Nitrate Hydrate Research Articles

Innovative Wearable Electronics: Next-Generation Nitrogen-Doped Lutetium-Carbon Microspheres Composites for Robust Energy Harvesting.

In the quest to advance wearable electronics, this study presents a novel method using nitrogen-doped lutetium-carbon microspheres (N, Lu-CMS) for high-performance piezoelectric energy harvesting. The synthesis of N, Lu-CMS begins with the polymerization of sucrose, followed by the preparation of N, Lu-CMS metal complexes through the incorporation of lutetium (III) nitrate hydrate and thiourea, yielding a black powder product. The wearable electronic device is designed with a silicon rubber (SR) matrix, reinforced with 0D fillers such as N, Lu-CMS, or molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂). Mechanical testing revealed a significant improvement in compressive modulus, reaching 3.7MPa (N, Lu-CMS) at a concentration of 3 parts per hundred rubber (phr). Electromechanical assessments demonstrated efficient energy conversion, while biomechanical analysis, including thumb pressing tests, showed a notable increase in output voltage, peaking at ≈285mV (N, Lu-CMS) at 3 phr. This research provides a foundation for future engineering applications, particularly in electronic packaging for wearable electronics and smart devices, underscoring the significant impact of N, Lu-CMS in this emerging field. The surface power density achieved is 0.026 nWcm- 2 (N, Lu-CMS) and 0.0056 nWcm- 2 (Hybrid). Lastly, the conversion efficiency is 6.26% for N, Lu-CMS, and 1.05% for the hybrid system.

Engineering ternary hydrated eutectic electrolytes to realize rechargeable cathode-free aluminum-ion batteries

Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) have been highlighted as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage due to the abundant reserve, low cost, high specific capacity, and good safety of aluminum. However, the development of AIBs is hindered by the usage of expensive, corrosive, and humidity-sensitive AlCl3-based ionic liquid electrolytes. Herein, we develop a low-cost, non-corrosive, and air-stable ternary hydrate eutectic electrolyte (HEE) composed of aluminum nitrate hydrate, manganese nitrate hydrate, and N,N-dimethylacetamide for cathode-free AIBs. The solvation structure of metal cations and water state in the electrolyte are regulated through the coordination of both water and N,N-dimethylacetamide molecules. The unique structural features of the HEE enables reversible deposition/stripping of AlxMnO2 on the cathodic current collector that are confirmed by various in-situ and ex-situ characterizations, ultimately realizing cathode-free AIBs. The architected cathode-free AIB delivers a discharge specific capacity of 361 mAh g−1 and shows good cycling stability and high air stability. This study provides a valuable insight into the design of rechargeable multi-valent metal ion batteries for advanced large-scale energy storage systems.

Effect of Ga doping on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO nanopowders elaborated by sol-gel method

Nanostructured ZnO has received a considerable amount of interest, owing to its unique physical and chemical characteristics, as well as its remarkable performance in the fields of electronics, optics, and photonics. This work aims to study the influence of Ga dopant on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO nanopowders. Undoped and Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) nanopowders were successfully synthesised with the soft chemical sol-gel method. The solution was prepared using zinc acetate dihydrate and gallium (III) nitrate hydrate as precursors. The ethylene glycol is used as solvent. The X-ray diffractometer, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), UV–Vis, FTIR, and four-point probe method are used to analyse the properties of the synthesised powders. XRD and FTIR measurements show the growth of pure and Ga-doped ZnO crystals, which have a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the average crystallite size varies from 9.09 nm to 24.8 nm. The nanospherical morphology of the nanopowders synthesised can be seen in the SEM images. The UV–visible spectroscopy shows that the optical gap energy increases with Ga concentration, from 3.59 eV to 3.67 eV. The I-V electrical measurements indicate that the breakdown voltage and the non-linear coefficient increase with Ga doping. This study will open the way for the investigation of a relationship between the electrical and nanostructural features of ZnO-based varistors for future device applications.

Characterization of Manganese Nitrate Hydrate Synthesized with Dopant Zinc Nitrate Hydrate Using the Co-Precipitation Method

Characterization of Manganese Nitrate Hydrate Synthesized with Dopant Zinc Nitrate Hydrate Using the Co-Precipitation Method

Construction of Indium(III)-Organic Framework Based on a Flexible Cyclotriphosphazene-Derived Hexacarboxylate as a Reusable Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bioactive Aza-Heterocycles.

The constant demand for eco-friendly methods of synthesizing complex organic compounds inspired researchers to design and develop modern, highly efficient heterogeneous catalytic systems. Herein, In-HCPCP metal-organic framework (SRMIST-1), a heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst containing less toxic indium and eco-friendly robust cyclotriphosphazene and exhibiting notable chemical and thermal stability, durable catalytic activity, and exceptional reusability was produced through the reaction between indium(III) nitrate hydrate and hexakis(4-carboxylatophenoxy)-cyclotriphosphazene. In the SRMIST-1 structure, secondary building units {InO7} are assembled by a connection of η2- and η1-carboxylic oxo atoms from different HCPCP ligands, forming a three-dimensional network. The occurrence of regularly distributed In(III) sites in SRMIST-1 confers superior reactivity on the catalyst toward the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides by the cyclization reaction of 2-aminobenzamides and 2-aminobenzenesulphonamides with aldehydes under optimized reaction conditions, respectively. The notable features of this method include broad functional group compatibility, low catalyst loading (1-5 mol %), mild reaction conditions, easy workup procedures, good to excellent reaction yields, ethanol as a green solvent, reusability of the catalyst (five cycles), and economic attractiveness, which is mainly due to sustainability of SRMIST-1 as a reusable green catalyst. Our findings demonstrate that the highly reactive and reusable green catalyst finds widespread applications in medicinal chemistry.

Indium nitrate hydrate films as potential EUV resists: film formation, characterization, and solubility switch assessment using a 92-eV electron beam

Indium nitrate hydrate films as potential EUV resists: film formation, characterization, and solubility switch assessment using a 92-eV electron beam

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of rapid pyrolysis of solid waste magnesium nitrate hydrate under different injection methods

This study developed a numerical model to efficiently treat solid waste magnesium nitrate hydrate through multi-step chemical reactions. The model simulates two-phase flow, heat, and mass transfer processes in a pyrolysis furnace to improve the decomposition rate of magnesium nitrate. The performance of multi-nozzle and single-nozzle injection methods was evaluated, and the effects of primary and secondary nozzle flow ratios, velocity ratios, and secondary nozzle inclination angles on the decomposition rate were investigated. Results indicate that multi-nozzle injection has a higher conversion efficiency and decomposition rate than single-nozzle injection, with a 10.3% higher conversion rate under the design parameters. The decomposition rate is primarily dependent on the average residence time of particles, which can be increased by decreasing flow rate and velocity ratios and increasing the inclination angle of secondary nozzles. The optimal parameters are injection flow ratio of 40%, injection velocity ratio of 0.6 and secondary nozzle inclination of 30 degrees corresponding to the maximum decomposition rate of 99.33%.

Solvent-free Synthesis of Transition Metals Nanoparticles Decorated Foamy Flakes-like Nitrogen-doped Carbon as Bifunctional-catalyst for High-performance Rechargeable Zn-air Batteries

Transition metal-nitrogen-carbon (M/NC) demonstrates a promising effective electrocatalyst for enhancing oxygen evolution/reduction reactions (OER/ORR). However, synthesizing these catalysts is often complex, time-consuming, and involves hazardous solvents while producing a low yield. This work introduces a versatile, eco-friendly, and straightforward solvent-free method to produce M/NC (M = Co, Ni, and Fe) catalysts in ~3 h using a glucose, urea, and metal nitrate hydrate mixture. The high-yield M/NC catalysts exhibit a porous architecture and uniform distribution of metal nanoparticles within a foaming flakes-like nitrogen-doped carbon matrix. The metal nanoparticles are wrapped with protective nitrogen-doped carbon layers, producing stable active sites. Possessing these unique properties, the obtained M/NC catalysts show high-performance and stable bifunctional OER/ORR. As the best result, Co/NC presents an OER/ORR potential difference (ΔE) of 0.78 V and retains 96% and 89% of its OER and ORR performance after a 10 h stability test. In practical application, the Co/NC-based Zn-air battery depicts a high power density of 184 mW cm−2 and good rechargeability of up to 120 h, outperforming the battery with noble metal-based catalysts. This work sheds light on the versatile, eco-friendly, and scalable synthesis of M/NC catalysts while presenting a strategy to accelerate the generation of inexpensive and highly effective bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts.

Novel GdTaO4 phase for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dye under visible light irradiation: An X-ray spectroscopic investigation

The novel GdTaO4 phase exhibits good photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation and holds great promise for the removal of organic dyes from industrial wastes. The GdTaO4 samples were synthesized using the hydrothermal and calcination process with different weight ratios of gadolinium nitrate hydrate (G) and tantalum pentachloride (T), and their structural studies confirmed the formation of the GdTaO4 (GT) phase. Among the samples, GT-4 (with a weight ratio of 4:1) exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye under visible light irradiation. To enhance the photocatalytic performance, H2O2 was used as a green additive, and the photocatalytic abilities were examined by varying dye types and concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed the local atomic and electronic structures around Ta and Gd and highlighted the contribution of Gd3+ to the GT system, which is a crucial factor in supporting the enhanced photocatalytic performance. Moreover, in-situ XAS at Gd M5-edge and O K-edge were examined under illumination/dark conditions to explore the electronic structures of photo-excited electron transition in the photocatalytic process. The analytical results provided strong evidence correlating the electronic structure and photocatalytic property of the GT. This study demonstrates that GdTaO4 exhibits good photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, making it a promising new Ta-based photocatalyst for the effective removal of organic dyes from industrial wastes.

Tailoring crystal structure and morphology of MnOx nanoparticles via electrospray-assisted flame spray pyrolysis

In this work, MnOx nanoparticles were produced by a continuous electrospray-assisted flame spray pyrolysis (EAFSP) method. In this regard, the precursor solutions containing manganese (II) nitrate hydrate (MnN) dissolved in 1-propanol precursor solutions are initially atomized into charged droplets by an electrospray in the microdripping mode. Then, the electrically charged precursor droplets enter the flame in a controlled manner without requiring a dispersion gas. The synthesis was carried out with a variation in horizontal injection locations from different heights above the burner (HAB) to control the high-temperature residence times of the charged droplets without changing the flame conditions for producing MnOx nanoparticles with tunable particle properties. Various diagnostics such as TEM, SMPS, BET, and XRD were applied for analyzing the formation of primary and agglomerated MnOx nanoparticles as well as their crystal phases with varying temperature histories. Furthermore, phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) experiments have been conducted to track the evolution of droplet size and droplet axial velocity in the electrospray flame, allowing for the study of combustion of electrosprayed MnN droplets and the presence of µ-explosions in the flame.

Indium Doped ZnO Thin Film Using Spin Coating for TCO Application

Indium doped zinc oxide (IZO) thin films were fabricated on glass substrates by spin coating technique for transparent conducting oxide (TCO) application. Effect of different indium concentration on their properties were investigated. IZO thin films were deposited on glass substrate using sol-gel spin coating techniques using zinc acetate dihydrate, indium nitrate hydrate, absolute ethanol, and monoethanolamine (MEA). The concentration of indium was varied at 1, 3, 4, and 5 at.%. to study the characteristics of the IZO thin films in terms of structural, optical, and electrical, which is to achieve high visibility of IZO as transparent conducting oxide. The UV-Vis examination of IZO thin film observed that the highest transparency of thin films was IZO with indium concentration of 4% which shows a75.6%. The optical band gap were calculated using Tauc’s plot and was found to be in the range between 3.10 to 3.2 eV. For electrical properties, the lowest resistivity was observed for IZO thin film at 4% doping concentration with a value of 3.25 Ωcm, while the highest resistivity was observed at IZO thin film at 1% which is 15.26 Ωcm.

Effect of the Synthesis Time on Structural Properties of Copper Oxide

The structural properties of the CuO nanopowder oxide prepared reflux techniquewithout any templates or surfactant, using copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO)3 3H2O) in deionizedwater with aqueous ammonia solution are reported. The Xrd analysis data and processing in originpro program used to get FWHM and integral width to study the effect of different synthesis timeswas studied on the structural properties. It was found that values of crystal sizes are 17.274nm,17.746nm, and 18.560nm, the size of nanoparticles is determined by Halder-Wagner, and 15.796nm, 15.851nm, and 16.52nm, were calculated by Size-Strain Plot (SSP) method. The Sample wasconsidered to determine physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain,dislocations density, surface area, and the number of unit cells and then to compare the results.

Morphology Evolution of Mg2SiO4 Particles Synthesized by Spray Pyrolysis from Precursor Solution

Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) materials have been used in the industrial applications of refractory materials, bone grafting materials, and microwave dielectric materials. In order to avoid the formation of the secondary phase of MgO or MgSiO3, spray pyrolysis with the precursors of magnesium nitrate hydrate and tetraethyl orthosilicate has been applied to synthesized Mg2SiO4 powders. In this study, three typical morphologies of smooth solid sphere, rough hollow sphere, and concaved hollow sphere were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results suggested that morphology and particle size distribution are strongly influenced by the calcination temperature. Finally, the corresponding powder formation mechanisms were proposed and discussed.

Low-temperature one-step solid state chemical synthesis of GaN nanosheets for conquering polysulfides in Li–S battery

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanosheets have been prepared as an active material for conquering polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur (Li–S) batteries via one simple synthetic route at 550 °C. The process was carried out in a stainless steel autoclave by using gallium nitrate hydrate, sodium amide and metallic lithium as starting materials. The product was proven to be hexagonal GaN nanosheets by combined X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The GaN nanosheets were then used to coat on the Li–S battery separator, and the result proves an effective inhibition of the shutting problem and gives excellent electrochemical properties compared with traditional separators or GaN additives. The battery assembled by GaN coated separator shows good cycling stability with 408 mAh/g and a low capacity fading of 0.6‰ per cycle from 11th to 480th cycle at 2 C due to high utilization of the sulfur-based active species.

Refractory diffuse coronary artery spasm post aortic valve replacement

Postoperative coronary artery spasm occurs rarely after valve replacement surgery. We report the case of a 64-year-old man with normal coronary arteries who underwent aortic valve replacement. Nineteen hours postoperatively, his blood pressure plummeted with an elevated ST-segment. Coronary angiography demonstrated a 3-vessel diffuse coronary artery spasm, and direct intracoronary infusion therapy was performed with isosorbide nitrate, nicorandil and sodium nitroprusside hydrate within 1 h of onset. Nonetheless, there was no improvement, and the patient was resistant to treatment. The patient died due to prolonged low cardiac function and pneumonia complications. Prompt intracoronary vasodilator infusion is considered effective. However, this case was refractory to multi-drug intracoronary infusion therapy and was not salvageable.

Chemical Preparation of Metallic Cu Layer on Glass Substrate Using Intermediate Cu(OH)2/Cu(O, S) Bilayer

A metallic Cu layer with a sheet resistance of 0.19 Ω was chemically prepared on a glass substrate by chemical reduction of the intermediate Cu(OH)2/Cu(O,S) bilayers using dimethylamine-borane (DMAB), while Cu(OH)2, and Cu(O,S) layers were fabricated by a sequential chemical bath deposition (CBD) in aqueous solutions containing copper (II) nitrate hydrate and ammonium nitrate with urea and thiourea. The thickness of the Cu(OH)2 and resultant Cu layers were strongly affected by the structure under the Cu(O, S) layer, and a metallic Cu layer was formed mainly from the Cu(OH)2 layer. The reduction reactions of Cu(OH)2 and Cu(O, S) were discussed based on thermodynamics.

Study on the thermal decomposition mechanism of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O from the perspective of resource utilization of magnesium slag

ABSTRACT The magnesium slag (magnesium nitrate hydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O) produced in the nitric acid leaching process of laterite nickel ore can be effectively recycled by thermal decomposition. To this end, this study placed great emphasis on disclosing the thermal decomposition mechanism of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O. Firstly, thermal decomposition paths of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O were revealed through Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. It was found that the thermal decomposition of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O was a multistep endothermic reaction involving two dehydration stages and one denitration stage. The two dehydration stages were characterized by the evolution of H2O, with the formation of magnesium nitrate dihydrate and anhydrous magnesium nitrate. The denitration stage was characterized by the simultaneous evolution of O2 and NO2, with the formation of MgO. The conventional kinetic analysis was not suitable for describing such complex multistep reaction behaviour. Thus, the kinetic rate data (dα/dt-T) for the overall reaction were separated into those for three contributing stages by mathematical peak deconvolution. Then, the complete kinetic interpretations of the separated reaction stages for Mg(NO3)2·6H2O pyrolysis were achieved by the Friedman method and the master plots method. Finally, the original experimental α-T curves were successfully simulated using the resulting kinetic triplets.

Ultrahigh purity beta gallium oxide microstructures

Ultrahigh purity gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) microstructures were synthesized via hydrothermal method using gallium nitrate hydrate and ammonium hydroxide to synthesize gallium hydroxide, followed by calcination at a 1000 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that following calcination, the material showed a large number of microparticles with lengths of ≤1 μm and diameters of 250–350 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the high purity and near-stoichiometric composition of the material. The results also confirm the formation of β-phase Ga 2 O 3 with high crystallinity.

Assessment of binary metallic-based nanoparticles addition effects on performance, emission, and vibration behaviors of a diesel engine

This paper reveals the results of metallic-based nanoparticle's effect on the performance, emission, and vibration of a diesel engine. Various metal-based nanoparticles such as Nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), and Manganese (II) nitrate hydrate (Mn(NO3)2.xH2O) were chosen as fuel additives into diesel fuel and dosage with 25 and 50 ppm. In experimental tests, to identify the combined effect of silver nitrate on manganese and nickel, silver nitrate was chosen as a reference element in each mixture, thereby creating 4 different test samples. Engine tests were conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The results revealed that values of specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and oxides of nitrogen emissions with the increase in the dosage level of nanoparticles into diesel fuel were reduced considerably for all test fuels. Also, vibration and sound pressure level features of the diesel engine were reduced with the increasing dosage of nanoparticle additives.

Oxygen Isotopic Composition of U3O8 Synthesized From U Metal, Uranyl Nitrate Hydrate, and UO3 as a Signature for Nuclear Forensics.

Triuranium octoxide (U3O8) is one of the main compounds in the nuclear fuel cycle. As such, identifying its processing parameters that control the oxygen isotopic composition could be developed as a new signature for nuclear forensic investigation. This study investigated the effect of different synthesis conditions such as calcination time, temperature, and cooling rates on the final δ18O values of U3O8, produced from uranium metal, uranyl nitrate hydrate, and uranium trioxide as starting materials. The results showed that δ18O of U3O8 is independent of the above-listed starting materials. δ18O values of 10 synthetic U3O8 were similar (9.35 ± 0.46‰) and did not change as a function of calcination time or calcination temperature. We showed that the cooling rate of U3O8 at the end of the synthesis process determines the final oxygen isotope composition, yielding a significant isotope effect on the order of 30‰. Experiments with two isotopically spiked 10 M HNO3, with a difference of δ18O ∼75‰, show that no memory of the starting solution oxygen isotope signature is expressed in the final U3O8 product. We suggest that the interaction with atmospheric oxygen is the main process parameter that controls the δ18O value in U3O8. The uranium mass effect, the tendency of uranium ions to preferentially incorporate 16O, is expressed during the solid–gas oxygen exchange, which occurs throughout cooling of the system.