Night Snack Research Articles

Association of Night Snacking and Screen Time on Sleep Behavior in Japanese Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Irregular lifestyles, such as sleep deprivation and disordered eating, disrupt the circadian clock and are linked to health issues. This study investigates the relationship among chronotypes, social jet lag, night-snacking habits, and screen time in toddlers. A survey of 6177 mothers of children aged 3-8 years was conducted in June 2022. Means comparison and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Toddlers who consumed night snacks were more likely to be evening types and experienced longer social jet lag. Longer screen time during night snacking correlated with evening-type tendencies. Juice and ice cream were identified as evening-type snacks. We suggest that stopping snacks after dinner is crucial to prevent evening-type eating. Especially, high-sugar and high-fat night snacks like juice and ice cream may contribute to nocturnal habits and disrupt circadian rhythms in children.

Exploring Australian Dietitians' knowledge, experience and perspectives of time-restricted eating in private practice: A qualitative study.

Time-restricted eating is a novel nutrition intervention with evidence of beneficial effects on weight loss, blood glucose management, and other metabolic health outcomes. Adherence to time-restricted eating is higher than some traditional nutrition interventions to support individuals living with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there may be an evidence-practice gap of time-restricted eating in Australian dietetic practice. The present study aimed to explore dietitians' knowledge, experiences, and perspectives of time-restricted eating and timing of eating advice in practice. Semi-structured interviews with 10 private practice dietitians across Australia were conducted. Audio recordings were transcribed and analysed thematically. Six themes were identified: (i) distinction of time-restricted eating to other fasting protocols; (ii) knowledge of health benefits of time-restricted eating; (iii) patient-led advice frequently given: timing of breakfast and dinner; (iv) dietitian-led advice frequently given: eating cut-off time to avoid late night snacking; (v) barriers and facilitators to offering time-restricted eating or timing of eating advice; (vi) timing of eating advice within professional guidelines and resources. These findings suggest the need for development of professional resources and educational development tools for dietitians on time-restricted eating.

EFFECT OF LATE-NIGHT EATING ON HEALTH: A SURVEY FROM UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Late night eating is characterized by eating after 10 pm or eating 2 hours before sleep at least 3 times per week, it is also characterized by the number of late-night eating episodes and the proportion of total daily calories consumed during the eating episode. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between late-night eating habits and various health issues among individuals from multiple universities in Pakistan. Data was collected from over 15 universities, including the University of Lahore, Comsats University, Bahria University, Punjab University, Karachi University, and de Montmorency College of Dentistry. A non-probability convenient sampling technique was employed to select more than 150 participants for data collection. Participants were evaluated using a pre-tested questionnaire. Dietary choices, circadian rhythms, psychological stress, and social influences are just a few of the things that have an impact on late-night eating habits and the health problems that go along with them. The results of the study indicated that a significant proportion of the participants experienced health issues as a result of their late-night eating habits. Among the observed health issues, headache was the most prevalent, affecting 75% of the participants, followed by sleep disorders (66%), depression (63%), and acidity (59%). In contrast, a lower percentage of individuals reported issues such as diarrhea (29%), vomiting (25%), and piles (21%). For late night eating, majority of the participants approximately 95 % were preferring consuming meals, fried foods and confectionary items for late night snacking and the least consumption was observed of corn and popcorn that accounted for 60 %.and 57 % respectively. It was concluded that late night eating is associated with many digestive, metabolic and psychological issues that have a negative impact on overall health of an individual. The increase in frequency and size of late-night eating in adolescence and adulthood will lead them towards an unhealthy aging.

Dietary intakes and daily distribution patterns of macronutrients in youth soccer players.

There has been an abundance of dietary analysis research conducted on adult male soccer players, while studies on youth players are lacking. Furthermore, the daily distribution of energy and macronutrient intake throughout the day has been reported to influence training adaptations, but this is often not considered in the literature. This study aims to quantify daily energy and macronutrient intake and assess their distribution over 5 days, and compare daily energy intakes and predicted daily energy expenditure in under-16 male soccer players. The sample included 25 soccer participants aged 14.8-15.7 years. Five-day self-reported food diaries were used to record the food/drink consumption. Intake was analyzed for total daily energy, macronutrient intakes, and distribution among meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks). Daily energy expenditure was predicted by resting energy expenditure and physical activity levels developed for youth sports participants. The mean total energy intake was 1,928 ± 388 kcal∙day-1, whereas the estimated daily energy expenditure was 3,568 kcal∙day-1. Relative daily protein intakes were lower at breakfast, morning snack, afternoon snack, and night snack compared to lunch and dinner. Youth soccer players do not appear to meet energy requirements and daily CHO guidelines. Fluctuations in protein intake throughout the day were noted and may influence training adaptations (i.e., muscle protein synthesis and recovery).

Lack of major impact of implementation ofthe Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop System intechnologically-naïve patients with Type1 Diabetes mellitus on their food choices or weight - a one year follow-up.

The purpose of this follow-up study on the implementation of advanced closed-loop hybrid insulin pumps in people with type 1 diabetes was to assess the impact of introducing this advanced technology on quantitative and qualitative parameters of diet. 18 patients (8 women and 10 men, mean age 40.9 years) patients using the CE-marked MiniMed 780G AHCL system who completed 1 year of follow-up were included into the study. The research tool was the KomPAN questionnaire with several own questions added, asked in three study periods, concerning the number of meals consumed, general and night snacking, carbohydrate counting, frequency of consumption of various groups of products that affect postprandial glycaemia. Although the mean body weight of the examined group did not increase significantly (from 75.1kg at the beginning to 75,9kg at the end), five various individual scenarios of weight change were observed. The eating habits has not changed, but patients began to consume less products containing simple sugars, e.g. fruit preserves, milk chocolate or fish in sauces (p<0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between the change in body weight at the end of the study and the average amount of carbohydrates entered into the pump from the entire 12 months (p = 0.460). The implementation of AHCL system in technology naïve patients, despite offering more freedom of food choices due to better glycaemic control, did not have a significant impact on patients' dietary patterns, also did not result in weight gain. This is important since AHCL system offers more freedom of food choices due to better glycaemic control. However, the longer follow up and the study based on larger population is required to finally address the issue of the impact of AHCL on body mass.

Unhealthy lifestyle associated with increased risk of macro- and micro-vascular comorbidities in patients with long-duration type 2 diabetes: results from the Taiwan Diabetes Registry

BackgroundUnhealthy lifestyle has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Whereas its association with vascular complications in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes is still uncertain.MethodsA total of 1188 patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes from the Taiwan Diabetes Registry (TDR) data were analyzed. We stratified the severity of unhealthy lifestyle via scoring three factors (sleep duration <7 or >9 h, sit duration ≥ 8h, and meal numbers ≥ with night snack) and analyzed their associations with the development of vascular complications using logistic regression analysis. Besides, we also included 3285 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes as the comparison.ResultsIncreased numbers of factors that stand for unhealthy lifestyle were significantly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, peripheral arterial occlusion disease (PAOD) and nephropathy in patients with long-duration of type 2 diabetes. After adjusting multiple covariables, having ≥ 2 factors of unhealthy lifestyle remained significant associations with cardiovascular disease and PAOD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–3.69) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.21–5.90), respectively. Among individual factor for unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, we revealed that eating ≥ 4 meals per day with night snack increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and nephropathy after multivariable adjustment (OR of 2.60, 95% CI 1.28–5.30; OR of 2.54, 95% CI 1.52–4.26, respectively). Whereas sit duration for ≥ 8 h per day increased the risk of PAOD (OR of 4.32, 95% CI 2.38–7.84).ConclusionUnhealthy lifestyle is associated with increased prevalence of macro- and micro-vascular comorbidities in Taiwanese patients with long-duration type 2 diabetes.

A study on the effects of health behavior and sports participation on female college students' body mass index and healthy promoting lifestyle.

Life form and body composition may affect the health of college students. This study will explore the relationship between the demographic variables of female college students and their body composition and health promoting lifestyle, so as to provide useful reference for the future design and planning of college students' physical and mental health courses and improving their physical activity level. Using the method of questionnaire and bioelectrical resistance measurement, a questionnaire on healthy lifestyle of college students was constructed on the basis of consulting a large number of relevant research literature. Relevant survey samples were obtained through random sampling, and their body composition was measured; use SPSS21.0 statistical analysis software to conduct statistical analysis on relevant indicators. (1) at present, female college students generally lack leisure activities and sleep, the proportion of regular fitness habits is low, and the number of snacks and average daily online time are generally too high; The overweight rate and body fat rate of female college students are generally too high, while the standard rate of muscle weight is generally too low. (2) Female college students' health promoting lifestyle has the highest score of self-realization, followed by interpersonal support and the worst behavior of sports participation; The older the college students, the worse their sports participation and overall health promotion behavior; The better the Conscious health status, the better the self-realization, exercise participation and nutritional behavior; The more exercise time per day, the higher their participation in sports and the stronger their health responsibility; The more time spent on the Internet every day, the worse the health responsibility and sports participation. (3) The more time female college students spend on the Internet every day, the higher the probability of overweight. Those with regular exercise habits have a lower proportion of overweight and high body fat rate, while the better their sleep and night snack behavior, the lower their body fat rate. The older college students are, the larger their visceral fat area is, the better their exercise habits and sleep behavior are, the smaller their visceral fat area is, and the lower their visceral fat level is.

The Brown Commons in the Time of Pandemic

The Brown Commons in the Time of Pandemic

Energy, nutrients and food sources in snacks for adolescents and young adults.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate associations between snacking and energy, nutrients and food source, and to identify the contribution of snacking across age, sex, weight status and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents and young adults.Methods: A sub-sample was calculated from the population-based cross-sectional study 2015-Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital). The survey “ISA-Nutrição” used a sample of non-institutionalized individuals aged >15 years. For this study, only adolescents (12-18 years old; n=418) and young adults (19-29 years old; n=218) were included. Snacks were identified, and their contribution to energy, nutrients, and food sources were calculated. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were used.Results: Participants experienced an average of 2.9±0.6 snacking occasions per day. Young adults consumed more energy from morning and night snacks, and adolescents, from afternoon snacks. The top three food sources on snacking contributed to 30.5% of energy: cookies (11.8%), sugar sweetened beverages (9.4%), sweets and other desserts (9.3%). Although results were non-significant, being a female (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.93; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.36-1.49), meeting the physical activity recommendations (OR 0.75; 95%CI 0.25-1.25), and scoring higher for the healthy eating index (OR 0.88; 95%C 0.24-1.52) were all factors related to increased intake of snacks. Alternatively, overweight individuals (OR -0.54; 95%CI -1.00 to -0.08) consumed less snacks.Conclusions: Improving the quality of snacks should be considered in behavior-change strategies.

Lockdown and its Impact on Food and Exercise Study

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had enforced several restrictions which were necessary to abate the spread of the virus, however, the blow of these limitations on health behaviors and lifestyles remains vague. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the behavioral and lifestyle consequences of complete lockdown during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: The Lockdown and its Impact on Food and Exercise study was a pilot study conducted in the form of a questionnaire which was handed out to the public and circulated electronically. The questions regarding exercise were adapted from the International physical activity questionnaire and those regarding food habits were taken from the Public Library of Science and the Self-regulation of Eating Behavior Questionnaire. This survey was conducted from March 28 to April 14, 2020, during which a complete lockdown prevailed. Results: The COVID-19 complete lockdown had a negative impact on all intensity exercise levels, vigorous exercise (64.34% vs. 41.20%, P ≤ 0.00001), moderate exercise (95.67% vs. 84.57%, P ≤ 0.00001), and walking (55.42% vs. 42.89%, P = 0.0003). Food consumption and meal patterns (58.55% vs. 47.95%, P = 0.0022) were also more unhealthy (78.60% vs. 87.94%, P = 0.0096) during complete lockdown with only the consumption of late night snack decreasing significantly. Conclusion: The results of this analysis indicate that physical activity had decreased significantly and eating behaviors were unhealthy. Hence, our survey will help to develop interventions which would potentially alleviate these negative lifestyle and nutrition behaviors.

Data-driven development of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire for Japanese adults.

FFQ, the primary method of dietary assessment in large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies, preclude an informed evaluation of the timing of dietary intake and meal-specific dietary intake. In this study, we developed the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ), a self-administered questionnaire designed for estimating food and nutrient intakes for each meal type separately. The development was done based on a 16-d dietary record obtained from 242 Japanese adults. The MDHQ consisted of the three different parts, with a total of 196 items. Part 1 of the MDHQ asks about consumption frequency of generic food groups (n 24) for each meal type: breakfast, morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner and night snack. Part 2 of the MDHQ asks about relative consumption frequency of sub-food groups within one of the generic food groups which are asked in Part 1. Combining information derived from Parts 1 and 2 enables us to increase the number of foods we can estimate efficiently but within a limited number of questions. Part 3 of the MDHQ asks about general eating behaviours, which are intended to use in a variety of ways during dietary intake calculation. A series of calculation algorithms for food groups, energy and nutrients was also prepared. Given that the MDHQ was empirically developed based on comprehensive information on actual food consumption, this innovative tool may be promising for future epidemiological research on meal patterns and time of day of dietary intake, or chrono-nutrition research. A rigorous evaluation of validity of the MDHQ is warranted.

Tip 1 Diyabetli Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarda Yatmadan Önce Süt İçmenin Gece Glukoz Seyrine Etkisi: Vaka Sunumları

Tip 1 diyabet (T1D) tanılı küçük çocuklar diyabet yönetimi ve glisemik değişkenlik bakımından ayrı bir yere sahiptir. Küçük çocuklar (&lt;7 yaş), hipoglisemi ve hipergliseminin daha sık görülmesi, hipoglisemi bulgularını ifade edememeleri, rezidüel beta hücre fonksiyonunun az olması, ciddi hipoglisemi atakları ve kronik hiperglisemiye bağlı uzun dönemde nörokognitif etkilenmenin daha fazla olması gibi birçok zorlukla karşı karşıyadır. Bu zorluklar ebeveynlere endişe olarak yansımakta ve birçok ebeveyn gece hipoglisemisi korkusu nedeniyle glukoz değeri ne olursa olsun rutin bir şekilde çocuğa gece ara öğünü vermektedir. Ülkemizde çocukların gece uyumadan önce ve sabah süt içme alışkanlıkları olması sebebiyle süt sık tüketilen bir seçenek olmaktadır. Kliniğimizde izlenen küçük yaş grubu çocukların Sürekli Glukoz İzlem (SGİ) verilerinde süt içirip uyutmanın gece boyunca hiperglisemiye neden olduğu, süt vermenin bırakılması durumunda ise gece glukoz seyrinin hedef aralıkta (70-180 mg/dL) kalma oranının arttığı gözlenmiştir. Bu yazıda kliniğimizde izlenen 3-5 yaş arasındaki iki olgunun tıbbi beslenme tedavisi ve gece ara öğününde verilen sütün SGİ verilerine yansıması paylaşılacaktır.

Impact of Coronavirus Disease-19 Lockdown on Egyptian Children and Adolescents: Dietary Pattern Changes Health Risk

BACKGROUND: Lockdown and school closure related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have unfavorable effects on children and adolescents.&#x0D; AIM: This study was conducted to survey the changes in dietary pattern and related health factors in Egyptian children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak closure.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected through a dietary pattern, eating behavior, and physical activity electronic questionnaire conducted through social media sites, targeting parents of children and adolescents after two whole months of lockdown and school closure in Egypt.&#x0D; RESULTS: This study included 765 participants, 31.8% noted increased appetite, 45.6% reported increased sweets and unhealthy food consumption, and 37.6% showed increased frequent snacking between meals. Alongside 53.1% showed increase in late snacks during night after COVID-19 closure. The majority of our participants 82.0% noted associative change in eating behavior with boring and 94.6% revealed increased usage of electronics and screen time. This study showed significant positive correlation between increased appetite and mobile screen time, laptop screen time, and video gaming. Increased sweets and unhealthy food consumption was positively correlated with TV watching and mobile screen time. A significant positive correlation was revealed between uncaring about eating fruits and vegetables and increase screen time for each of mobile, and laptop and remote learning. Furthermore, there was positive correlation between decreased protein serving intake and each of mobile screen time and remote learning. TV watching and laptop screen times showed positively significantly association with frequent snacking between meals. Mobile screen time, TV screen time, and video gaming were positively significantly correlated with late night snacking.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The present study concluded prolonged lockdown leads to changes in eating patterns, related to contributing factors of physical inactivity and prolonged screen time.

Comparison of the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, hsCRP and sICAM-1 inflammatory factors, bone mineral density and nutritional status between diabetic and normal pregnant women

To compare the ultrasound bone mineral density, nutritional status and inflammatory state of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and those with normal blood glucose. Retrospective analysis of pregnant women who were prenatally examined and delivered in The 5th People's Hospital of Ji'nan from May 2015 to July 2017 was performed, including 68 subjects with normal blood glucose in the control group and 74 subjects with GDM in the experiment group. The bone mineral density, nutritional status and inflammatory state were measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The bone mineral density of pregnant women with GDM was lower than that of the control group; the incidence of osteoporosis in GDM pregnant women was higher than that in the control group. The energy intake of GDM pregnant women was high, and the usage rate of fruits, sweets, deep-fried products and night snack was higher than that of normal pregnant women. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, hsCRP and sICAM-1 inflammatory factors in GDM pregnant women were significantly higher than those with normal blood glucose. The bone mineral density of pregnant women with GDM is lower than that with normal blood glucose. Therefore, the prevention of GDM in pregnant women is also important for their bone health. GDM pregnant women's health education should be strengthened and reasonable dietary interventions should be carried out as soon as possible. TNF-a, IL-6, hsCRP, and sICAM-1 may be involved in the inflammatory process of GDM.

Behavioral Circadian Timing System Disruptors and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Nonshift Working Multiethnic Population.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe distributions of behavioral circadian disruptors in a free‐living setting among a nonshift working multiethnic population, estimate the associated risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and determine whether disruptors account for ethnic differences in T2D.MethodsParticipants from six ethnic groups were included (Amsterdam, the Netherlands; n = 1,347‐3,077 per group). Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate ethnic differences in disruptors, such as skipping breakfast, eating erratically, and sleep duration. Associations between disruptors and incident T2D and the interaction by ethnicity were studied by Cox regression.ResultsEthnic minority populations skipped breakfast more often, timed meals differently, had longer periods of fasting, ate more erratically, and had more short/long sleep durations than the Dutch. Night snacking from 4 am to 6 am (HR: 5.82; 95% CI: 1.42‐23.91) and both short (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03‐2.12) and long sleep (HR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.54‐6.22), but no other disruptors, were associated with T2D. The higher T2D risk among ethnic minority populations compared with Dutch did not decrease after adjustment for last snack or length of sleep.ConclusionsAlthough prevalence of circadian disruptors was higher among ethnic minority populations and some disruptors were associated with T2D, disruptors did not account for ethnic differences in T2D risk.

Improved meals service and reduced food waste and costs in medical institutions resulting from employment of a food service dietitian \u2013 a case study

BackgroundA recurring problem in medical institutions is patients not always receiving food meeting their nutritional and medical needs. A proposed contributing factor is non- inclusion of dietitians in food service staff. Recently, positions for food service dietitians in hospitals were created. For the newly defined role of “Food Service Dietitian”, comprehensive training courses were developed (70 dietitians participated).ObjectiveTo examine the impact of the addition of the role of a “Food Service Dietitian” in medical institutions on suitability of foods served, food costs and food waste.MethodsA three years (2014–2017) national case study to examine the new role’s impact was carried out, in 18 hospitals, nine of which employ a food service dietitian (intervention), and 9 without (control). The number of nutritional analyses of menus was checked, as was the extent of kitchen staff training, and how often night meals were served for all patients. Data were gathered regarding food costs and waste with respect to food distributed to staff and patients. Food costs savings and waste reduction were calculated, based on reduction in provision of unnecessary meals, at a cost of 18 NIS per day per meal.ResultsKitchen staff training was carried out in all intervention institutions, and not in the controls. In most controls, nutritional analyses were not performed, whereas in the intervention hospitals, full analyses were performed and tailoring of menus to specific department requirements improved significantly. In most intervention hospitals, late night snacks were provided, this not being so in the controls. Total food cost savings of $229,569 per annum was seen in the six intervention hospitals, attributable to 4 factors:Meals not delivered to fasting patients, or those receiving parenteral/enteral nutrition- cost savings of 328,500 NIS ($93,857)Better tailoring and monitoring of food delivered to the wards and staff (bread, cheese, milk etc)- annual cost savings of 235,000 NIS ($67,142) in the hospitals with a food service dietitian.Checking expiry dates of medical foods, and improved communication between the wards, the kitchen and the food distribution centers, has lessened food waste with savings of 5% from the medical food budget per annum of 40,000 NIS ($11,428).As a result of dietitian-performed nutritional analyses, tailoring of food provided according to the patient’s medical and nutrition needs was improved. In one hospital, after re-evaluation of serve sizes in high protein diets, sizes were reduced while retaining adequacy, with immediate cost savings of 200,000 NIS ($57,142) per annum.ConclusionsImplementation of the new role of Food Service Dietitian led to cost savings and significant improvements in adherence to the nutritional care plan.

Diurnal Patterns of Energy Intake Derived via Principal Component Analysis and Their Relationship with Adiposity Measures in Adolescents: Results from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey RP (2008⁻2012).

Mounting evidence points towards the existence of an association between energy intake in the evening and an increased prevalence and risk of being overweight and of obesity. The present study aimed to describe diurnal eating patterns (DEP) in a nationally representative sample of UK adolescents and to relate the derived DEP to anthropometrical measures. Data from four-day food records of adolescents aged 11–18 years participating in the 2008–2012 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS RP) was utilised. The DEP were derived using a principal component analysis on the correlation matrix. Three orthogonal diurnal patterns were interpretable as (i) a linear contrast (8% of total system variation) between breakfast and an earlier lunch vs. a later lunch, late dinner, and evening/night snack, renamed “phase shift” DEP; (ii) a linear contrast (6.0% of system variation) between midmorning snacks, late lunch, and early dinner vs. breakfast, early and late morning snacks, early lunch, midafternoon snacks, and late dinner, renamed “early eating and grazing” DEP; (iii) a linear contrast (6.0% of system variation) between late main meals vs. early main meals and night snacks which was renamed “early main meals and night snacks vs. late main meals” DEP. After the adjustment for confounders, every 1 unit increase in the “early main meals and night snacks vs. late main meals”’ DEP score was significantly associated with a 0.29 kg/m2 and 11.6 mm increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference, respectively. There were no significant associations with the other two main DEPs. In conclusion, adolescents who tended to eat large early main meals and night snacks rather than slightly later main meals without night snacks had higher BMI and waist circumference. Further research is required to explore the determinants of DEP and to explore the impact of the context of eating and socioecological factors in the development of specific DEP.

Do Airbnb’s “Superhosts” deserve the badge? An empirical study from China

ABSTRACTThe “Superhost” badge is that Airbnb entitles the host provides good services. This study verifies Airbnb’s “Superhost” mechanism by applying text mining technologies, combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and K-Means, to the entire dataset of tourists’ online reviews of Hangzhou city, China. Six kinds of hosts’ good services are identified, including “Three Meals or Night Snacks,” “Fruits, Drinks or Snacks,” “Travel Guides,” “Free Shuttle or Helping with Luggage,” “Chats,” and “Replies or Communications.” The study reveals the minority of “Superhosts” are mentioned of providing the majority of six kinds of good services, which means “Superhosts” do deserve the badge.

Application of nursing project improvement in improving the compliance of late night snack in patients with liver failure

Objective To explore the application of nursing project improvement in improving the compliance of late night snack and the albumin level in patients with liver failure. Methods From August 2016 to November 2017, a total of 96 chronic and acute liver failure patients who were hospitalized in He'nan People's Hospital were selected as the research subjects by convenience sampling method. All the subjects were divided into two groups according to the time of hospitalization. The patients who were hospitalized before the application of nursing project improvement, from August 2016 to March 2017, were assigned as the control group. After the application of nursing project improvement, from April 2017 to November 2017, the patients were assigned as the intervention group. The nursing project improvement activities has been implemented from April 2017. The causes of low compliance rate of patients with pre-bedtime meal addition were explored. Nursing project improvement group was established to formulate measures to improve the compliance of patients with liver failure before bedtime meal addition. The compliance of late night snack and the albumin level of the patients were compared between the two groups. Results The compliance of late night snack in patients with liver failure increased from 66.7% to 85.9%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01) . The albumin level of the intervention group was higher than that of the control group after the improvement, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01) . Conclusions Through the implementation of nursing project improvement, we could improve the compliance of late night snack in patients with liver failure, and improve the nutritional status of patients with liver failure. Key words: Nursing care; Nutritional status; Nursing project improvement; Liver failure; Late night snack

Fitness Index on Physical Fitness, Obesity and Dietary Intake of Youths in Singapore

The purpose of this study was to compare health-related fitness variables between boys and girls in Singapore. 762 and 694 13-year old Singaporean boys and girls (respectively) participated in this study. Anthropometrical measurements were taken and participants performed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run, sit-and-reach, handgrip strength, and sit-up tests. Questionnaires regarding their lifestyle and dietary habits were also completed. Results found that boys were significantly stronger than girls, whereas girls were significantly more flexible. In general, obesity rates in Singapore are kept at a low percentage, although youths should participate in higher amounts of physical activity and exercise. It is recommended that youths consume more nutrients and reduce their intake of night snacks, desserts, and fried food in their daily diet. If this health trend continues lifelong, there may be a low risk of cardiovascular disease