Nitrate Spray Research Articles

Synergistic Effects of Applying Potassium Nitrate Spray with Putrescine on Productivity and Fruit Quality of Mango Trees cv. Ewais

The current investigation represents of the synergistic effects of application of potassium nitrate (KNO3) in combination with putrescine (Put) on flowering, productivity, and fruit quality on Ewais mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees during the seasons 2021/2022 and 2022/2023. The selected trees were sprayed at three different stages, including flower bud differentiation, full bloom, and beginning of the fruit set, with one of the following treatments: control, 2% KNO3, 4% KNO3, 50 ppm Put, 75 ppm Put, 2% KNO3 + 50 ppm Put, 2% KNO3 + 75 ppm Put, 4% KNO3 + 50 ppm Put, 4% KNO3 + 75 ppm Put. Results showed that all treatments were successful in improving the productivity of mango trees by increasing flowering terminal shoots, fruit set, fruit retention, number of fruits/tree, yield, and fruit yield increment while reducing the percentage of fruit drop, as well as improving the quality of mango fruits cv. Ewais by increasing fruit length, fruit diameter, TSS, total sugars, V.C, and total phenol and carotenoid content, but at the same time, diminishing the total acidity, as compared with control. Based on this research, the application of 4% KNO3 in conjunction with 75 ppm Putrescine has shown the most prominent advances in enhancing Ewais tree productivity and fruit quality. The investigation successfully highlighted the synergistic effect of using KNO3 and putrescine to improve mango fruit yield and quality.

Stray current induced ITZ effect on chloride transport in concrete

Understanding the influence of interface transition zone (ITZ) on chloride migration characteristics in concrete under coupled stray current and high hydraulic pressure is essential to solve the durability problem of ultra-deep buried infrastructures (40 m-100 m). Herein, an advanced test system is developed and the chloride migration characteristics of deeply buried concrete is comprehensively investigated. Specimens were casted with the same aggregate volume content but different aggregate size distribution. The ITZ between aggregate and cement matrix was measured from BSE (back scattered electron imaging) images, and the ITZ thickness was measured by Vickers hardness. The silver nitrate spray was used to determine the chloride migration front, and the effective diffusion coefficient was calculated. The results showed the concentric expansion and overflow method based on BSE images were effective ways to determine ITZ porosity distribution. The significant increase of ITZ thickness and porosity on concrete reaction surface under stray current environment was observed and defined as “stray current induced ITZ effect”, which was considered to be the fundamental reason for the distinct differences in chloride migration depth and effective diffusion coefficient of specimens with different aggregate gradations.

Crop Regulation Studies in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. L 49 under Ultra High Density Planting

A field experiment was carried out on 8 years old guava cv L 49 trees to assess the effect of pruning level and growth regulators with different combinations on vegetative growth and fruiting attributes in Ultra High Density Planting. The experiment consisted of 2 factors with 36 combinations viz., factor -1 (pruning level) P1- pruning of 25 cm of the shoot from the tip, P2- pruning of 50 cm of the shoot from the tip, P3- pruning of 75 cm of the shoot from the tip, P4 – control (without pruning). Factor -2(growth regulators) G1, G2- Potassium nitrate (1 ,2%), G3, G4- Thiourea (0.1 ,0.2%), G5, G6- Ethephon (250, 500 ppm), G7, G8- Cycocel (250, 500 ppm) and G9 – Control. Results showed that among different levels of pruning, 50cm pruning from the tip with potassium nitrate spray at 2 different concentrations was found to be the best for promoting early vegetative bud burst, fruit set and fruit yield. The increment in plant height and canopy spread in East-West and North-South were recorded more in 25 cm pruning from the tip. A greater number of shoots are visible in the P3G5 combination. When compared to other treatments, the P3G2 combination significantly increased the average index number of bud bursts and shoot length under Ultra High Density Planting.

Systematic review on combination pharmacotherapy: methodological rigor but no pharmacology.

Systematic review on combination pharmacotherapy: methodological rigor but no pharmacology.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate Spray on the Flowering and Fruiting of Mango Varieties Grown in Uganda

Aims: To evaluate the effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on flowering and fruiting of mangoes in Uganda.
 Study Design: Randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement.
 Place and Duration of Study: National Crops Resources Research Institute Namulonge, National Semi–Arid Resources Research Institute in Serere and Bulindi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute in Hoima in 2015 and 2016.
 Methodology: The study was superimposed on eight-year-old mango orchards which were simultaneously planted at the three sites. Main plot treatments comprised three mango varieties (Bire, Tommy Atkins, Zillate), while sub-plot treatments comprised four concentrations of KNO3 (zero as control, 1, 2 and 4%). Data was collected on number of terminal buds induced after applying KNO3, percentage flowering, number of fruits set per 20 panicles and fruit yield per tree.
 Results: Trees sprayed with KNO3 produced higher (P < .05) numbers of terminal buds than the control. Across sites, Bire produced higher numbers of buds (64.8) than Tommy Atkins (46.3) and Zillate (17.8). Flowering response was higher in Bire (28.6%) than in Tommy Atkins (20.8%) and Zillate (17.8%). Flowering response of trees sprayed with 2% KNO3 (31.4%) was higher than that of trees sprayed with 1% KNO3 (24.7%). Mean number of fruits induced per 20 panicles in trees sprayed with 4% KNO3 (8.24) was higher than that of trees sprayed with 1% KNO3 (4.8). Fruit yield of Tommy Atkins (23.01 kg/tree) was higher than that of Bire (10.97 kg/tree). Mean fruit yield of trees sprayed with 2% KNO3 (27.36 kg/tree) was higher than that of trees sprayed with 1% KNO3 (15.93 kg/tree).
 Conclusion: For better fruit yields, farmers at Bulindi should grow Tommy Atkins and apply 2% KNO3. Farmers at Namulonge can grow any of the three mango varieties and apply 2 or 4% KNO3, while those at Serere can grow Tommy Atkins and Zillate, and should apply 4% KNO3.

Diagnosis of degradation state through non-destructive tests: case study of the public building of federal education institution

Historically, public buildings are not importantly addressed in Brazil, resulting in several buildings dropped to the ruins and unnecessary acquisitions of new spaces by public institutions. The present study was carried out in a building part of the extinct industrial building of the Anglo fridge in Pelotas. The main objective was to evaluate state of degradation state through non-destructive tests in a case study of a public building of Federal Education Institution. Visual analysis, damage map, measurement of nominal coverings, sclerometry tests, silver nitrate spray and phenolphthalein test were performed. The building presents worrying deterioration levels, chlorides, and carbonation presence and several stains moisture. These facts lead concrete detachment, reinforcements corrosion and losses in slabs, beams, and pillars sections.

Non-Pressurized Topical Spray Pharmaceutical-Methodology of Formulation Development and Quality Control Management

The medicine was given to the target site with a pressurized topical spray (aerosol pharmaceutical) and a non-pressurized topical spray solution by gently pressing the spray container against the skin and initiating the spray. Formulation components consists of product concentrate (one or more pharmaceutical drugs with relevant excipient) and packaging components (valves, pump, actuator, container). After formulation process development various quality control test like spray pattern, spray content uniformity and geometry, particulate matter, droplet size distribution, microbial limit, net content, pH, osmolarity, weight loss, leachability, viscosity, valves, actuators, diptubes, weight checking, leak test, valve discharge rate, dosage with valves, therapeutic activity, and toxicity studies to check the quality and efficacy. The benefit of Topical Spray Life Cycle Management (post-approval adjustments, 30-day supplements, annual report, Food and Drug Administration inspection and enforcement, cover letter, risk management standard and related information from the International Organization for Standardization) is that it covers the entire lifecycle of a topical spray, from conception through formulation design development to marketing. The product lifecycle management data offers regulatory bodies with a significant financial benefit. Topical non-pressurized sprays have been developed for a variety of applications due to their ease of use, environmental friendliness, low cost, and innovative technology. This review give details about meter dose topical spray of Estradiol, 1% tolnaftate, 2% Miconazole nitrate spray, 0.5% w/w Voriconazole spray, Clotrimazole transdermal apray, Lopinavir meter dose transdermal spray are studied by researcher. This review also enlisted patents and marketed formulation on topical spray from year 2007 to 2020.

Comparison of test methods to determine resistance to chloride penetration in concrete: Sensitivity to the effect of fly ash

There are several methodologies for assessing the entry of chlorides into the concrete. This article aims to compare four test methods to determine the concrete resistance to chloride penetration. The sensitivity of these methods to the effect of three levels of fly ash was investigated. Besides, three ranges of compressive strength were evaluated. The sensitivity of the fly ash effect was different in each test. The physical effect of pore refinement caused by fly ash was identified in all tests, while the chemical effect was suppressed in the accelerated C1202 migration procedure. This reduced the correlation of this last test with the other procedures. The chloride depths between the different tests are closer as the fly ash content increases. New ranges of chloride penetration for each test from the silver nitrate spray were suggested, using the charge passed or the non-stationary chloride diffusion coefficient as reference.

Optimising foliar nitrogen uptake of mango: effect of adjuvant, leaf position and time of potassium nitrate spray

Optimising foliar nitrogen uptake of mango: effect of adjuvant, leaf position and time of potassium nitrate spray

Silver spray deposition for AgLDI imaging MS of cholesterol and other olefins on thin tissue sections.

Olefins such as cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids play important biological roles. Silver-assisted laser desorption ionization (AgLDI) takes advantage of the strong affinity of silver to conjugate with double bonds to selectively ionize these molecules for imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiments. For IMS studies, two main approaches for silver deposition have been described in the literature: fine coating by silver sputtering and spray deposition of silver nanoparticles. While these approaches allow for extremely high resolution IMS experiments to be conducted, they are not readily available to all laboratories. Herein, we present a silver nitrate spray deposition approach as an alternative to silver sputtering and nanoparticle deposition for routine IMS analysis. The silver nitrate spray has the same level of specificity and sensitivity for olefins, particularly cholesterol, and has shown to be capable of IMS experiments down to 10-μm spatial resolution. Minimal sample preparation and the affordability of silver nitrate make this a convenient and accessible technique worth considering.

Oppau 1921: Old Facts Revisited

The likely causes for the explosion of an ammonium sulfate nitrate silo in Oppau 1921 are reviewed on the basis of publications from 1922 - 1926.Ammonium sulfate nitrate is a mixture of 2 salts: ammonium nitrate (explosive) and ammonium sulfate (inert). The explosiveness of the mixed salt is mainly determined by the ratio of these 2 salts.The influence of the mixed salt composition on the sensitivity to detonation impact had been thoroughly investigated before the accident as it was common practice to use small explosive charges to loosen the salt which had solidified during storage in the silo. About 20.000 blasting operations were carried out without any notable incident.Experiments conducted after the accident revealed that several physical parameters (particle size, density, water content, homogeneity of crystal structure) also had an influence.The introduction of a new drying process for ammonium sulfate nitrate (spray process, “Spritzverfahren”) caused changes in all these parameters resulting in a salt with increased explosiveness. In addition a dust-like fine fraction with increased ammonium nitrate content was formed which accumulated at the edge of the silo. It can be assumed that on the day of the accident at least one of the explosions for loosening the caked salt was carried out in the area of the fine fraction, thus initiating a detonation of this fine fraction and causing the detonation of further fractions with approximately “normal” nitrate content.This accident is a strong example for the need of Management of Change (MOC) procedures, which are an integral part of today´s process safety.

Fabrication of ceria particles using glycine nitrate spray pyrolysis

Ceria-based materials are widely used in many industrial applications such as solid-oxide-fuel-cell electrolytes, catalyst supports and carbon monoxide reduction catalysts because of their superior properties. Morphologies of ceria particles have been well-correlated with their properties. Here we show that various morphologies of ceria particles can be achieved by using the mixed precursor solutions of cerium ammonium nitrate and glycine nitrate (GN) for the new method of glycine nitrate spray pyrolysis. Five precursor solutions with the GN concentrations of 0, 50, 60, 67 and 75mol% have been investigated. The resultant particles show four distinct morphologies of sphere, hollow, flake and porous flake using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms. Our results suggest that the morphological formation mechanisms are highly influenced by the factors of precursor solubilities, solvent evaporation rates and precursor thermal properties. In addition, we have demonstrated that the wall thickness of hollow particles can be achieved by selecting the suitable GN concentration range (50–67mol%).

Preliminary investigation tests of novel antifungal topical aerosol

Spray formulation can minimize pain and irritation experience during the application of conventional dosage forms. Econazole Nitrate is an active ingredient of the aerosol concentrate to be used for twice-daily application because of its long durability in the superficial layers of the fungal infected skin. The aim of this study is preliminary investigation of Econazole Nitrate spray by varying the concentrations of different constituents of the spray. The ratios of Propylene glycol (PG) and isopropyl myristate (IPM) were selected as independent variables in 22 full factorial designs, keeping the concentration of solvent, co-solvent and propellant LPG constant. Aerosol also contained Ethanol as solvent and Isopropyl alcohol as co-solvent. All ingredients of the aerosol were packaged in an aluminum container fitted with continuous-spray valves. Physical properties evaluated for the Econazole Nitrate spray included delivery rate, delivery amount, pressure, minimum fill, leakage, flammability, spray patterns, particle image and plume angle. Glass containers were used to study incompatibility between concentrate and propellant due to the ease of visible inspection. Isopropyl myristate at lower concentrate showed turbidity, while at high concentration it met the requirements for aerosol and produced Econazole Nitrate spray with expected characteristics.

Corrosion of Rebar and Role of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Abstract Recent studies have shown that fiber reinforcement of concrete reduces its permeability to water and enhances its service life. In this study, this finding was extended to determine if fiber reinforcement can also control corrosion of reinforcing steel in traditionally reinforced concrete. Two fiber types, cellulose and polypropylene, at 0.1 % and 0.3 % volume fraction, were examined. Two series of tests were performed. In the first series, chloride transport characteristics were determined by using the Bulk Diffusion Test, the Silver Nitrate Spray Test and the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test. In the second series, corrosion activity in reinforcing steel was monitored in loaded RC beams with and without fiber reinforcement for a year in a simulated marine environment. Results demonstrated that while the presence of fibers increased the coefficient of chloride diffusion based on total chlorides, there was a decrease in the coefficient related to free chlorides. Fibers therefore appear to bind the chlorides and inhibit their transport through concrete. Corrosion tests further corroborated these findings and indicated that fibers delayed the onset of corrosion in RC beams as long as the applied load did not exceed a certain threshold value.

Oxidative stress, endothelial function, carotid artery intimal thickness and their correlates among chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

We evaluated important nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial function and oxidative stress (OS) among stable peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Their association with carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT) was also assessed. Thirty-eight adult patients (13 diabetics, 20 males) on PD for >6 months and 15 age and sex-matched controls were studied. Duration of dialysis (DOD), residual urine output (UO), weekly Kt/V urea, detailed biochemical and lipid profile were noted. OS was measured by serum concentration of antioxidants; vitamin C and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and pro-oxidant; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). High-resolution ultrasonography was used to determine CIMT and flow-mediated dilatation of brachial artery [endothelium-dependent dilatation (EDD)] and dilatation subsequent to nitrate spray [endothelium-independent dilatation (EID)]. Mean age, DOD, UO and Kt/V of study population were 49.3 ± 11.6 years, 19.4 ± 11.8 months, 508.2 ± 422.9 ml/day and 1.73 ± 0.24, respectively. As compared to controls PD patients had higher CIMT (0.46 ± 0.05 vs 0.50 ± 0.07 mm, P = 0.003) and TBARS (1.5 ± 0.4 vs 5.1 ± 2.3 nM/ml, P < 0.001) but lower Vitamin C (1.7 ± 0.3 vs 0.6 ± 0.2 mg%, P < 0.001), FRAP (990.8 ± 78.1 vs 328.7 ± 183.5 μM/L, P < 0.001) and EDD (26.2 ± 5.4 vs 9.8 ± 4.6 %, P < 0.001). TBARS correlated positively with DOD and negatively with hemoglobin. Vitamin C and FRAP correlated positively with serum albumin. EDD correlated positively with UO, Kt/V and hemoglobin. CIMT correlated negatively with Kt/V and hemoglobin. Among themselves CIMT correlated negatively with EDD and vitamin C. EDD correlated positively with vitamin C, while FRAP correlated positively with vitamin C and negatively with TBARS. PD patients have higher OS, poorer endothelial function and higher structural atherosclerosis. These parameters are closely linked to each other, hemoglobin, DOD, residual UO, serum albumin and small solute clearances.

Enhanced detection of olefins using ambient ionization mass spectrometry: Ag+ adducts of biologically relevant alkenes

Spray solvent doped with silver ions increases the ease of olefin detection by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). Characteristic silver adducts were generated in up to 50 times greater abundance when compared to conventional DESI spray solvents for the biologically significant olefin, arachidonic acid, in the positive ion mode. In the analysis of 26 lipids, silver adduct formation was highly favorable for fatty acids, fatty acid esters and prostaglandins but not applicable to some other classes (e.g., polar lipids such as ceramide and its derivative cerebroside sulfate). An investigation exploring competitive Ag(+) cationization with a mixture of components demonstrated that polyunsaturated compounds form Ag(+) adducts most readily. Silver cationization allowed the distinction between three sets of isomers in the course of multiple-stage collision-induced dissociation, so providing insight into the location of the olefin bonds. A silver ion-doped solvent was used in DESI imaging of normal and tumor canine bladder tissue sections. The Ag(+) fatty acid adducts permitted post facto differentiation between the normal and tumor regions. In addition, silver adduct formation in the course of DESI imaging of tissue sections revealed the presence of triacylglycerides, a class of compounds not previously identified through DESI imaging. A simple silver nitrate spray solvent has the potential to further improve DESI analysis of unsaturated biomolecules and other molecules containing π-bonds through selective silver cationization.

EFFECT OF BORON AND CALCIUM SPRAYS ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS, TOTAL PHENOLS AND FLAVONOID CONTENT OF SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.)

The aim of our study was to establish the effect of a three-year-long boron and calcium treatment on some phytochemical compounds of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) leaves and fruits. In our trial we used eight-year-old cultivar 'Germersdorfi 3' grafted on Prunus mahaleb rootstock. The boron treatment was applied by spraying disodium-octaborat-tetrahydrat, while calcium was supplied as a calcium nitrate spray. Photosynthetic pigments and total phenol content of sweet cherry leaves and total anthocyanin, flavonoid and phenol contents of sweet cherry fruits were measured, respectively. Boron sprays at blooming time had a positive effect on photosynthetic pigment contents of sweet cherry leaves, on contrary to two times spraying, which reduced their content. Total carotenoids responded similarly to boron spraying: single treatment increased their mass, two-times spraying had a negative effect on the total carotenoid content of the leaves, respectively. Every calcium treatment increased the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content. The mass of carotenoids were also in close connection with calcium sprays. It is to be noted that time and frequency of application influenced the mass of both photosynthetic pigments. Effect of boron and calcium sprays on total phenol content was significant. After the double boron treatment, quantity of total phenol content was just ninth of the control leaves. Boron and calcium sprays decreased the total phenol, anthocyanin and flavonoids content in sweet cherry fruits, respectively. However, boron treatment was more effective than calcium sprayings. Conclusion of boron and calcium spraying was significant in most cases of our trial.

Comparison of Isoproterenol Infusion and Nitrate Spray during Provocative Head-Up Tilt Test

Background and Objectives:The head-up tilt test (HUT) is widely used for the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope. To improve the sensitivity of the test, provocation with isoproterenol is frequently used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the values of isosorbide dinitrate spray as a provocation drug in the HUT. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred patients, undergoing baseline HUT (60°for 20 minutes) for suspected vasovagal syncope or presyncope and unexplained dizziness, were enrolled. If the baseline HUT was negative, isosorbide dinitrate (2.5 mg) spray was applied sublingually (group I, n=93), or isoproterenol (3 μg/min) infused (group II, n=93), in a randomized fashion. The values of isosorbide dinitrate and isoproterenol were compared in those patients that developed a positive vasovagal response or who completed the drug-provocative HUT. Results:Syncope was similarly reproduced in both groups (47.7 vs. 41.9%, p>0.05). Type I responses were most common in both groups, and types I and II responses were more common in group I than group II (78.0 vs. 55.6% and 12.2 vs. 5.6%, p<0.05, respectively). The average time to a positive response was longer in group I than group II (8.5±3.4 vs. 6.1±3.6 minutes, p<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of the drug-provocative HUT were significantly higher in group I than group II (73.5 and 87.5% vs. 58.5 and 71.1%; respectively, p<0.01). The incidence of minor adverse effects were similar in both groups, but serious cardiac side effects were significantly more common in group II than group I (4.3 vs. 0%, p<0.05). Conclusion:Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate spray may be used as a simple, effective and well tolerated provocative drug during HUT. (Korean Circulation J 2005;35:690-695)

RESPONSE OF MANGO VARIETIES TO PACHLOBUTRAZOL

The registration of Pachlobutrazol (PBZ) for use in Brazil in 1998, brought a new hope for the off season mango production in the State of Sao Paulo. Four mango varieties were tried for harvest anticipation: Haden 2H, Van Dyke, Tommy Atkins and Espada Vermelha. Haden 2H showed no significant response and Espada Vermelha was very responsive to PBZ. In the first year two treatments were tried: PBZ in the soil, followed by Ethephon spray after 60 days, plus spray of Potassium Nitrate 90 days after PBZ. The second treatment was PBZ in the soil, plus the Potassium Nitrate spray after 90 days. Ethephon boosted the PBZ effect in Tommy Atkins and Espada Vermelha. The complete treatment (PBZ + Ethephon + Potassium Nitrate) was repeated in the following year, in two times of applications, with a lap of 30 days. The anticipation of harvest time was feasible. Espada Vermelha was very responsive to PBZ, but its small fruit size is not favorable for harvest anticipation with PBZ. None of the four varieties tried was ideal for off season production with PBZ in Sao Paulo State.

Clinical application of the nitroglycerin lingual spray.

The effect of sublingually administered nitrate spray was investigated with noninvasive methods. During 3 months, 82 patients were entered into the study: 40 with angina pectoris, 15 with acute myocardial infarction, 18 with hypertensive crisis, and 9 with left ventricular failure or acute pulmonary edema. The hemodynamic effects of two jets of nitroglycerin spray (0.8 mg Nitrolingual spray; Pohl-Boskamp, Hohenlocksted, Germany) was measured on heart rate, blood pressure, and flow velocity at baseline and 1, 5, and 10 minutes after drug administration. Flow velocities were measured through the left ventricular outflow tract and the mitral valve (early diastolic wave and atrial wave) with bedside Doppler echocardiography. The time to improvement and occurrence of adverse events was analyzed. Heart rate was constant after the therapy (75 +/- 8, 75 +/- 10, 75 +/- 10, and 75 +/- 9 beats per min; not significant), and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly 1 minute after administration and remained decreased throughout the examination (135 +/- 27, 124 +/- 21, 125 +/- 19, and 124 +/- 22 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.001). The diastolic blood pressure was also significantly decreased (82 +/- 17, 79 +/- 14, 78 +/- 12, 78 +/- 14 mm Hg; p < 0.001). A significant increase in flow velocities in the left ventricular outflow tract was detected (90 +/- 8, 101 +/- 10, and 114 +/- 13 cm/s; p < 0.001) concomitantly with a significant increase in the early diastolic flow (46 +/- 4, 65 +/- 6, and 76 +/- 8 cm/s; p < 0.001) and the atrial wave (101 +/- 9, 110 +/- 10, and 118 +/- 9 cm/s; p < 0.001). This increase of flow velocity was less pronounced through the mitral valve than through the left ventricular outflow tract.