Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping Research Articles

Interplay of race and neighborhood deprivation on resting and ambulatory blood pressure in young adults.

Nighttime blood pressure (BP) and BP dipping (daytime-nighttime BP) are prognostic for cardiovascular disease. When compared with other racial/ethnic groups, Black Americans exhibit elevated nighttime BP and attenuated BP dipping. Neighborhood deprivation may contribute to disparities in cardiovascular health, but its effects on resting and ambulatory BP patterns in young adults are unclear. Therefore, we examined associations between neighborhood deprivation with resting and nighttime BP and BP dipping in young Black and White adults. We recruited 19 Black and 28 White participants (23 males/24 females, 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index: 26 ± 4 kg/m2) for 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring. We assessed resting BP, nighttime BP, and BP dipping (absolute dip and nighttime:daytime BP ratio). We used the area deprivation index (ADI) to assess average neighborhood deprivation during early and mid-childhood and adolescence. When compared with White participants, Black participants exhibited higher resting systolic and diastolic BP (Ps ≤ 0.029), nighttime systolic BP (114 ± 9 vs. 108 ± 9 mmHg, P = 0.049), diastolic BP (63 ± 8 vs. 57 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.010), and attenuated absolute systolic BP dipping (12 ± 5 vs. 9 ± 7 mmHg, P = 0.050). Black participants experienced greater average ADI scores compared with White participants [110 (10) vs. 97 (22), P = 0.002], and select ADI scores correlated with resting BP and some ambulatory BP measures. Within each race, select ADI scores correlated with some BP measures for Black participants, but there were no ADI and BP correlations for White participants. In conclusion, our findings suggest that neighborhood deprivation may contribute to higher resting BP and impaired ambulatory BP patterns in young adults warranting further investigation in larger cohorts.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that young Black adults exhibit higher resting blood pressure, nighttime blood pressure, and attenuated systolic blood pressure dipping compared with young White adults. Black adults were exposed to greater neighborhood deprivation, which demonstrated some associations with resting and ambulatory blood pressure. Our findings add to a growing body of literature indicating that neighborhood deprivation may contribute to increased blood pressure.

NIGHTTIME BLOOD PRESSURE ASSESSED USING HOME MONITORING IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES/PREDIABETES: ASSOCIATION AND AGREEMENT WITH AMBULATORY MONITORING

Objective: To investigate the agreement between nighttime blood pressure (BP) measurements using home (HBPM) or ambulatory BP monitors (ABPM) in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) or prediabetes. Design and method: Adults with hypertension (treated or untreated) and DM2 or prediabetes underwent ABPM (measurements at 20 minutes intervals, Microlife WatchBP03) and HBPM (duplicate morning/evening measurements for 7 days, 3 nights with 3 measurements/night, Microlife WatchBP Home-N). Nighttime hypertension was defined as BP >= 120/70 mmHg (systolic/diastolic). Nighttime BP dipping was calculated as the ratio of nighttime BP decline to the daytime levels. Individuals with nighttime BP dip (systolic and/or diastolic) <10% were classified as non-dippers. Results: Data from 113 participants were analyzed (mean age [SD] 65±9.1 years, 67% men, body mass index 30.7±4.8 kg/m2, 84% with DM2, 22% cardiovascular disease, 94% treated hypertension). Average daytime HBPM was 129.2±13.2/73.3±7.8 mmHg and ABPM 126.7±12.1/72.5±7.4 mmHg (systolic/diastolic, p<0.01/p=NS), whilst nighttime HBPM was 115.3±13.1/63.6±7.6 mmHg and ABPM 113.9±13.4/63±7.1 mmHg (systolic/diastolic, p<0.05/p=NS). Strong correlation was observed between HBPM and ABPM levels: daytime r=0.71/0.74 and nighttime 0.86/0.78, systolic/diastolic, p<0.01)]. Good agreement was also found between ABPM and HBPM in diagnosing nighttime hypertension (81%/90%; kappa=0.55/0.70 systolic/diastolic). Among the participants, 32%/31% were classified as non-dippers (HBPM/ABPM, p=NS), with a 74% agreement (kappa=0.41) in detecting non-dippers. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that in individuals with hypertension and DM2 or prediabetes, nighttime BP assessed by a novel home monitor is feasible and shows strong correlation and satisfactory agreement with reference ABPM in detecting nighttime hypertension and non-dipping.

Effects of chronotype on sleep, mood and cardiovascular circadian rhythms in rotating night shift medical workers.

Whether chronotype affects the health outcomes of night shift work populations is unknown. This study aimed to assess the influence of different chronotypes in the rotating night shift population on sleep status, mood, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate variability (HRV), as well as the circadian rhythm of BP and HRV. A total of 208 rotating night shift workers were included. All participants completed structured questionnaires to assess chronotype, mood and sleep status. During their daily lives outside of the night shift, they underwent 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram monitoring and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Day-time and night-time BP and BP dipping were obtained. Day-time and night-time HRV values (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LF nu, SD1, SD2 and SD2/SD1) were calculated and fitted to the cosine period curve. Three circandian parameters (mesor, amplitude and acrophase) were extracted to quantify the circadian rhythm of the HRV indices. Among all three groups, E-type showed more fatigue and sleepiness. In addition, E-type showed blunted diastolic BP dipping. Notably, E-type showed association with higher RMSSD, LF, HF and SD1 in the night time, and higher mesors of RMSSD and LF and amplitude of SD2/SD1 in circadian analysis. Chronotype is a factor affecting fatigue, sleepiness and cardiovascular circadian rhythms of rotating night shift workers. Chronotype should be taken into consideration for managing night-shift rotation to promote occupational health.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Liver-Related Indexes and Blood Pressure Dipping Ratios: A Retrospective Study.

Nighttime blood pressure dipping is a normal physiologic phenomenon. Lack of dipping is associated with increased cardiovascular disease; thus, non-dipping patients are candidates for more strict risk reduction strategies. Dipping presence can be identified using ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM). Recent findings indicate that inflammatory, metabolic, and liver-related indices may have a role in predicting dipping presence dichotomously. To investigate whether dipping ratios correlate with that inflammatory, metabolic, and liver-related indices. Hypertensive patients with ABPM recordings were retrospectively collected. Patient characteristics, co-morbidities, medications, laboratory results, and ABPM results were analyzed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), triglyceride-to-HDL ratio (TG/HDL), total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio (TC/HDL), AST-to-ALT ratio (AST/ALT), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) were calculated. Differences and correlations were analyzed between indices, dipping patterns, and ratios. Ninety-three patients were included in the study. Forty-five had either a systolic or diastolic dipping pattern. NLR, PLR, TG/HDL, and TC/HDL indices correlated negatively with dipping ratios. AST/ALT was higher in systolic dippers (1.04 vs 0.88, P = 0.03). However, no difference was observed between NLR, PLR, TyG, TG/HDL, TC/HDL, FIB-4, and APRI among different dipping presences. This study showed for the first time that there was a negative correlation between inflammatory and metabolic indices and dipping ratios.

Clinical Significance of Nocturnal Hypertension and Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping in Hypertension.

This narrative review article aims to discuss more recent evidence, current challenges, and future perspectives regarding the clinical importance of nocturnal hypertension and nighttime blood pressure dipping, with particular reference to diagnosis, prognostic value, and therapeutic approach. The importance of nighttime blood pressure and nighttime blood pressure dipping has been demonstrated in decades. Increased nighttime blood pressure has been acknowledged as an unfavorable clinical trait. However, more recent evidence suggests that the abolishment of normal circadian blood pressure rhythm is not always a solid predictor of adverse cardiovascular events and needs to be interpreted in the light of each patients' individual characteristics. Physicians treating hypertensive patients with adverse nighttime blood pressure profiles often face the dilemma of chronotherapy. This has been a blurred field for years, yet very recent evidence from appropriately designed studies attempts to shed light on this puzzling question. As 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is being increasingly recommended and applied in real-world practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension, information on nighttime blood pressure and nocturnal dipping profile is collected but is not always easy to interpret.

Sleep Variability, Sleep Irregularity, and Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping.

Circadian rhythm regulates many important biological functions in humans. The goal of this study is to explore the impact of day-to-day deviations in the sleep-wake cycle on nighttime blood pressure (BP) dipping and further examine whether the ethnic difference in day-to-day deviations in sleep patterns can explain the ethnic difference in nighttime BP dipping. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and 7-day accelerometer data were obtained from 365 adult participants (age range, 18.7-50.1 years; 52.6% Black participants and 47.3% European Americans; 64.1% females). Systolic BP dipping level was used to represent nighttime BP dipping. The SD of sleep duration was calculated as the index of sleep variability, and the SD of sleep midpoint was calculated as the index of sleep irregularity. A 1-hour increase in the SD of sleep midpoint was associated with a 1.16% decrease in nighttime BP dipping (P<0.001). A 1-hour increase in the SD of sleep duration was associated with a 1.39% decrease in nighttime BP dipping (P=0.017). The ethnic difference in the SD of sleep midpoint can explain 29.2% of the ethnicity difference in BP dipping (P=0.008). Sleep variability and sleep irregularity are associated with blunted BP dipping in the general population. In addition, data from the present investigation also demonstrate that the ethnic difference in sleep irregularity could partly explain the ethnic difference in BP dipping, an important finding that may help reduce the health disparity between Black participants and European Americans.

Clinical and life style factors related to the nighttime blood pressure, nighttime dipping and their phenotypes in Korean hypertensive patients

BackgroundNon-dipping or reverse dipping patterns are known to be associated with adverse cardiovascular prognosis among the general population and clinical cohort. Few large sized studies have explored factors including sleep duration and sleep quality related to nighttime blood pressure (BP) and nocturnal dipping patterns.MethodsAmong 5,360 patients enrolled in Korean multicenter nationwide prospective Registry of ambulatory BP monitoring (KORABP), 981 subjects with complete data on sleep duration, sleep quality assessed using a 4-point Likert scale, and clinical variables were included in the analysis. Phenotypes of nighttime BP pattern were categorized as extreme dipper, dipper, non-dipper, and reverse dipper. Hypertension was defined as a 24-h ambulatory BPs were 130/80 mmHg or higher.ResultsAmong 981 subjects, 221 were normotensive, 359 were untreated hypertensive, and 401 were treated hypertensive. Age of the participants were 53.87 ± 14.02 years and 47.1% were female. In overall patients, sleep duration was 431.99 ± 107.61 min, and one to four points of sleep quality were observed in 15.5%, 30.0%, 30.4%, and 24.2%, respectively. Of the 760 hypertensive patients, extreme dipper, dipper, non-dipper, and reverse dipper were observed in 58 (7.63%), 277 (36.45%), 325 (42.76%), and 100 (13.16%), respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, sleep duration (β = 0.0105, p < 0.001) and sleep quality (β = -0.8093, p < 0.001) were associated with nighttime systolic BP and sleep quality was associated with extent of nighttime systolic BP dipping (β = 0.7622, p < 0.001) in hypertensive patients. In addition, sleep quality showed positive association with dipper pattern (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.30) and showed negative association with reverse dipper pattern (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.62–0.86) in multiple logistic regression analyses.ConclusionWhen adjusted covariates, less sleep duration and poor sleep quality were positively associated with nighttime systolic BP. Additionally, sleep quality was the independent associated factor for dipper and reverse dipper phenotypes. The study also found that male sex, low estimated glomerular filtration rate, high ambulatory BP, low office BP, and poor sleep quality were associated with blunted nighttime SBP dipping.

Impact of thoracic endovascular aortic repair following blunt traumatic thoracic aortic injury on blood pressure

BackgroundBlunt traumatic thoracic aortic injuries (BTAIs) are associated with a high mortality rate. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the most frequently used surgical strategy in patients with BTAI, as it offers good short- and middle-term results. Previous studies have reported an abnormally high prevalence of hypertension (HT) in these patients. This work aimed to describe the long-term prevalence of HT and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the biomechanical, clinical, and functional factors involved in HT development. MethodsTwenty-six patients treated with TEVAR following BTAI with no history of HT at the time of trauma were enrolled. They were matched with 37 healthy volunteers based on age, sex, and body surface area and underwent a comprehensive follow-up study, including cardiovascular magnetic resonance, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and assessment of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV, a measure of aortic stiffness) and flow-mediated vasodilation. ResultsThe mean patient age was 43.5 ± 12.9 years, and the majority were male (23 of 26; 88.5%). At a mean of 120.2 ± 69.7 months after intervention, 17 patients (65%) presented with HT, 14 (54%) had abnormal nighttime blood pressure dipping, and 6 (23%) high cfPWV. New-onset HT was related to a more proximal TEVAR landing zone and greater distal oversizing. Abnormal nighttime blood pressure was related to high cfPWV, which in turn was associated with TEVAR length and premature arterial aging. ConclusionsHT frequently occurs otherwise healthy subjects undergoing TEVAR implantation after BTAI. TEVAR stiffness and length, the proximal landing zone, and distal oversizing are potentially modifiable surgical characteristics related to abnormal blood pressure.

CIRCADIAN BLOOD PRESSURE PROFILE IN RELATION TO LOW BACK PAIN DISABILITY INDEX

Objective: Cross-sectional observations within population cohorts have linked low back pain with hypertension in men, but not in women. The aim of the current study was to analyze 24-hour blood pressure profile in hypertensive men and women reporting low back pain. Design and method: The study group included 85 hypertensive patients (29 M/56 F, mean age 60.6 +/- 8.3 years) with episodes of low back pain during 3 weeks before examination. All patients received antihypertensive medications in the scheme of combination therapy and none of them was on chronic painkillers. Standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on life style factors. Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring was provided (Spacelabs 90207) and values of 24h, daytime and nighttime blood pressure were calculated, as well as nighttime blood pressure dipping. Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire was used to calculate disability index. Multivariable regression was used to asses the association between blood pressure an disability index, while accounting for covariates. Results: In the whole study population, no association was found between disability index and 24-hour systolic (parameter estimate: -0.053 +/- 0.23 mm Hg per 1 point increase in disability index, p = 0.86) or diastolic blood pressure (-0.018 +/ 0.14 mm Hg per 1 point increase, p = 0.90). When analyzing men and women separately, we observed in women increased daytime diastolic blood pressure with increasing disability index (+0.29 +/- 0.16 mm Hg, p = 0.044), that resulted in more prominent day-night difference with increasing disability index (+0.42 +/- 0.14% per 1 point increase in disability index). Blood pressure values over 24 hours or nighttime blood pressure was not associated with disability index. None of associations between blood pressure values and low back pain disability index were not found in men. Conclusions: Low back pain, as assessed by standardized questionnaire of disability index, is associated with elevated daytime blood pressure in hypertensive women, that might lead to more difficulties in achieving target blood pressure in this group of patients.

NOCTURNAL BLOOD PRESSURE DIPPING AND PRECLINICAL TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE IN YOUNG INDIVIDUALS

Objective: A blunted nighttime blood pressure (BP) decrease (non-dipping) has been linked to increased cardiovascular risk. Relevant research data in children and adolescents are scarce with most studies conducted in young individuals with medical conditions, e.g., diabetes. This study investigated the relationship of nighttime dipping with indices of preclinical target organ damage (TOD) in young individuals. Design and method: Individuals referred for suspected hypertension and healthy volunteers aged 6-25 years were evaluated with 24h ambulatory BP (ABP) monitoring. The nighttime BP dip was quantified as the percentage BP decline as compared to the daytime value. Non-dippers were defined as those with systolic and/or diastolic nighttime dip &lt;10%. TOD was assessed by echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and ultrasonographic determination of intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (IMT). Results: 276 individuals were included (13.8±3.8 years, 67% males, 31.2% children, 56.1% adolescents, 12.7% adults, 3.3% healthy volunteers, BMI z-score 1.18±0.96, 37.4% obese, 25.7% with elevated 24h ABP, 27.9% with elevated nighttime BP). LVMI measurements were available in 257 and IMT in 205. The average systolic/diastolic dip was 12.1±4.7/19.6±6.3% and 30.4% of participants were classified as non-dippers. TOD indices were higher in non-dippers than in dippers (LVMI 30.5±8.2 versus 28.4±5.9 g/m2.7; IMT 0.517±0.054 versus 0.500±0.053 mm, p&lt;0.05 for both). In linear regression analysis, non-dipping was independently associated with LVMI (↓ = 2.14, p = 0.01) and IMT (↓ = 0.02, p = 0.02), after adjustment for sex, age, BMI z-score and 24h systolic ABP. However, after adjustment for the nighttime BP levels (instead of 24h ABP) this association lost its statistical significance. Conclusions: These data suggest that in young individuals nocturnal non-dipping is associated with TOD, but not after accounting for the nighttime BP levels.

MP03-09 PHENOTYPING NOCTURIA IN HYPERTENSIVES ACCORDING TO 24-HOUR URINE COMPOSITION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP03-09 PHENOTYPING NOCTURIA IN HYPERTENSIVES ACCORDING TO 24-HOUR URINE COMPOSITION Joseph Boroda, Susan Gong, Frederick Okoye, Syed Rahman, Matthew Moy, Alla Akivis, Jason Lazar, and Jeffrey Weiss Joseph BorodaJoseph Boroda More articles by this author , Susan GongSusan Gong More articles by this author , Frederick OkoyeFrederick Okoye More articles by this author , Syed RahmanSyed Rahman More articles by this author , Matthew MoyMatthew Moy More articles by this author , Alla AkivisAlla Akivis More articles by this author , Jason LazarJason Lazar More articles by this author , and Jeffrey WeissJeffrey Weiss More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003214.09AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There are numerous comorbidities correlated with nocturia, among the most clinically significant of these being hypertension. Elevation in blood pressure (BP) suppresses serum arginine vasopressin levels, lending evidence to the idea that hypertension is associated pathophysiologically with nocturnal polyuria, which may cause nocturia. Greater nighttime BP and lower nocturnal BP dipping have been associated with more frequent nocturnal voiding. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of non-dipping orthostatic BP in hypertensives on nighttime and daytime urine production. METHODS: Participants with a diagnosis of essential hypertension had in-office supine and standing BP recordings and completed 24-hour urine collection and voiding diaries. Urine was collected in 3 containers; one for the first nighttime void, a second for all subsequent nighttime voids and first morning void, and a third for all daytime voids. Participants whose systolic BP decreased with supine positioning were placed in the orthostatic dip group, and participants whose systolic BP increased or was unchanged upon supine positioning were placed in the no orthostatic dip group. RESULTS: There were 12 (9 female) individuals in the dipping group and 19 (13 female) in the non-dipping group. The non-dipping group tended to produce greater volumes of urine both day and night, and had greater 24-hour urine sodium excretion. The sodium concentration of the first nighttime void was significantly higher in the non-dipping group (median: 102; IQR: 76-105 mEq/L) than the dipping group (median: 51; IQR: 32.5 - 65 mEq/L) (p=.024). This urine sodium concentration for the remainder of the night was significantly higher in the non-dipping group (median: 92; IQR: 62-117 mEq/L) than the dipping group (median: 59.5; IQR: 48-77.25 mEq/L) (p=.012). Subjects in the non-dipping group were 79% more likely to experience 2 or more nighttime voids compared to the dipping group (RR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1 – 3.2; p=.052). CONCLUSIONS: An in-office BP measurement that does not dip with supine positioning is associated with more frequent nighttime voiding as well as higher urine concentrations of sodium in both early and late-night voids. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e24 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Joseph Boroda More articles by this author Susan Gong More articles by this author Frederick Okoye More articles by this author Syed Rahman More articles by this author Matthew Moy More articles by this author Alla Akivis More articles by this author Jason Lazar More articles by this author Jeffrey Weiss More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping is Attenuated in Young and Apparently Healthy Black Adults Compared to White Adults

In America, Black adults are 30% more likely to die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to White adults, and more than half of this racial disparity in CVD‐related mortality may be attributed to the substantially greater prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) in Black adults. Furthermore, compared to White adults with hypertension, Black adults with hypertension are less likely to exhibit a nocturnal reduction in BP (i.e., “dipping”). Importantly, non‐dipping BP is associated with target organ damage and increased CVD risk. However, it is unclear whether young and apparently healthy Black adults exhibit reduced BP dipping compared to their White peers.PURPOSETherefore, the purpose of this preliminary investigation was to determine whether there are racial differences in BP dipping using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), including 24‐hour‐, daytime‐, and nighttime‐BP, in young and apparently healthy Black and White adults.METHODSWe obtained clinical BP and 24‐hour ABPM readings in 10 self‐identified White adults (5M/5F; age: 21.6±4.4 yrs; BMI: 23.8±2.9 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and 7 self‐identified Black adults (3M/4F; age: 21.7±3.5 yrs; BMI: 25.1±2.8 kg/m2). The ABPM monitors were programmed to record BP every 20 and 30 minutes during each participants daytime‐ and nighttime‐period, respectively. True daytime‐ and nighttime‐BP periods were adjusted during analysis based upon participant activity logs. We defined “non‐dipping” as a failure to achieve a dipping ratio of &lt;0.90 (night‐to‐day BP ratio). BP data were compared using independent t‐tests and the Fisher’s exact test was used to compare dipping frequency between races (α=0.05).RESULTSClinically measured BP (systolic/diastolic) was not different (P&gt;0.05) between White (117±9/67±6 mmHg) and Black (124±12/70±9 mmHg) adults. There was also no difference (P&gt;0.05) in 24‐hour‐BP between White (117±11/66±7 mmHg) and Black (114±14/63±7 mmHg) adults. Likewise, daytime‐BP was not different (P&gt;0.05) between White (122±12/71±8 mmHg) and Black (116±14/66±8 mmHg) participants, nor was there a difference in nighttime‐BP (P&gt;0.05) between White (102±9/51±4 mmHg) and Black (105±13/54±7 mmHg) adults. However, systolic BP dipping was attenuated (P=0.04) in Black (0.90±0.05) compared to White (0.84±0.07) adults. Non‐dipping of systolic BP was observed in 5 of 7 Black participants and 2 of 10 White participants (P=0.06). Diastolic BP dipping in Black adults was 0.79±0.06 and White adults was 0.73±0.09 (P=0.05). Non‐dipping of diastolic BP was observed in 1 of 7 Black participants and 1 of 10 White participants (P=1.00).CONCLUSIONSThese preliminary data suggest that despite similar clinical and 24‐hour ambulatory BP compared to White adults, young and apparently healthy Black adults exhibit impaired BP dipping, which may contribute to increased likelihood of CVD.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the management of hypertension.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become indispensable in the current management of hypertension. ABPM is particularly useful in the accurate diagnosis of hypertension. Its diagnostic thresholds had been recently established based on hard clinical outcomes. Cross-classification of patients according to office and ambulatory blood pressure identifies white-coat, masked, and sustained hypertension. ABPM is also useful in cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment. It provides information on daytime and nighttime blood pressure and circadian rhythm, particularly nighttime blood pressure dipping. Nighttime blood pressure is predictive of CV risk independent of office and daytime blood pressure. Isolated nocturnal hypertension is a special form of masked hypertension, with normal daytime but elevated nocturnal blood pressure. It also helps in the evaluation of blood pressure fluctuation and variation, such as morning blood pressure surge and reading-to-reading blood pressure variability. ABPM may derive several other indexes, such as ambulatory blood pressure index and salt sensitivity index, which may be useful in CV evaluations.

Higher Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Among Patient with Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Background: The association of diabetes mellitus, nighttime blood pressure dipping and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy is inconclusive. There has been no study to test this association among Arab Patients.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aims to test the association between diabetes mellitus, nighttime blood pressure dipping and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy among cohort of patients from Basrah, Southern Iraq.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy conducted at the ophthalmology clinic at Faiha Teaching Hospital in 2018. Patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy were screened for diabetes mellitus. Ambulatory blood pressure monitor was attached to some of the participants for 24 hours. Nighttime blood pressure dipping was classified into 4 categories: normal, blunted, severe and reverse.&#x0D; Results: A total of 74 patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy were included. Females constituted 64.9 % of the cases. Forty patients (53.3%) were found to have diabetes mellitus. While 41 participants (55.5 %) were hypertensive. Nocturnal dipping of blood pressure was measured in 38 patients. Only 6 (15.7%) of them had severe dipping.&#x0D; Conclusions: There may be an association between diabetes mellitus but not nighttime blood pressure dipping with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Abstract P199: Circadian Contributions To Blood Pressure Variation Under Constant Conditions

The circadian clock is an endogenous biological timekeeper that responds to environmental changes and governs various physiological processes over a 24-hour cycle. Blood pressure (BP) variation is thought to be controlled by the circadian clock, but few studies have examined circadian control of BP in humans. Moreover, it is unknown whether nighttime BP dipping is driven by the circadian system or by external factors. We investigated whether the circadian system drives 24-hour rhythms in BP, including nighttime BP dipping, using a 30-hour constant routine (CR) protocol. The CR protocol controls for external factors, allowing circadian rhythms to be isolated and measured, by having participants lie in a semi-recumbent posture in dim light (&lt;10 lux) at a constant temperature, consume isocaloric snacks every 2 hours, and maintain wakefulness. To measure the BP rhythm, ambulatory BP was measured every 30 minutes (SpaceLabs 90227), and to measure the central circadian rhythm, core body temperature was measured every 10 seconds using an ingestible, wireless sensor (HQInc Core Body Temperature Wireless Data Record and Sensor). To date, 17 normotensive African American participants (13 females and 4 males), with a mean age of 37 (± 11.3) years and body mass index (BMI) of 32.5 kg/m 2 , have completed the study. Approximately 59% of participants (10 of 17) had non-dipping systolic BP at screening, defined as a &lt;10% decrease in mean systolic BP from daytime to nighttime. Under constant conditions, 94% of participants (16 of 17) had a non-dipping BP phenotype. Median systolic BP dipping was 0.8% for females and 2.2% for males. There was a robust rhythm in participants’ core body temperature but not BP, suggesting that the circadian clock may not contribute substantially to a nighttime decrease in BP in normotensive African Americans. Instead, the non-dipping BP phenotype is likely more so a result of behavioral and/or physiological sleep-related processes. Future research and interventions for non-dipping BP may need to target these underlying behavioral and physiological processes.

Morning Surge in Blood Pressure and Stroke Events in a Large Modern Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Cohort: Results of the JAMP Study.

Morning Surge in Blood Pressure and Stroke Events in a Large Modern Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Cohort: Results of the JAMP Study.

Nocturnal Hypertension and Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Evidence, and New Treatments.

Heart failure (HF) is a common condition with an increasing prevalence. Despite a variety of evidence-based treatments for patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Furthermore, there are currently no treatments that have yet been shown to reduce complication and death rates in patients who have HF with preserved ejection fraction. Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with HF, contributing to disease development and prognosis. For example, hypertension is closely associated with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, which an important precursor of HF. In particular, nighttime blood pressure (BP) appears to be an important, modifiable risk factor. Both nighttime BP and an abnormal circadian pattern of nighttime BP dipping have been shown to predict development of HF and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, independent of office BP. Key mechanisms for this association include sodium handling/salt sensitivity and increased sympathetic activation. These pathogenic mechanisms are targeted by several new treatment options, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and renal denervation. All of these could form part of antihypertensive strategies designed to control nighttime BP and contribute to the goal of achieving perfect 24-hour BP management. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to determine the effects of reducing nighttime BP and improving the circadian BP profile on the rate of HF, other cardiovascular events, and mortality.

Characteristics and control of the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Asian countries are facing an increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which may aggravate the burden of cardiovascular diseases in this region. MetS is closely associated with ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Patients with MetS, compared to those without, had a twofold higher risk of new‐onset office, home, or ambulatory hypertension. Furthermore, the risk of new‐onset MetS in patients with white‐coat, masked and sustained hypertension was also doubled compared to normotensives. High‐risk masked hypertension and blunted nighttime BP dipping are common in patients with MetS, suggesting perfect 24‐hour BP control with long‐acting antihypertensive drugs and early initiation of combination therapy might be especially important for patients with MetS.

The Impact of Obesity on Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping.

Background and objectives: It is commonly known that obesity not only increases arterial hypertension (HT) risk but also impacts on the response to antihypertensives. This study aimed to assess blood pressure (BP) parameters based on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement (ABPM) in obese patients. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 128 patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), with an average age of 43.25 years (±12.42), including 55 males and 73 females. They were divided into 2 groups: 1-with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and <40 kg/m2, 2-with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. Each patient underwent 24-h blood pressure monitoring. The average 24-h, daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic pressure, as well as 24-h mean heart rate and % of nocturnal dip, were assessed. Results: Mean BMI in group 1 was 34.73 kg/m2 (±2.96), and in group 2 it was 47.6 kg/m2 (±6.3). Group 1 was significantly older than group 2 (46.5 vs. 39 years old). The analysis of ABPM revealed significantly higher BP values in all measurements in group 2 (i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) 24 h median = 132 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 24 h median = 84 mmHg). The nocturnal dip was greater in group 1 (8.95%). Mean 24-h heart rate was also higher in group 2 (median = 76 beats/min) than group 1 (median = 67.5 beats/min). More than half of patients in group 2 had been previously treated for HT, and based on ABPM, new HT was diagnosed in 6 patients from group 1 and 14 patients from group 2. Three groups of patients were identified based on nighttime dip: dipper, non-dipper, and reverse-dipper. No patient of the extreme dipper type was found. Group 2 comprised of significantly more patients of the reverse-dipper type. Conclusions: Patients with extreme morbid obesity frequently exhibit HT of the reverse-dipping pattern. This type is often linked with a higher risk of more advanced cardiovascular illness.

Impaired Daytime Urinary Sodium Excretion Impacts Nighttime Blood Pressure and Nocturnal Dipping at Older Ages in the General Population.

The circadian rhythm of urinary sodium excretion is related to the diurnal blood pressure regulation (BP) and the nocturnal dipping pattern. The renal sodium excretion expressed as daytime/nighttime ratio impacts BP, but a limited number of studies have investigated this topic to date. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the impact of different daily patterns of sodium excretion (comparing low with high ratios) on BP and nocturnal dipping and to explore the relationship with age. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and daytime and nighttime urinary sodium collections were used to assess 1062 subjects in Switzerland. Analyses were performed according to the day/night urinary sodium excretion ratio quartiles (Q1–Q4) and by age group (≤50 and ≥50 years). Subjects in Q1 can be considered low excretors of sodium during the daytime since the rate of sodium excretion during the daytime was 40% lower than that of subjects in Q4. Quartiles of the day/night urinary sodium excretion ratio showed that subjects in Q1 were 7 years older and had respectively 6 and 5 mmHg higher nighttime systolic and diastolic BP and a higher nocturnal dipping compared with subjects in Q4 (p-value ≤0.001). Associations found were significant only for subjects older than 50 years (all p < 0.05). The present results suggest that a decreased capacity to excrete sodium during daytime is more prevalent as age increases and that it impacts nighttime blood pressure and nocturnal dipping in older subjects.