Nikolai Aleksandrovich Research Articles

N.A. Semashko on the management of preventive measures to preserve and improve the health of citizens (to the 150th anniversary of his birth)

On September 21, 2024, the medical community celebrates the 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, an outstanding manager of Russian healthcare, a scientist and teacher in the field of social hygiene. The results of his work in creating a new healthcare system in difficult conditions, one of the main principles of which is prevention, is highly appreciated by the World Health Organization and is known all over the world. To study the main directions of the prevention of various diseases over the first half of the twentieth century, there were analyzed the scientific works of N.A. Semashko, located in the electronic scientific libraries eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, the Central Scientific Medical Library, and the Russian State Library. N.A. Semashko considered prevention a priority in the activities of not only health professionals, but also other state and public organizations, as well as the citizens themselves in maintaining and strengthening their health. For its implementation, he recommended using various approaches, including improving the activities of sanitary organizations and medical institutions, developing dispensaries, the district principle of work, involving sanitary inspectors in joint activities with doctors and conducting health education of the population. Conclusions. Justified by N.A. Semashko in scientific works and the main directions of preventive medicine implemented in practice contributed to the elimination of epidemics, a decrease in the level of morbidity and mortality of the population, and therefore this experience should be taken into account and used in modern conditions.

«Философия беспорядка»: рецепция работ Н.А. Бердяева в арабской печати середины ХХ в.

The article is devoted to the Arabic reception of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev works in the mid-twentieth century. The author demonstrates the influence of Berdyaev’s theories on a number of Arab intellectuals (e.g. ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī (1917–2002), ʻAbbās Maḥmūd al-ʻAqqād (1889–1964) and Anṭūn Saʻādah (1904–1949)), and also reveals the influence of the work “Slavery and Freedom” on the political press of the 1940s. The popularity of Berdyaev’s existentialism in the intellectual circles of Lebanon and Egypt is explained as a natural consequence of its manifestative nature and terminological simplicity. The study is preceded by a brief summary of the translations of Berdyaev’s works into Arabic, completed in 1960–2019.

«Философия беспорядка»: рецепция работ Н.А. Бердяева в арабской печати середины ХХ в.

The article is devoted to the Arabic reception of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev works in the mid-twentieth century. The author demonstrates the influence of Berdyaev’s theories on a number of Arab intellectuals (e.g. ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī (1917–2002), ʻAbbās Maḥmūd al-ʻAqqād (1889–1964) and Anṭūn Saʻādah (1904–1949)), and also reveals the influence of the work “Slavery and Freedom” on the political press of the 1940s. The popularity of Berdyaev’s existentialism in the intellectual circles of Lebanon and Egypt is explained as a natural consequence of its manifestative nature and terminological simplicity. The study is preceded by a brief summary of the translations of Berdyaev’s works into Arabic, completed in 1960–2019.

Nikolai Nevsky, Ishihama Juntarō, and the Lost “Extended Manual” of Tangut Characters with Tibetan Phonetic Glosses

Shortly before his return from Japan to Russia in 1929, the prominent Russian Orientalist and Tangutologist Nikolai (Nicolas) Aleksandrovich Nevsky (1892–1937), best known for his successful decipherment of the extinct Tangut language and script, prepared and left in Japan some kind of a glossary, an extended manual of Tibetan phonetic glosses for more than 500 Tangut characters, which was planned to be sent to the Tōyō Bunko for publication. However, this work was not published, and the manual was lost for decades and literally forgotten by scholars. This article is an investigation into the fate of this lost work prepared by Nevsky and a report on its re-discovery. Based on the study of his academic activities in Japan, it presents four photographic copies of Tangut fragments with Tibetan phonetic glosses and seven non-inventoried Nevsky’s notebooks from the Ishihama Collection of the Osaka University Library. Our careful examination and preliminary study of these notebooks reveals that three of them are most likely the complete lost manuscript of the extended manual and the four photographs are its integral part.

Artek’s experience as the precursor of organized recreation and health improvement of children and adolescents

The article presents the results of studying archival materials from the period of Artek's formation as a children's camp in the first half of the 1920s. The historical facts of the great regulatory and organizational work carried out by the People's Commissar of Public Health Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko and the first Artek chief physician Fedor Fedorovich Shishmarev, who had a significant impact not only on the actual organization of the institution of a new format, but also on the formation and strengthening of the system of child health protection at its very initial stages, are given. F. F. Shishmarev collected materials that made it possible to analyze the medical activities of the camp in the first two years, the most difficult years of its existence. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of morbidity and evaluation of the results of children's stay in the camp.

“Does God sleep like us?” Diaries about children’s religiosity

The article deals with the diaries of mothers who monitored their children according to a clear plan, which was developed for them by the famous teacher and pedologist Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rybnikov (1880-1961). For the first time in Russian science, he suggested that the most effective is biographical research, which should be longitudinal, and documents of personal origin should serve as sources for analysis. The Diaries give us a lot of information - from descriptions of progressive women to n. XX century before the formation of the personality of the child. Pedology had its own target audience, on which it relied - intellectual circles, which were open to new trends in science. On the other hand, we see that such circles were, if not prosperous, at least quite well off. After the October Revolution, pedology lost its social and economic base; its defeat was a matter of time. If we touch directly on issues related to the history of psychology, then, undoubtedly, we have a unique document before us. Such observations allow us to reconstruct the development of children at the beginning of the 20th century and conduct a comparative analysis; he shows us the differences in the assessment of the development of children in the course of the history of psychology and pedagogy; it allows us to reconstruct the religious ideas of children at the beginning of the 20th century and to identify how they differ from modern ideas.

Bioinformatics benefits from Siberia: on the anniversary of Nikolay Aleksandrovich Kolchanov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)

January 9, 2022 marks the 75th anniversary of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kolchanov, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Leader of the Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, First Vice-President of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders. Acad. N.A. Kolchanov is a prominent specialist in the field of bioinformatics and systems computational biology, under whose guidance the largest domestic scientific school in this area has formed and received global development. He is the author and co-author of about 700 publications in domestic and foreign press, holder of 18 copyright certificates and 8 patents. For almost 20 years, Acad. Kolchanov is the Head and Professor of the Department of Information Biology with the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Novosibirsk State University. He supervised the work of 12 doctoral and 2 senior doctorate students. His students, who work in leading domestic and foreign scientific centers, are the pride of Russian science and make a significant contribution to the world level of development of modern bioinformatics at the global level.

Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir Lower Agricultural School: N. A. Sokovnin’s Pedagogical Project

This article explores the history of the establishment of the first Russian-Bashkir agricultural school in the Urals. Its initiator was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Sokovnin (1841–1893), a prominent figure in professional education. The article analyses reports of the Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir lower agricultural school to the trustee of the Orenburg educational district written by Sokovnin. They testify to the fact that the establishment of this educational institution was the result of many years of thinking by the teacher about how it could be possible to improve the economic situation of peasants with the help of education. Sokovnin was convinced that agricultural schools could not be limited to teaching the theory and practice of farming and cattle breeding, they had to give peasants the skills to process agricultural products. He looked for new sources of national wealth in the development of small trades such as handicrafts, as well as in the dissemination of technical knowledge among the population. Sokovnin saw the missionary function of the school in the fact that it could change the established traditions of raising Bashkir children and make them sensible and thrifty heads of households. Sokovnin sent the first teachers of the agricultural school to the best processing enterprises in Central Russia to improve their technical knowledge and skills. The Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir lower agricultural school was opened in 1887. It worked in accordance with the Charter, which demanded that the school have full-time teachers who received state salaries and people who worked for hire. The former included a school manager, a preparatory class teacher, three main class teachers and a teacher of law, the latter — a mullah teacher, craft teachers, foremen, a watchman and other attendants. Education at the school lasted for five years: two years in the preparatory class and three years in the basic. About 60 people studied at the school every year, a third of them being Bashkirs and representatives of other peoples who professed Islam.

Natalya Nikolaevna Kholodkovskaya: at the origins of bibliographic work at the Military Medical Academy

The purpose of this publication is to comprehensively and fully disclose the contribution of the scientist bibliographer Natalya Nikolaevna Kholodkovskaya to the work of the bibliographic department of the fundamental library of the Military Medical Academy. The preparation of the materials for this article is timed to coincide with two significant dates: in 2021, the bibliography department of the library of the Military Medical Academy will celebrate 90 years and the 130th anniversary of the birth of N.N. Kholodkovskaya. The article is devoted to the pages of the biography of N.N. Kholodkovskaya, her professional development and major achievements in the field of bibliographic activity. In the choice of the profession of Natalya Nikolaevna, the influence of her father, the famous professor, the outstanding zoologist and the original lyric poet Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kholodkovsky, can be traced. For 45 years from 1921 to 1966 N.N. Kholodkovskaya worked in the fundamental library of the academy, in different years she held the positions of a scientific bibliographer, head of the department, and from December 2, 1938 to September 1939, she headed the library. With the name of N.N. Kholodkovskaya connected the creation of the bibliography department, the first head of which she became. During the Great Patriotic War N.N. Kholodkovskaya was in besieged Leningrad and helped preserve the richest library fund. The main directions of the work of the bibliography department under the leadership of N.N. Kholodkovskaya were: preparation of bibliographic lists of literature, execution of written or oral address, clarifying, factual information on various topics; deep bibliographic development of large planning topics; development of the reference and bibliographic apparatus, replenishment of the auxiliary reference fund; preparation of written and oral translations, preparation of abstracts of articles on military medicine from foreign journals and books. The translations were regularly published in the Military Medical Journal. N.N. Kholodkovskaya compiled a number of valuable indexes that have not lost their significance. Among them: Bibliographic index of Russian literature on military medicine, Materials for the history of the Military Medical Order of Lenin of the Academy S.M. Kirov, The effect of penetrating radiation on the body, Sleep therapy and others. The current profile bibliographic information of the structural divisions of the Academy and individual specialists was at a high level in accordance with their scientific and educational needs and requests. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that this is the first attempt at scientific understanding of the work of the bibliography department of the library of the Military Medical Academy, in attracting previously unpublished documents, memoirs of contemporaries. As a result of the preparation of the publication, materials were found and analyzed that give a more complete picture of the personality and professional merits of N.N. Kholodkovskaya; about its role in the creation and development of the bibliography department, in the confirmation of the principles and methods of bibliographic work, which are adhered to in the department to this day (17 figs, bibliography: 26 refs).

Bernstein's Philosophy of Time: An Unknown Manuscript by Nikolai Bernstein (1949).

The authors have presented an unpublished manuscript by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein written in the form of a diary in 1949. Bernstein focused on the concept of time as a coordinate in four-dimensional space and discussed a variety of issues, including the definition of time, its measurement, time travel, asymmetry of the past and future, and even linguistics. In particular, he offered a definition of life tightly linked to the concept of time. Overall, this manuscript offers a glimpse into Bernstein's thinking, his sense of humor, and his sarcasm, intimately coupled with the very serious attitude to scientific discourse.

Автобиографическое наследие и судьба личного архива русского юмориста Николая Александровича Лейкина

The article is devoted to a review of autobiographical works and the personal archive of the Russian humorous writer Nikolai Aleksandrovich Leykin. His figure traditionally attracted the attention of literary critics in connection with the work of A. P. Chekhov, whose early stories appeared in the journal Oskolki published by Leykin. At the same time, the humorist’s extensive and interesting autobiographical legacy has hardly been studied and fully published. The article provides an overview of the currently known handwritten and published autobiographical works of N. A. Leykin: memoirs, notes and diaries. A separate issue is the fate of the writer’s personal archive and the characteristics of his materials in the archives of Russia. In the cataclysms of the first half of the 20th century Leykin’s archive was dispersed and divided into three parts. By a lucky coincidence, many documents survived and entered the state archives, but some diaries and handwritten memoirs have not yet been found. The study of the extant volumes of the diaries allows us to speak about their uniqueness. In addition to being important for the scientific community, the diaries will be of interest to a wide range of readers, as they recreate the picture of the life of Russian society on the eve of cardinal changes.

Издана история Агинской Степной думы в документах Государственного архива Республики Бурятия. 1839–1904 гг.

The review of an anthology on the history of the Aginsk Steppe Duma published by drs. B.V. Bazarov, B.T. Zhalsanova, L.V.Kuras notes that hundreds the new archival documents offer a holistic view on the governmental politics concerning one of large ingenious peoples of East Russia. The composers have identified and presented documents reflecting various aspects of local self-government of the Aginsk Duma created on the basis of M.M. Speransky’s Statute on the Inorodtsy of 1822. The review contains a brief characteristic of the archival documents corpus systematized in volumes and argues their information value. The documents contain data on the officials of the Duma, personnel structure in dynamics from its foundation to its termination. The edition offers an array of documents on tax policy pertaining to indigenous population, public censures, correspondence on administrative and land disputes at the turn of the 19th century. Authors-composers have published family lists of the Aginsk buryats. The review underscores the information value of the commentary included in all volumes of the edition, the nominal indexes numbering hundreds of surnames. The illustrative component of this three-volume edition is also emphasized: there are rare photos of officials of the Aginsk department, meetings of tsesarevitch Nikolai Aleksandrovich in Transbaikalia in 1892, deputy of the State Duma, descendants of families from the Transbaikal steppes in the Soviet period. The review emphasizes the importance of such edition for studying governmental policies concerning ingenious peoples, balance of government and local self- government, social and economic and cultural development of East regions in the Imperial period. Materials of the three-volume edition open numerous unpublished documents to researchers. The review notes its value for historians, local historians, archivists, museums employees, and those researching their family tree.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF STRUCTURAL GEOMORPHOLOGY (TO THE 110TH BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARY OF N.A. FLORENSOV)

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Florensov is a Russian scientist who is famous for his contribution to the theoretical foundations of structural geomorphology.He formulated the law of the circulation of material in the Earth's crust, which is manifested by a periodically arisinglithodynamicflow, in the development cycle of which two main phases are distinguished as ascending and descending geodynamics. In our opinion, there is also the third phase, stabilization.This process is reflected in the morphological types of mountains. Considering the conditions of intracontinental orogeny, N.A.Florensovdistinguished two main types: constructive and destructive.Developing this concept, he solved a number of theoretical and philosophical problems concerning the inextricable relationship between the relief and the structure of the geological substratum, its geodynamics and, as a consequence, proposed to consider their relationship as changes in geomorphological formations in time and space. The scientific creativity of NA. Florensov, as a whole, is comparable in importance with that of other most prominent geomorphologists of the late 19th and 20th centuries, including V.M. Davis, W. Penk, S.S. Shults, I.P. Gerasimov, and L. King.

‘A Christian solution to international tension’: Nikolai Berdyaev, the American YMCA, and Russian Orthodox influence on Western Christian anti-communism, c.1905–60

AbstractBuilding on recent research into the religious aspects of the Cold War and the humanitarian efforts of the American Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in early twentieth-century Europe, this article locates the historical origins of religious anti-communism in late imperial Russian reactions to the revolution of 1905–07. It explores the interactions of Russian Orthodox Christian intellectuals, especially Nikolai Aleksandrovich Berdyaev, with prominent YMCA leaders such as Donald A. Lowrie and Paul B. Anderson, both of whom were mainline Protestants. Using Russian and US archives, the article documents the networks and mechanisms through which Berdyaev influenced his YMCA contacts. It shows that he shaped their efforts to fight communism in the interwar period and early Cold War through the promotion of religious values, or what Anderson referred to as ‘a Christian solution to international tension’. This concept was derived from early twentieth-century Russian ideas about the opposition between Christianity and ‘nihilism’ or ‘humanism’ as integral worldviews.

Кто скрывается за псевдонимом «Х.»?

The article considers a current problem of establishing the authorship of anonymous and pseudonymous articles published in the weekly “Grazhdanin” during F. M. Dostoevsky’s editorship. Namely, it is dedicated to a less studied issue of attribution of the articles of unknown authors that used to send the materials to the editorial office of “Grazhdanin” in comparison with a more explored matter of Dostoyevsky’s participation in the creation of a number of anonymous notes, reviews, stories, etc. On the basis of various materials, including epistolary heritage of F. M. Dostoevsky and his addressees by correspondence, archival sources, historical, reference, scientific literature, it was found out that the author of the “Pictures from officer life” published in No. 41 of “Grazhdanin” in 1873 and signed by “X.” was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shakhov, the officer of the Imperial Guard of the 1st Ekaterinoslav Regiment.

Футурист в физиологии: к 120-летию Николая Александровича Бернштейна

The paper is dedicated to the 120th birthday of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein (1896—1966), a prominent Russian physiologist who contributed also to other fields of knowledge, for instance, cognitive sciences and modeling of biological systems. This study is based on the analysis of various publications and archive materials, including interviews with Bernstein’s disciples conducted by the author in the late 1980s. The paper outlines the ideas and concepts of Bernstein that were well ahead of their time, anticipating research on movement control by at least a hundred years. It also analyses the differences between Bernstein’s theory of movement construction and Pavlov’s theory of conditioned reflex and gives a brief review of the development of Bernstein’s ideas in modern Russian neuroscience. As it is shown, the now popular concept of “kinesthetic imagination” obviously corresponds with Bernstein’s concepts of “movement task” and “model of the desired future”.

To the memory of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Borisevich

Invaluable is the contribution of academician Borisevich to the development of optics, spectroscopy and their applications. He is the author of scientific discoveries and more than 600 scientific papers. For outstanding scientific achievements Nikolai Aleksandrovich was awarded the Lenin Prize, State Prize of the USSR and the Republic of Belarus. His scientific school gave a start in life to more than 30 candidates of science, 12 doctors, including 4 members of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.

From Historicism to Historical Sociology: An Examination of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rozhkov’s Nomothetic Scheme of Historical Evolution

This article takes as its point of departure Thaden’s claim that the paradigm shift from historicism to historical sociology in Russian historiography at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century was an abortive one. It demonstrates that Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rozhkov (1868-1927) not only created the first post-Kliuchevskian historical sociology but that he did so using a Comtean nomothetic approach to social evolution. This is the first time that the theoretical underpinnings of Rozhkov’s interpretation of history as encapsulated in his laws of social statics have been explored in any detail. This article draws the conclusion that the positivist tradition created opportunities for cross-fertilization with other major currents of thought, including Marxism, and sheds new light on this relationship.

Eliseevite, Na1.5Li[Ti2Si4O12.5(OH)1.5]{middle dot}2H2O, a new microporous titanosilicate from the Lovozero alkaline massif (Kola Peninsula, Russia)

Eliseevite, Na 1.5 Li[Ti 2 Si 4 O 12.5 (OH) 1.5 ]∙2H 2 O, is a new microporous titanosilicate of the lintisitekukisvumite family [monoclinic, C2/c, a = 27.48(1), b = 8.669(4), c = 5.246(2) Å, β = 90.782(8)°, V = 1249.7(9) Å 3 , Z = 4]. The mineral is found in two different peralkaline veins in an ijolite-foyaite- malignite differentiated complex of the Lovozero alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. At Mt. Alluaiv, eliseevite occurs in an aegirine-eudialyte-sodalite-microcline vein as long-prismatic to fibrous crystals (up to 2 mm long) growing in voids of natrolitized sodalite in close association with albite, analcime, catapleiite, chabazite-Ca, gmelinite-K, manganoneptunite, microcline, murmanite, and an ussingite. At Mt. Punkaruaiv, it is found within a ussingite-aegirine-microcline vein as longprismatic crystals (up to 0.8 mm long) in close association with chabazite-Ca, chkalovite, eudialyte, manganoneptunite, punkaruaivite, rhabdophane-(Ce), sodalite, sphalerite, and steenstrupine-(Ce). It is a late-stage, hydrothermal mineral formed as a result of alteration of murmanite. The mineral is transparent, pale creamy to colorless, with a vitreous luster and a white streak. Cleavage is perfect along {100}, fracture is splintery. Mohs hardness is about 5. In transmitted light, the mineral is colorless, biaxial (-): α = 1.665(2), β = 1.712(2), γ = 1.762(5) (for λ = 589 nm); Y = b, Z^a = 8-12°. Dispersion is medium, r < v. D calc = 2.706 g/cm 3 , D meas = 2.68(4) g/cm 3 . The mean chemical composition (n = 7) determined by the Penfield method (water), ICP-MS (Li), and electron microprobe (other elements) is (wt%): H 2 O 10.50, Li 2 O 2.85, Na 2 O 9.15, K 2 O 0.08, CaO 0.05, Fe 2 O 3 0.21, Al 2 O 3 0.08, SiO 2 46.87, TiO 2 29.40, Nb 2 O 5 0.72, total 99.91. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of Si = 4 apfu is: (Na 1.51 K 0.01 Ca 0.01 ) Σ1.53 Li 0.98 [(Ti 1.89 Nb 0.03 Fe 3+ 0.01 Al 0.01 ) Σ1.94 Si 4 O 12.26 (OH) 1.74 ]∙2.12H 2 O. The simplified formula taking into account the results of a single-crystal study is Na 1.5 Li{Ti 2 O 2 [Si 4 O 10.5 (OH) 1.5] }∙2H 2 O. The six strongest reflections in the X‑ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å, (I), (hkl)] are: 13.76(100) (200), 6.296(60)(310), 3.577(80)(710), 3.005(70)(421), 2.881(70)(910), 2.710(50)(621). The mineral is named in honor of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Eliseev (1897-1966), a remarkable Russian geologist and petrologist, Professor at Leningrad State University, for his contributions to the geology and petrology of metamorphic and alkaline complexes.

THE BOLSHEVIK LEADERSHIP AND THE ROZHKOV AFFAIR: INAKOMYSLIASHCHIE AND THE POLITICS OF PERSECUTION, 1921–22

There is no better‐documented case of the first Bolshevik leadership discussing what to do with one of its perceived enemies than that involving Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rozhkov. In the light of newly available archival evidence, the events surrounding Rozhkov’s exile in 1922 reveal not a linear, detective‐like story with a single solution, but an intriguing tale of conflicting decisions, power play and a struggle for leadership at the highest level of the Bolshevik government that stubbornly resists premature closure. The Rozhkov affair not only explodes the myth that it is possible to classify individual Bolshevik oligarchs as consistent ‘soft‐liners’ versus ‘hard‐liners’ but it refutes the argument that the Bolshevik leadership was united behind some pragmatic Leninist blueprint for the preservation of Soviet power. In discussing Rozhkov’s fate, leading Bolsheviks marginalised and even ignored the ailing Lenin. The article concludes that Rozhkov was used like a pawn in a struggle for control of the Politburo and that the decisions that were taken profoundly changed the political and historical landscapes at the beginning of a period of transition.