalysts for fuel cells and other electrochemical devices.This work was supported by the Research Grant Council (HKUST C6011-20G) and Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (SGDX2019081623340748).Figure 1. (a) Scanning transmission electron microscope image (the spots in the blue and red dashed circles are ascribed to the Fe and Pt single atoms, respectively). (b) H2/O2 fuel cell polarization (solid symbols and left axis) and power density (hollow symbols and right axis) plots of the Pt-Fe-N-C cathode before cycling (blue) and after 100,000 potential cycles (red) between 0.6 and 0.95 V. Figure 1

Ultrafine Bimetallic Nickel–Cobalt Alloy from a Layered Hydroxide for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Capacitors

NiCo bimetallic alloys on layer double hydroxide-derived nitrogen-doped carbon support (NiCo@LDH-NC) were derived from bimetallic NiCo-layered double hydroxides (NiCo@LDH). With the structural and compositional advantages, NiCo@LDH-NC exhibits an XRD pattern of NiCo alloy particles supported by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging, and HR-TEM lattice spacing analysis, which confirms the NiCo alloy particle with coherent substitution of Co strongly aligned with the (111) plane of Ni particles. This resulted in a strained lattice of the NiCo alloy (fcc) with strong interaction between pure Ni and Co metals. The relation of the host Ni (fcc) lattice with dopant Co in NiCo@LDH-NC exhibits a free atom-like electronic structure as compared to host Ni. In the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of water electrolysis, the monolayer electrode of NiCo@LDH-NC exhibits minimum overpotentials of 330 and 346 mV at 10 and 20 mA cm–2, respectively, with an improved electrokinetics-driven 36.4 mV dec–1 Tafel slope obtained from the Tafel plot. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) value obtained for NiCo@LDH-NC was 2.48 Ω, confirming a faster charge transfer kinetics throughout the electrode-electrolyte interface that influenced the OER activity. This investigation on the NiCo alloy and associated electronics is promising for upgrading the features of the bimetallic alloy nanoarchitecture and their potential for advanced electrochemical processes.

Structure–Activity Relationship of Continuous Transformed Palladium Nanoclusters and Single Atoms for Selective Phenylacetylene Hydrogenation

Heterogeneous solid catalysts based on atomically dispersed Pd species are the most applicable catalysts in selective alkyne hydrogenation. However, the understanding of their structure–activity relationship remains ambiguous due to lack of structural analysis tools available and a unified synthetic system to obtain comparable Pd-based catalysts. Herein, we reported a convenient method to obtain Pd nanoclusters and Pd single atoms loaded on a nitrogen-doped carbon support (marked as Pd-NC@NC and Pd-SA@NC, respectively) in a uniform procedure and explored their structure–activity relationship in phenylacetylene hydrogenation. By the application of various kinds of characterization methods, we legibly illustrated the structures of Pd-NC@NC and Pd-SA@NC and found that Pd-NC@NC exhibited much higher mass activity than Pd-SA@NC (6.70 vs 0.33 mmol g–1 h–1) in phenylacetylene semi-hydrogenation. Theoretical calculations revealed that the different abilities of Pd nanoclusters and Pd1-N4 sites to adsorb reactants caused by steric hindrance were most likely to contribute to their different catalytic performances. This established structure–activity relationship provides guidelines for rationally designing metal catalysts for selective alkyne hydrogenation.

Highly efficient aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over halloysite nanotubes-templated nitrogen-doped carbon supported bimetallic AuPd catalyst

Aerobic oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an important way to produce bioplastic monomer. Herein, halloysite nanotubes (HNT)-templated layered porous hollow rod-shaped nitrogen-doped carbon supported bimetallic AuPd catalysts (AumPdn/HRNxC) with different nitrogen contents and bimetallic nanoparticles size were employed for the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of HMF to FDCA in sodium carbonate aqueous solution. Catalytic experimental results uncovered the possible reaction pathway, and the kinetics study further confirmed the oxidation of intermediate FFCA to FDCA was the rate-controlled step. Benefiting from the synergy between nitrogen-doped carbon support and bimetallic nanoparticles, the Au3Pd1/HRN5C catalyst obtained the highest HMF conversion of 100% and FDCA yield of 99.9% under the optimal reaction conditions. In-situ FT-IR study revealed the adsorption configuration of HMF, and the ESR test proved that the active substance was superoxide radical. Furthermore, the catalyst showed good stability and reusability. This work provides an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly raw clay mineral derived heterogeneous catalyst for the large-scale production of FDCA from HMF.

FeNC Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst with High Utilization Penta-Coordinated Sites.

Atomic Fe in N-doped carbon (FeNC) electrocatalysts for oxygen (O2 ) reduction at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells are the most promising alternative to platinum-group-metal catalysts. Despite recent progress on atomic FeNC O2 reduction, their controlled synthesis and stability for practical applications remain challenging. A two-step synthesis approach has recently led to significant advances in terms of Fe-loading and mass activity; however, the Fe utilization remains low owing to the difficulty of building scaffolds with sufficient porosity that electrochemically exposes the active sites. Herein, this issue is addressed by coordinating Fe in a highly porous nitrogen-doped carbon support (≈3295m2 g-1 ), prepared by pyrolysis of inexpensive 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine and a Mg2+ salt active site template and porogen. Upon Fe coordination, a high electrochemical active site density of 2.54×1019 sitesgFeNC -1 and a record 52% FeNx electrochemical utilization based on in situ nitrite stripping are achieved. The Fe single atoms are characterized pre- and post-electrochemical accelerated stress testing by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, showing no Fe clustering. Moreover, ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and low-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy suggest the presence of penta-coordinated Fe sites, which are further studied by density functional theory calculations.

Efficient full dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes on single enzyme-like Co−N4 sites in nitrogen-doped carbons

Chlorinated ethenes are ubiquitous contaminants in groundwater. Here, by embedment of enzyme-like Co−N4 sites in the nitrogen-doped carbon support, we prepared a Co−NC catalyst to combine the advantages of abiotic and biological dechlorination strategies. Co−NC exhibited superior reactivity and stability for catalytic dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes under various conditions. Up to 94.8% of trichloroethene could be transformed directly to acetylene without toxic intermediates. Moreover, Co−NC could utilize electrons from dissolved Fe(II), which is low-cost and a common component in the groundwater, making the Co−NC-based strategies sustainable for the remediation. Even with such a weak reductant, acetylene was still the dominant product. Those catalytic properties originate from the synergism of the nitrogen-doped carbons and the highly active Co sites. This synergism favors a mechanism where the toxic intermediates are bound on Co sites until the full dechlorination, due to the excellent electron-storage ability and the electronic delocalization characteristic of nitrogen-doped carbons.

Rational design of hollow nitrogen-doped carbon supported nickel nanoparticles for efficient electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach to achieving a carbon-neutral cycle and producing valuable fuels and chemicals. Herein, we develop a nickel nanoparticle embedded in a hollow nitrogen-doped carbon (Ni@HNC) catalyst with the optimum carbon oxide (CO) Faradaic efficiency of 93.3% at − 0.79 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). A series of controlled experiments demonstrated that the PDA-assisted derivatized hollow nitrogen-doped carbon support facilitates the diffusion of CO2 molecules. As proton acceptors, the nickel active sites promote the proton-coupled electron transport process of electroreduction of CO2 to CO. Additionally, Ni@HNC was performed as a bifunctional catalyst, and the coupled anodic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) can significantly reduce the voltage, about 424 mV at 10 mA cm-2 (versus oxygen evolution reaction, OER). For a two-electrode system, the Faradaic efficiency of CO was maintained above 85% at a wide voltage window (2.1 ∼ 3.1 V), with a maximum value of 98.7% at 2.7 V and a current density of 11.14 mA cm-2. This work provides an efficient strategy to obtain lower CO2RR voltage while acquiring high value-added formate from the anode.

Platinum-Containing Nanoparticles on a Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Support as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

Platinum-Containing Nanoparticles on a Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Support as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells