NiTi Open Coil Springs Research Articles

Increased TGF-β1 level after cocoa administration during orthodontics tooth movement in Cavia cobaya

Background: Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a process of tooth movement in the alveolar socket through a bone remodeling process. Cocoa contains caffeine as a bioactive component. The number of studies on the effects of caffeine on orthodontic tooth movement is rising. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of caffeine in cocoa administration on TGF-β1 levels in the pressure side during orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Twelve Cavia cobaya were divided into 4 groups: control group (ONC), treatment group with 2.3 mg caffeine in cocoa (OWC1), 3.45 mg dose (OWC2) and 4.6 mg dose (OWC3) (n=3). A NiTi open coil spring with light force was applied to two lower incisors tooth of Cavia cobaya. TGF-β1 level in GCF of the pressure side was analyzed using ELISA on days 0, 1, 7, and 14. Data were analyzed using the Two-way ANOVA test (p<0.05) and the LSD Post-Hoc test. Results: Research indicated improvement of TGF-β1 level from the control group with the least average followed group caffeine in cocoa 2.3 mg (OWC1), 3.45 mg (OWC2), and 4.6 mg (OWC3) (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed that caffeine in cocoa administration increase TGF-β1 level during orthodontics tooth movement on Cavia cobaya in the pressure side.

“V” Spring for Reactivation of NiTi Open Coil Spring

The NiTi open coil spring is commonly accustomed to creating spaces for crowded teeth. It is difficult to anticipate the length of the open coil spring desired to open up the exact quantity of space; sometimes, the length of the open spring falls short of opening up the space required. In such a case, the base arch wire must be taken out and replaced with an expanded open coil spring, which is both difficult and time-consuming. There are various reactivation methods available, such as split tubings, cutting a C-shaped tube to the desired length, adding extra length to the spring, creating C-rings, and using composite beads. Hence, we have designed a very simple yet effective chairside method to reactivate NiTi open coil spring with the removal of base arch wire.

A Novel Alveolar Distractor Incorporating Nickel-Titanium Alloy Springs: A Preliminary In Vitro Study.

A new design of an alveolar distractor using nickel–titanium (NiTi) open-coil springs was developed and investigated to produce distraction forces against the tensile forces of porcine attached gingiva to simulate human gingiva. We subjected 15 mm long NiTi open-coil springs (Highland and ORMCO) with three levels of forces (light, medium and heavy) to mechanical testing in a 37 ± 1 °C water bath. Ten strips of porcine mandibular attached gingiva were subjected to tensile tests to determine the resistance force. The forces from the springs were compared with the tensile forces from the porcine attached gingiva. Data between groups were analyzed with independent-samples T-tests (p-value < 0.05). The tensile strength and the Young modulus were greater in buccal compared to lingual porcine attached gingiva. Compared to other spring dimensions and companies, forces generated from 0.014 × 0.036″ ORMCO springs were the highest and could overcome the tensile resistance from porcine attached gingiva over the longest distraction range of 1.6 mm. This preliminary in vitro study introduced a new design of an alveolar distractor incorporated with NiTi open-coil springs that could generate light and continuous forces to overcome the resistance from porcine attached gingiva.

Modified ‘S’ shape ring for reactivation of open coil spring: A clinical pearl

Ni-Ti open coil springs are often used for opening spaces for crowded or for distalization of the molar teeth. Predetermining the length of open coil spring required to open up the exact amount of space is rather difficult, and sometimes, the length of the open coil spring falls short to open up the entire space required. Open coil spring usually requires reactivation to gain enough space in the arch or between two adjacent teeth. This paper highlights the chairside method of reactivation of NiTi open coil spring with the use of modified ‘S’ shape ring without removing the base archwire.

Simple Technique to Place Niti Open Coil Spring in a Lingual Archwire

Simple Technique to Place Niti Open Coil Spring in a Lingual Archwire

Simple Technique to Place Niti Open Coil Spring in a Lingual Archwire

Simple Technique to Place Niti Open Coil Spring in a Lingual Archwire

Dental implants in an orthodontically created spaces using NiTi open coil spring in anterior and premolar regions

Background and objective: Orthodontic space opening is a common treatment for congenitally missing teeth. Dental implants are often used to replace the missing tooth to establish ideal esthetics without restoring the adjacent teeth. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of implants placed in orthodontically created bone. Methods: Fifty dental implants were used for rehabilitation of lost tooth/teeth in 30 patients after space creation using orthodontic treatment. Patients with congenital and traumatic missing tooth/teeth, who lost the space for accommodation of normal size crown, and patients with spacing were enrolled in the study. NiTi open coil spring was used for space creation. The patients were followed up clinically and radiographically (OPG). Results: Out of 50 implants, the success rate was 78% (39 implants). Eleven implants (22%) failed to get osseointegration. Mean age of the patients was 26.33. Female patients constituted 63.33%, and male patients 36.67%. A new one replaced all the failed implants. Most of the failures were in the mandible. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment can be used as a type of osteodistraction method for provision of an acceptable amount of bone for dental implants. The quality of the gained bone can be improved by offering sufficient time for healing.

Reactivation of NiTi open coil spring using crimpable hook: A clinical pearl

Ni-Ti open coil springs are often used to create space for alignment of malposed teeth. Predetermining the length of open coil spring required to open up the exact amount of space is rather difficult, and occasionally, the length of the open coil spring falls short to open up the entire space required. This article highlights the chairside intraoral method of reactivation of NiTi open coil spring with the use of crimpable hook without removing the base archwire.

Use of the Open Coil Space Regainer for Tooth Movement Prior to Prosthodontic Treatment.

A 25-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Prosthodontics with a chief complaint of a gap between her right upper teeth which got exposed every time she smiled. On intraoral examination [Table/Fig-1,​,2],2], it was found that the right maxillary first premolar was previously extracted due to dental caries involvement three years ago. This had resulted in distal migration of the adjacent canine into the premolar space, thereby creating two millimetres (measured by a digital vernier calliper) of space between the canine and the lateral incisor. The patient did not want any prosthetic treatment with regard to other edentulous areas due to missing first molars (mandibular right and maxillary left), since they were not exposed whenever she smiled. [Table/Fig-1]: Right lateral view showing distally migrated maxillary canine [Table/Fig-2]: Occlusal view showing distally migrated maxillary canine The treatment plan was to move the right maxillary canine forwards by two millimetres (to achieve contact with the lateral incisor) using a fixed open coil space regainer (OCSR), followed by placement of a fixed partial denture thereafter to replace the missing maxillary first premolar. The treatment plan was explained to the patient and consent was obtained. The OCSR was constructed and inserted in the following way: The second premolar was banded, on to which, buccal and lingual tubes (0.25 inches long) were welded. The tubes were welded parallel to each other, such that, they pointed towards the junction between the crown and gingiva of the canine. An alginate impression of the upper arch was taken with the band (with tubes) seated on the second premolar. The band was then removed and seated in the impression and a dental plaster cast was poured. A 0.7mm stainless steel wire, bent in a ‘U’ shape was inserted into the tubes, such that, the horizontal part of the ‘U’ pressed against the distal border of the canine, at the junction between the crown and gingiva. At the junction between the horizontal and vertical parts of the ‘U’ shaped wire, soldered stops were made in order to restrict the action of the open coil springs. Next, NiTi open coil springs (Rabbit Force USA; 012″ x 030″) were inserted onto the wire (on either side) such that each spring had a length that was twice that of the distance between the soldered stop and the anterior border of the tubes. The appliance was then inserted intraorally on to the second premolar by compressing the springs with the ‘U’ shaped wire [Table/Fig-3]. In doing so, the springs try to get back to their original configuration, thereby creating a reciprocal force, anteriorly towards the canine and posteriorly towards the first molar. The desired anterior tooth movement of the canine was achieved in one month [Table/Fig-4], after which, the appliance was removed [Table/Fig-5]. [Table/Fig-3]: Open coil space regainer cemented on the maxillary right second premolar (pre-treatment) [Table/Fig-4]: After the space was regained by the space regainer (post-treatment) [Table/Fig-5]: After removal of the space regainer After removal of the appliance, tooth preparation for the second premolar and the canine were carried out [Table/Fig-6] and an upper impression was taken with addition silicone (Aquasil, Dentsply). An auto polymerising resin (DPI india) temporary was made and delivered to the patient [Table/Fig-7]. The final fixed partial denture (porcelain fused to metal) was appropriately shade matched and cemented seven days later [Table/Fig-8]. [Table/Fig-6]: After tooth preparation of second premolar and the canine [Table/Fig-7]: Provisional restoration [Table/Fig-8]: Fixed partial denture The active component in the OCSR is the NiTi coil spring. NiTi springs demonstrate a superelastic effect, with a constant load for a large range of deflection. Open-coil springs deliver a relatively more constant load value in superelastic region, thus, a more desirable continuous force can be obtained [1]. The mean rate of space closure is 0.81 mm per month for NiTi springs [2]. However, in this case, space closure by two millimetres for the maxillary canine by forward movement was achieved in one month. Since it is a fixed appliance, patient compliance was good and oral hygiene could be maintained as the appliance was self-cleansing. However, the need for banding may affect gingival health and secondary caries might develop under the band [3]. Another disadvantage of using the OCSR is that it is not possible to control the axial inclination of the tooth being moved and tipping may occur.

New design space regainers: ′Lingual arch crossbow′ and ′Double banded space regainer′

This article highlights the use of two new design space regainers--the "lingual arch crossbow" and the "double-banded space regainer." The former may be used for distalizing a mesially migrated mandibular first premolar, if it erupts prior to the canine. The latter may be used in conventional cases of interdental space loss. They both contain assemblies that function through the action of NiTi open coil springs.

Force levels of 23 nickel-titanium open-coil springs in compression testing

Open-coil springs are commonly used auxiliaries in fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Space opening for impacted or heavily crowded teeth as well as distalization of molars all require specific force levels. It is the aim of the current study to present an overview of the mechanical properties of currently available nickel titanium (NiTi) closed coil springs. Twenty-three NiTi open-coil springs were compressed by 25% and 50% of their original length at a controlled temperature of 36°C. Force deflection diagrams were registered using an Instron 3344 (Instron Corp, Wilmington, De). Five samples of each coil spring were measured and evaluated for their mean force as well as their superelastic characteristics. Almost all coil springs showed a linear behavior in the force deflection diagram. Only a few open-coil springs (GAC light, medium, and heavy [Dentsply GAC, Bohemia, NY] and RMO 12 × 45 [Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, Colorado]) showed a superelastic behavior with a clear force plateau, also indicated by their high ratio of variance. The results of the tested open-coil springs allow the clinician to choose springs with mean forces between 0.25 N (3M Unitek light; 3M Unitek, St. Paul, Minn) and 1.3 N (GAC heavy) for a compression of 25% and 0.64 N (3M Unitek light) to 2.9 N (OrthoOrganizers 14 × 37 [OrthoOrganizers, Carlsbad, Calif], Dentaurum Rematitan strong [Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany]) for a compression of 50%. Superelastic behavior was rarely observed with open-coil springs. The clinician can therefore not rely on the force range indicated without considering the amount of compression of the coil spring.

Open-Coil Retraction Spring

Sliding mechanic has become a popular method for space closure with developments in preadjusted edgewise appliance. Furthermore, various space closing auxiliaries have been developed and evaluated extensively for their clinical efficiency. Their effectiveness enhanced with optimum force magnitude and low-load deflection rate (LDR)/force decay. With the advent of NiTi springs in orthodontics, LDRs have been markedly reduced. For use of NiTi, clinician has to depend upon prefabricated closed coil springs. “Open Coil Retraction Spring (OCRS)” is developed utilizing NiTi open-coil spring for orthodontic space closure. This paper describes fabrication and clinical application of OCRS which have number of advantages. It sustains low LDR with optimum force magnitude. Its design is adjustable for desired length and force level. It is fail-safe for both activation and deactivation (i.e., it cannot be over activated, and decompression limit of open coil is also controlled by the operator, resp.). A possibility to offset the OCRS away from mucosa helps to reduce its soft-tissue impingement.