Nitric Oxide Scavenging Assay Research Articles

Hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus roots on nitrobenzene-induced liver injury in Wistar rats

ABSTRACT This study examined the potential of Corallocarpus epigaeus ethanolic root extract to combat free radicals using DPPH, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Rats were initially exposed to a single oral dose of nitrobenzene (50 mg kg−1 body weight), followed by a 15-d oral regimen of the ethanolic root extract of C. epigaeus at 200 mg kg−1 body weight. The assessment of serum liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid peroxidation levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histopathological examinations of liver tissues were carried out. The C. epigaeus ethanolic root extract demonstrated antioxidant properties and contained flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, lycopene, and phenolic compounds. In Nitrobenzene-induced rats, elevated serum markers and increased liver lipid peroxidation were observed that were normalized by the extract. It also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histopathological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.

Phytochemical Characterization Utilizing HS-SPME/GC-MS: Exploration of the Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Properties of Essential Oil from Saudi Artemisia absinthium L.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia absinthium L. essential oil, focusing on its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition (α-amylase and urease) properties. Additionally, in vitro pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations were conducted through in silico molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models to assess its therapeutic potential and its potency in treating oxidative-stress-related diseases. Methods: The essential oil was isolated by the hydrodistillation (HD) of fresh plant material, and volatiles released from dried plant material were sampled via headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by a phytochemical profiling analysis through the GC-MS tool. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and nitric oxide scavenging assays, while enzyme inhibition activities were tested against α-amylase and urease. Molecular docking and BOILED-Egg models were used to evaluate compound interactions with NADPH oxidase and predict pharmacokinetic behavior, respectively. Results: HS-SPME and HD yielded 46 and 25 compounds, respectively, primarily terpenoids represented by camphor (26.4%) and cis-davanone (18.0%) in HS-SPME, while in the HD essential oil, cis-davanone (60.2%) and chamazulene (10.8%) were most prevalent. The antioxidant assays showed a strong activity, with a total antioxidant capacity of 821.8 mg ascorbic acid Eq/gm. The essential oil inhibited urease by 86.7% and α-amylase by 81.8%. Molecular docking showed strong binding affinities with NADPH oxidase, supporting the antioxidant results. Conclusions:A. absinthium EO demonstrated potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, suggesting its therapeutic potential for treating enzyme-related disorders like diabetes mellitus and its possible use as a cure for many oxidative-stress-related diseases, thus validating the folkloric use of this plant.

Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Evaluation of Derivatives of Quinoxaline-2- One as a Myeloperoxidase Modulator Using in silico Methods

Background: In some pathological situations, the overproduction of oxidising agents also results in oxidative damage to host cell proteins and DNA, which induces abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A recently discovered biomarker of inflammation is myeloperoxidase. Various inflammatory conditions cause the release of this enzyme into the extracellular environment. Objective: Our study aimed to design, synthesize, and in vitro evaluate derivatives of quinoxaline- 2-one as a myeloperoxidase modulator using in silico methods. Methods: A series of quinoxaline-2-one derivatives was synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques. Further, to confirm and explore the molecular mechanism, an in silico docking study against the myeloperoxidase enzyme was performed (PDB ID: 1DNU). Results: The compounds Q1, Q2, and Q5 showed better antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, whereas the nitric oxide scavenging assay showed the compounds Q2, Q4, and Q5 had significant activity when compared to the standard IC50 value (28.8 μg/ml). Besides, the anti-inflammatory studies showed the compounds Q1, Q3, and Q5 had better inhibition (89.79%) when compared to the standard drug aceclofenac (85.37%) at 1000 μg/ml concentration. The top three ligands for myeloperoxidase (PDB ID: 1DNU) with the highest scores in activity were found as Q2, Q1, and Q5, with scores of -13.2838, -12.5841, and -11.6906 Kcal/mol, respectively. The compounds were efficiently bound to the myeloperoxidase active site with arene-arene, arene-cation, and hydrogen bonding interactions. Conclusion: By introducing the various heterocyclic rings and deactivating and activating groups, we may produce a newer class of candidates for many infectious diseases. Thus, from the computational studies carried out, we may obtain hints for optimising the molecular selectivity of the quinoxaline-2-one derivatives to provide help in the design of new compounds for effective myeloperoxidase enzyme modulators. However, further pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, preclinical, and clinical studies permit the design of the new agents without undesirable interactions.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and Biological Evaluation of N-(α-Benzamido Cinnamoyl) Piperonal Hydrazones

Background: Nowadays, inflammation is recognized as the underlying cause of a number of diseases, but NSAIDs are the first drug of choice, having several side effects. Additionally, excessive cellular oxidative stress is often considered a major contributor to pathophysiological conditions, the development of cancer, and other diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, hence, there is a critical need for the development of novel therapeutic agents to fight the emergence and increasing prevalence of resistant pathogens. This creates an initiation to introduce new molecules which act as efficient therapeutic agents with diminished side effects. Objective: As a part of our search for newer agents with enhanced activity profiles, it was planned to synthesize novel 2- (benzamido)-N-((benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methylene)-3-(substituted phenyl) acrylohydrazides and to investigate them for antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed for title compounds to predict molecular properties, bioavailability, drug-likeness, and bioactivity scores, molecular docking studies were also performed against biological targets. Methods: The title compounds 1-14 were synthesized by nucleophilic addition of piperonal in ethanol, few drops of acetic acid to the intermediate 2-(benzamido)-3-(aryl)acrylohydrazides. The title compounds were tested for their antiinflammatory activity by in vivo carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method, in vitro COX-2 inhibition assay; in vitro cytotoxic activity evaluation by MTT assay; antioxidant activity by Lipid peroxidation, DPPH assay, Nitric Oxide scavenging assay and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay; and antimicrobial activity by cup plate method. Physicochemical properties and bioactive scores of title compounds were evaluated by in silico studies. Molecular docking studies were carried out for the title compounds against COX-2 (PDB: 5F19) and EGFR (PDB:1XKK). Results: Among the series, 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy derivative (5) displayed good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities; Vanillinyl derivative (4) displayed good cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity when compared to that of the respective standards. Compounds 5 & 4 also exhibited good docking scores with COX-2 and EGFR, respectively. All title compounds obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five and also exhibited acceptable molecular properties, drug-likeness properties, and moderate to good bioactivity scores in in silico studies. Conclusion: The study suggested that the title compounds showed notable pharmacological properties, could emerge as lead compounds, and be further explored as promising therapeutic agents.

Investigating the Therapeutic Property of Galium verum L. (GV) for MSG induced Audiogenic Epilepsy (AEs) and Neuroprotection through In-Silico and In-Vitro Analysis.

Audiogenic Epilepsy (AEs) is a subtype of epileptic seizure that is generally caused by high-intensity sounds. A large number of traditional medicines has been explored in this lieu where our study chased Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae), an herbal plant which is commonly known as Lady's Bedstraw, that contains a highly rich chemical composition including flavonoids (Hispidulin, Quercetin, and Kaempferol), and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, and gallic acid). G verum is well known for its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, the unique role of Adhesion G Protein- Coupled Receptor V1 (ADGRV1) protein in the progression of audiogenic epilepsy has been explored. This study aimed to examine the potent phytoconstituents of the hydroalcoholic extract of G. verum L. (HEGV) using analytical techniques. Additionally, our study sought to evaluate the antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory properties, and antiepileptic potency of HEGV by targeting ADGRV1 via in silico and in vitro analyses using SHSY5Y cells. HPLC and LC-MS techniques were employed to identify the flavonoids, iridoids, and phenolic acid derivatives present in HEGV. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging assays were performed to confirm the antioxidant potential of the extract. Additionally, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed using AutoDock Vina software to analyze the possible interactions between crucial phytoconstituents of HEGV and ADGRV1, followed by cell line analysis. In the in vitro analysis, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via cell viability assay, IL, GABA, and glutamate estimation. LC-MS and HPLC analyses revealed high concentrations of hispidulin, a major flavonoid found in HEGV. HEGV exhibited moderate-to-high free radical-scavenging activities comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Docking analysis demonstrated that hispidulin has a stronger binding affinity with ADGRV1 (Vina score = -8.6 kcal/mol) than other compounds. Furthermore, cell line analysis revealed that the MSG exacerbates the neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, whereas, HEGV and Hispidulin both possess neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antiepileptic activities. HEGV and Hispidulin proved to be promising candidates for treating audiogenic epilepsy by modulating ADGRV1.

Turmeric-Black Cumin Essential Oils and Their Capacity to Attenuate Free Radicals, Protein Denaturation, and Cancer Proliferation.

Turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa) and black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) are polyherbal ingredients used for the management of cancer and other chronic inflammatory diseases in Nigerian ethnomedicine. Previous studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of the individual plant extracts. However, the two spices have not been biologically potentiated in their combined form. Therefore, this study obtained essential oils (EOs) from the combined spices and evaluated their inhibitory effects on free radicals, protein denaturation, and cancer proliferation. The EOs were extracted by hydro-distillation (HD) and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antioxidant assessment was conducted based on DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and ferric ion (Fe3+) radical scavenging assays. The cytotoxicity of the oil against non-tumorigenic (HEK293) and cancerous (HepG2 and HeLa) cell lines was determined following the MTT cell viability assay. An in silico molecular docking analysis of the oil constituents was also performed. Six batches of EOs I-VI were afforded, comprising twenty-two major constituents, with aromatic Ar-turmerone being the most prominent compound. There was a marked improvement in the bioactivity of the oils upon repeated HD and as a combination. The batch VI oil exhibited the best activity, with a cytotoxicity (CC50) of 10.16 ± 1.69 µg/100 µL against the HepG2 cell line, which was comparable to 5-fluorouracil (standard, CC50 = 8.59 ± 1.33 µg/100 µL). In silico molecular docking suggested δ-curcumene, Ar-curcumene, Ar-turmerol, and Ar-turmerone among the promising compounds based on their high binding energy scores with NOX2, NF-κB, and mdm2 proteins. In conclusion, the oils from the turmeric-black cumin combined possess a considerable inhibition ability against free radicals, protein denaturation, and cancer proliferation. This study's findings further underscore the effectiveness of turmeric-black cumin as a polyherbal medicinal ingredient.

GC-MS analysis and pharmacological potentiality of Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites leaves and fruit extracts: an in vitro and in silico studies.

Lasia spinosa (L. spinosa) is widely used in Asian countries for treating various diseases and as a vegetable, yet its bioactive properties remain under-researched. It is traditionally utilized in Ayurveda and the AYUSH system of medicine for its medicinal properties, and commonly used to treat digestive disorders, respiratory issues, and inflammatory conditions. This study aims to identify the phytochemicals in L. spinosa leaves and fruit extracts and evaluate their biological activities. Phytochemicals in methanol extracts of L. spinosa fruits and leaves were identified by GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were assessed using the DPPH free radical and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay and brine shrimp lethality test. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus iniae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, while antifungal properties were tested against Cercospora beticola and Rhizoctonia solani. Molecular docking was conducted to predict the effectiveness of L. spinosa phytochemicals against NADPH oxidase and the Shigella effector OspG. Nine compounds were detected from both extracts. The methanol leaves extract exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the fruit extract, with IC50 values of 111.81 ± 8.99µg/ml and 174.81 ± 4.86µg/ml, respectively, as determined by the DPPH scavenging assay. The nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay also revealed higher potency in the leaves extract (IC50 = 138.59 ± 1.50µg/ml) compared to the fruit extract (IC50 = 196.47 ± 1.72µg/ml). Both extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. In silico studies indicated notable inhibitory activity of all phytochemicals against the target proteins, with Linoelaidic acid and 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- exhibiting the highest activity against NADPH oxidase (PDB: 2cdu) and Shigella flexneri OspG effector kinase (PDB: 4bvu), respectively. These findings suggest that L. spinosa has potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Compounds from this plant could serve as lead compounds for developing antioxidant and antibacterial agents. However, molecular studies should be addressed.

Chemo-profiling and exploring therapeutic potential of Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. for managing metabolic related disorders: In-vitro studies, and docking based approach

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMomordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. (M. dioica Roxb.) a nutritious and therapeutic property rich crop of Cucurbitaceae plant family. In various folklore medicine including Ayurveda fruits are used to treat several metabolic related disorders i.e., hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity etc. Furthermore, traditionally it is used to treat fever, inflammation, ulcer, skin diseases, haemorrhoids, hypertension and also employed as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic, diuretic. Aim of the studyThis study focuses to explore the therapeutic potential of Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. through in-vitro and in-silico approach for managing hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders along with its phytochemical profiling for quality evaluation and validation of traditional claim. Materials and methodsThe present study was carried out on hydroalcohol extract of dried leaf and fruit of Momordica dioica. In-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging assay along with in-vitro enzyme inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase enzymes was studied. The bioactive metabolites were identified from the most potent bioactive extract by analysis with LC-QTOF-MS and also studied their role to lessen the metabolic related disorder through in-silico approaches. ResultsThe results confirmed that the fruit extract is more active to possess antioxidant and prominent enzyme inhibition potential compared to the leaf. Sixteen identified metabolites in M. dioica Roxb. fruits may be responsible for the therapeutic potential related to metabolic related disorder. The in-silico study of the identified phytomolecules against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase showed significant docking scores ranging from −9.8 to −5.5, −8.3 to −4.8 and −8.3 to −6 respectively. ConclusionThe current study illustrated that M. dioica Roxb., a traditionally important plant is potential against metabolic related disorders. Phytocomponents present in the fruit extract may be responsible for antioxidant as well as the enzymes’ inhibitory potential. Thus, fruits of M. dioica Roxb. will be useful as alternative therapeutics for treatment of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders.

إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد وفيتامين ج مع نشاط مضاد للأكسدة لأوراق القراص التي تنمو في زاخو ، إقليم كوردستان ، العراق

يُزرع جنس Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) بشكل متكرر في إقليم كردستان العراق ويستخدم كعلاج شعبي من قبل السكان المحليين لعلاج مجموعة متنوعة من الأمراض. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد وفيتامين ج باستخدام طريقة القياس الطيفي مع تحديد الأنشطة المضادة للأكسدة للمذيبات المختلفة مثل (المائي ، الإيثانول ، أسيتات الإيثيل ، الكلوروفورم و هكسان) المتدفقة التي تختلف باختلاف اختبارات مضادات الأكسدة مع تراكيز مختلفة وهي (1،1-ثنائي فينيل -2 بيكريل هيدرازيل ، اختبار القدرة المختزل ، القدرة الكلية لمضادات الأكسدة ، كسح أكسيد النيتريك ، جذور الهيدروكسيل ، β-carotene- حمض اللينوليك ومخلبات الحديد) وحمض الأسكوربيك كمرجع معياري. أوضحت نتائجنا أن تحديد إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفلافونويد باستخدام طرق فولين سيوكالتو وكلوريد الألومنيوم أظهر أن مستخلصات المذيبات القطبية أظهرت محتوى عاليًا من الفينول والفلافونويد بينما يحتوي مستخلص أسيتات الإيثيل على نسبة عالية من فيتامين ج. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أظهرت النتائج أن المستخلصات لها تأثيرات مضادة للأكسدة ملحوظة مقارنة بمضادات الأكسدة القياسية مثل حمض الأسكوربيك. كان لمستخلص الإيثانول لأوراق U. dioica L أنشطة تنظيف أقوى من مستخلصات المذيبات الأخرى لجذور 1،1-ثنائي فينيل -2 بيكريل هيدرازيل و الهيدروكسيل. أظهر مستخلص الماء تأثيرًا مضادًا للأكسدة أعلى من المستخلصات الأخرى لتقليل مقايسات القوة وأكسيد النيتريك مع انخفاض نشاط مضادات الأكسدة لـ β-carotene / حمض اللينوليك وإجمالي اختبارات القدرة المضادة للأكسدة. في المقابل ، كان للهكسان غير القطبي أعلى نشاط مضاد للأكسدة لمقايسة مخلب الحديد. تُظهر الدراسة الحالية أن مستخلصات أوراق U. dioica Lهي مصدر طبيعي حيوي لمضادات الأكسدة ويمكن استخدامها في المنتجات الغذائية بالإضافة إلى تطبيقات التغذ.

In-vitro comparative study of solvent effect on antioxidant properties of leaf extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis

This study demonstrated that the extraction solvents play an important role in the extraction of important bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from the leaves of Anthocleista djalonensis. Anthocleista djalonensis, a plant native to tropical Africa, is believed to have antioxidant properties due to its bioactive composition. The powdered leaves were macerated using local gin, hot distilled water, and analytical ethanol to extract bioactive compounds. The in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays, nitric oxide scavenging assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference. The DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging tests showed concentration-dependent responses. Distilled water had the lowest IC50 value of 0.079 mg/ml and showed the most antioxidant potential in DPPH. Local gin demonstrated significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability with an IC50 value of 0.12 mg/ml, surpassing the standard drug. The nitric oxide scavenging assay showed a concentration-dependent increase in both ethanol and local gin extracts. Ethanol and local gin extracts showed maximum antioxidant activity, with ethanol extract showing 22.84% inhibition and local gin extract showing a higher activity of 46.29% inhibition. However, ascorbic acid showed the highest inhibition of nitric oxide production at 57.10%. The study highlights the importance of solvent selection in herbal preparation for optimal health benefits regarding antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of Neuroprotective effect of Bioactive compounds of Mucuna monosperma in PD lines of Drosophila melanogaster

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nervous system. Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Ongoing research is focused on discovering new plant sources and developing alternative methods of production to meet the increasing demand for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Ethnopharmacognosy plays a vital role in bridging traditional knowledge with modern science, and the screening of natural compounds from edible plants is a valuable approach to discovering new therapeutic agents. Hence, the exploration of plants and their bioactive compounds for drug development is an ongoing and promising field. This paper embodies results on neuroprotective property of Mucuna monosperma (MM), two major bioactive compounds namely l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and Ursolic acid were identified and isolated by Prep-HPLC and Column chromatography respectively. Further, quantified the isolated compounds by HPLC. The antioxidant property of crude, L-Dopa and Ursolic acid were scrutinized and verified through DPPH and Nitric oxide scavenging assay. To evaluate the neuroprotective property and anti-ageing effect of bioactive compounds, negative geotaxis, courtship behavior and longevity studies were made in Transgenic PD line of Drosophila melanogaster against oxidative stress status. Result reveals that the climbing ability, courtship behaviors and longevity were significantly increased in PD lines (Elva/SNCA-A30P) under stress conditions. Further it was noticed that synergetic effects of Ursolic acid along with L-Dopa showed excellent result.

Phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude extract of Sargassum polycystum collected from Bangladesh

Marine seaweed species have been extensively studied in recent decades due to their potential biological activities, such as antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics. This study investigates the phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Sargassum polycystum extracts collected from Bangladesh and crude extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and water as extraction solvents. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, saponins, phlobatannins, and cardiac glycosides. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) identified functional groups, including phenols, carboxylic acids, ketones, ethers, aromatics, alkanes, and ethers. The methanol extract exhibited the highest TPC (95.34 ± 1.21 mg of GAE/g) and TFC (51.48 ± 0.92 mg of QE/g). Methanol extracts displayed superior antioxidant activity in the Phosphomolybdenum assay (1.96 ± 0.08), DPPH assay (81.33 ± 5.60%, IC50 = 1.17 mg/mL), ABTS assay (71.65 ± 4.10%, IC50 = 2.54 mg/mL), and Nitric oxide scavenging assay (67.64 ± 4.10%, IC50 = 3.81 mg/mL). Ethanol extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (16.50 ± 0.13 mm), while the methanol extract excelled against Salmonella typhimurium (14.6 ± 0.18 mm) at 7 mg/mL dosage. A positive correlation was found among TPC, TFC, and different antioxidant assays.

Organic wastes of Citrus sinensis Peels- a source of eco-friendly and sustainable bioactive compounds for promoting health

To determine the phytochemicals, radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of orange peel extract. Citrus sinensis were subjected to extraction with ethanol. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to determine the phytochemical composition of orange peel extract. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were conducted to assess radical scavenging potential of the extract. Antioxidant activities of the peel extracts were determined via the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. The GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, sapogenin, and steroids in the orange peel extract. The results of radical scavenging assays demonstrated the extract’s ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals. The scavenging capacity of the extract was observed to be concentration-dependent, with comparisons made to standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and BHT. Peels from citrus sinensis represent a valuable source of phytochemicals, demonstrating significant antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.

Free radical scavenging and anti-isolated human LDL oxidation activities of Butea superba Roxb. extract

BackgroundButea superba Roxb. (B. superba), is an herbal plant traditionally used for rejuvenation. Additionally, there have been reports on its antioxidant properties. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Natural products with antioxidant properties have the potential to inhibit LDL oxidation. However, no work has been done about the anti-isolated human LDL oxidation of B. superba extract (BSE). This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential of BSE and its ability to prevent isolated human (LDL) oxidation induced by free radical agents.MethodsThe antioxidant properties were investigated by antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite scavenging assay. More so, anti-isolated human LDL oxidation activities were evaluated by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) induced LDL oxidation assay.ResultsBSE exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in all the test systems, demonstrating its potential as a potent free radical scavenger. It displayed scavenging effects on DPPH (p < 0.05; IC50 = 487.67 ± 21.94 µg/ml), ABTS (p < 0.05; IC50 = 30.83 ± 1.29 µg/ml). Furthermore, it generated significantly (p < 0.05) increased antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner in FRAP assay and exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) higher percent NO scavenging activity than gallic acid. Besides, BSE at 62.5 µg/ml exhibited a considerable percent peroxynitrite scavenging of 71.40 ± 6.59% after a 2 h period. Moreover, BSE demonstrated anti-isolated human LDL oxidation activity induced by AAPH and SIN-1 (p < 0.05) and revealed scavenging activity similar to ascorbic acid (p > 0.05). Identifying the main constituents of BSE revealed the presence of genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A through Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer/Mass Spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) analysis.ConclusionThis is the first report that the presence of isoflavones in BSE could play an important role in its antioxidation and isolated human LDL oxidation scavenging properties. These findings suggest the potential for developing antioxidant herbal supplements. However, further studies must be investigated, including efficacious and safe human dosages.

Explication of Pharmacological Proficiency of Phytoconstituents from Adansonia digitata Bark: An In Vitro and In Silico Approaches.

Compared to other drug discovery sources, traditional medicine has significantly contributed to developing innovative therapeutic molecules for preventive and curative medicine. The Baobab tree, also known as Adansonia digitata L., is significant in Africa due to its multitude of benefits and various parts that serve different purposes, providing economic support to rural communities. The analysis of a plant sample using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy detected multiple functional groups, such as carboxyl and aromatic groups. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was utilized to identify various compounds present in the sample, including tetrachloroethylene and octyl ester. The results of different assays, such as α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, nitric oxide scavenging assays, and total antioxidant by thiobarbituric acid method (TBA) and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method, demonstrated a substantial scavenging of free radicals and an effective antioxidant efficacy. The bark's antimicrobial activity was tested through agar diffusion, resulting in a range of zone of inhibition from 10.1 ± 0.36 mm to 20.85 ± 0.76 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was observed to be approximately 0.625 µg/mL. The biofilm inhibition percentage ranged from 9.89% to 57.92%, with the highest percentage being 57.92%. The GC-MS and FT-IR studies revealed phytocompounds, which were then analyzed for their potential therapeutic properties. Computational studies were conducted on the phytocompounds against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C2 kinase (antioxidant). The study concluded that the Adansonia digitata bark extract and its phytocompound have potential therapeutic efficacy against the target proteins. The best docking scores were about -7.053 kcal/mol and -7.573 kcal/mol for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C2 kinase (antioxidant), respectively. The interaction patterns with the crucial amino acid residues elucidate the inhibitory efficacy of the phytocompounds.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees aerial parts.

Dicliptera cuneata Nees is a traditional medicinal plant but its extract or phytochemicals are less known. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of aerial part hydroalcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees. Hence, we used protein denaturation assay, FRAP assay, Nitric oxide and peroxide scavenging assays methods following standard developed techniques. The hydro-alcoholic extract exhibited dose-dependent effectiveness in all the assays and showed maximum efficacy in the assays at higher doses selected. Data shows that hydroalcholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in in vitro settings. It should be noted that more data is needed to further develop the extract into suitable formulations.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic Activity of Stem Bark of &lt;i&gt;Ziziphus jujuba&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Gaertn

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a significant metabolic disorder that increases mortality and morbidity, affects people all over the world. Recently, many individuals are exploring CAM treatment that may have fewer side effects due to the prominent side effects of allopathic medications. Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. (Rhamnaceae) stem bark has been a vital part of the conventional system of medicine for the management of diabetes, inflammation, wounds, fever, asthma and liver disorders. In spite of its pharmacological significance, Ziziphus jujuba stem bark lacks scientific evidence of its antidiabetic and antioxidant potential. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of the stem bark of Ziziphus jujuba using alpha-amylase inhibition assay. In this research work, we further investigated the antioxidant activity of the Ziziphus jujuba using DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. The Chloroform (CEZJ), ethyl acetate (EAZJ) and Ethanol (EEZJ) extracts of Ziziphus jujuba stem bark were used in the study. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, EEZJ had an IC50 value of 117.1 µg/ml, however, the value for the nitric oxide scavenging assay was 64.65 µg/ml. The Ziziphus jujuba was additionally examined for its in-vitro antidiabetic potential using an alpha-amylase inhibition assay, and it was discovered to possess a considerable percentage of alpha-amylase inhibition. The IC50 of EEZJ was found to be 34.68 µg/ml. These results imply that the Ziziphus jujuba possesses considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. To thoroughly establish the anti-diabetic potential of Ziziphus jujuba, additional in vitro experiments utilizing cell lines and other enzymes may be conducted.

Antioxidant, Antiproliferative, Pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest properties of crude extract and biofractions of Hybanthus enneaspermus Linn. to combat breast cancer

Objective: According to the World Health Organisation, breast cancer is presently the most common cancer diagnosed in women globally. Polyphenolic compounds act as antioxidants, improve health, and reduce risk and proliferation of various types of cancers. Hybanthus enneaspermus Linn. is a beneficial medicinal plant, reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and nephroprotective properties etc. Methods: The current study involved the evaluation the antioxidant, antiproliferative, apoptotic and cell cycle arrest potential of the ethanolic leaf extract of Hybathus enneaspermus Linn. (EEHE), its toluene soluble, toluene insoluble, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble biofractions viz. TFHE, ITHE, EFHE, and MFHE to combat breast cancer. In vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric oxide and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. In vitro antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells was assayed using the Sulforhodamine method, while apoptosis and cell cycle assays were analysed by flow cytometry. Results: MFHE exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 21.10±0.39 μg/mL and 25.99±4.66μg/mL, when compared against standard ascorbic acid with IC50 values of 11.19±1.09 μg/mL and 9.30±0.26μg/mL in DPPH and nitric oxide assays respectively. EFHE displayed substantial antioxidant potential in ABTS and hydrogen peroxide assays with IC50 values of 40.38±0.88μg/mL and 99.11± 13.59μg/mL, while ITHE showed considerable activity with IC50 &lt; 100μg/mL in DPPH, nitric oxide and ABTS assays. TFHE demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity by sulforhodamine assay, with GI50 value of 10.22 6.72µg/mL, while EEHE and ITHE showed substantial activity with GI50 values of 41.42±3.74µg/mL and 64.37±7.07µg/mL respectively, as against the standard drug Adriamycin (GI50 &lt; 10µg/mL) used. In the apoptosis assay, ITHE showed 11.31±0.82% cells in late apoptosis and 34.48±1.57 % cells in necrosis as compared to standard Adriamycin indicated 13.67±1.02 % cells in late apoptosis and 8.58±0.65 % cells in necrosis. In cell cycle analysis, ITHE displayed significant apoptotic activity with 20.15±1.37 % cells in SubG1 phase and 13.99±1.65 % cells arrested in G2-M phase as compared to the control. Conclusion: The study thus revealed that MFHE, EFHE and ITHE biofractions showed significant antioxidant activities, while EEHE, TFHE and ITHE exhibited substantial antiproliferative activity against mammary cancer cells. Additionally, ITHE induced remarkable apoptotic activity and cell cycle arrest in the MCF-7 cells. The therapeutic benefits may be credited to the bioactive constituents present in the ITHE fraction viz. polyphenolics, flavonoids etc.; however, the molecular mechanisms may need to be evaluated further.

Antioxidant and antiarthritic potential of berberine: In vitro and in vivo studies

ObjectiveTo extract and isolate berberine from Berberis aristata (Berberidaceae). Isolated berberine was characterised using spectroscopy and its antioxidant and antiarthritic activity was analyzed. MethodsThe berberine was isolated from B. aristata using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and characterised by a spectroscopic technique. The isolated berberine was evaluated for its antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide scavenging assays, while antiarthritic activity was evaluated in the complete freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis rat model. ResultsThe antioxidant activity of berberine revealed potent antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide scavenging assays. The in vivo antiarthritic activity of berberine in the CFA-induced arthritis rat model showed a significant reduction in paw diameter, arthritic score, and an increase in body weight. Furthermore, a concentration-dependent ameliorating action of berberine on haematological parameters was noticed. Proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-b in serum were reported, and histopathology examination revealed that berberine decreased pannus formation, synovial hyperplasia, and bone erosion. Radiographic investigation showed soft tissue inflammation, bone resorption and erosion, joint gap reduction, and substantial connective tissue expansion after treatment with berberine. ConclusionThe ameliorating action on haematological parameters and proinflammatory biomarkers of berberine makes them a suitable remedy for the treatment of arthritis.

In- vitro Antioxidant and Anti-aging activity of a Traditional Ayurvedic Formulation

Aging is an inevitable process for all living organisms. When the skin ages, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are generated, which results in an increase in Hyaluronidase, Collagenase and Elastase, further contributing to skin aging. Amalaki Rasayana (AR) which is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation was investigated to assess its anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In order to assess radical scavenging activity, plant extracts/formulations were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and nitric oxide radicals. The alcoholic extract was prepared with Amalaki Rasayana (AR) and used for phyto-chemical, anti- oxidant and anti- aging studies. The phyto-chemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The in- vitro anti- oxidant activity of Amlaki Rasayana (AR) was carried out by DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay method. The DPPH assay revealed the concentration dependent scavenging activity with the extract and the results are comparable with standard quercetin. The percentage inhibition was more at 1000 μg/ml of the ethanol extract in Nitric oxide scavenging assay. The in- vitro anti- aging potential was evaluated by anti- collagenase assay method using FALGPA as substrate. The ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibition on collagenase enzyme which was comparable to standard EDTA. The ethanol extract of Amlaki Rasayana (AR) showed significant anti- oxidant and anti- aging activity which may be attributed to phyto- constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. This study offers scientific validation of Amlaki Rasayana (AR) for anti- aging activity and can be recommended to be taken internally for aging problems.