Nigerian People Research Articles

The price of politics: What the 2020 oil shocks in Nigeria teach us about transactional political systems

Political spending—funds that elite actors use to buy and sell political power—is the lifeblood of Nigerian politics. It fuels backroom deals, forges political coalitions, and is the means to incite or end violence. To date, political spending in Nigeria has largely been financed by its immense oil revenues flowing through the government. It is natural to assume that political budgets should rise and fall with oil’s boom-and-bust cycles, but the reality is not so straightforward. Based on an analysis of the 2020 oil crash in Nigeria, this paper examines how traumatic decarbonization—the sudden, unplanned loss of oil revenues—did not lead to a reduction in political budgets but did force a change in how they were funded and channeled. Despite the loss in oil revenues, patronage and the “contractocracy,” government contracts used to funnel rents to the elite, were protected and expanded massively in 2021 with funding from domestic and international loans. The 2020 oil crash demonstrated the resilience and rising cost of transactional politics in Nigeria, even when it came at the expense of the Nigerian people. Through this analysis, the paper further examines systemically corrupt political systems and how political actors adapt to changes in available political finance.

Self-Realisation in the Awakening by Kate Chopin

Racism took a different turn in the 16th century, impacting this generation's society. Through racist beliefs and thoughts, people divided society into divisions. This study was based on racism and white people's historical oppression of black people. In this study, we examined two novels that help to analyze racism in society, and the impact of these novels on culture was also addressed. The study described slavery in the 19th century and the colonial times of Nigerian tribes. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn offered an American perspective on racism vs. the African setting of Things Fall Apart. During the 19th century, Nigerian people faced colonization that impacted the culture and behaviour of indigenous people. In this study, different aspects of racism and the effects of racism on black people were examined. This study also showed that the British invasion forced marginalization in every element of Igbo society, ranging from traditional values to religious and gender roles; this study aims to discuss the differences in the perspective of racism by analyzing Things Fall Apart and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. These two pieces of literature helped to develop better concepts and aspects of racism in the social setting and highlighted the racism between white and black people.

Analisis Studi Kasus Produk Indomie di Nigeria: Positioning, Promotion, dan Channel Management

This research discusses an organization that is involved in global marketing, which focuses its resources on global market opportunities and threats. The research object is Indofood with its product Indomie. The problems discussed relate to Indofood's marketing strategy for Indomie brand noodle products in Nigeria, seen from how Indomie shapes perceptions in the minds of the Nigerian people (positioning), how Indomie carries out promotional activities in Nigeria to encourage sales, and how Indomie is distributed in various remote areas in Nigeria. This type of research is descriptive with case study research techniques, which uses primary and secondary data. Indomie in Nigeria has successfully dominated the market and continues to develop as the strongest instant noodle brand through the right combination of good product strategy and affordable prices, the right positioning, integrated promotions and aggressive distribution. The company is expected to continue to strengthen its business through creating competitive advantages. This research is specific, where it only focuses on a few small parts of marketing strategies or activities, which can be followed up and developed further in the future.

Party Politics and National Integration in Nigeria: An Appraisal of All Progressive Congress 2019-2023

This study examined party politics and national integration in Nigeria: an appraisal of All Progressive Congress (APC). It conceptualized political parties and national integration. The study raised two objectives namely: Ascertain how All Progressive Congress (APC) politics has promoted national integration in Nigeria between 2015 and 2023. Determine how All Progressive Congress (APC) politics has undermined national integration in Nigeria. Systems theory was used as the theory for the study. Ex-post facto design was used. Data used for the study were derived through secondary sources. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that APC has made some contributions towards national integration in Nigeria. The finding of the study also shows that these efforts have their challenges which militated against them in the realization of their objectives. While the efforts were intended to achieve national integration, solidarity and unity, it ended up creating disunity among the people, and marginalization of one section by the other thereby leading to intense struggle for power between and or among people from different ethnic groups. The study concluded that due to the nature of party politics, APC as a political party has not been able to live up to expectation as a veritable instrument for national integration. Secondly, some of the party leaders are more powerful than the political party itself and as such their selfish personal interest overrides the interest of the party and the nation as the case may be. The study recommended that political parties must run issue-based campaigns devoid of hate speech or disinformation to restore their integrity in the eyes of citizens. Once elected and/ or appointed to political office, party members must follow through on the promises made during the campaign period. Also, political parties must be held accountable for their abuses of the system and failure to represent the interests of the Nigerian people. Keywords: Political Party, Party Politics, National Integration

READING ACHEBE’S THINGS FALL APART FROM CÉSAIRE’S PERSPECTIVE ON ANTICOLONIALISM

This research aims to obtain a deep notion of what stands beyond one of Achebe’s prominent African trilogies – Things Fall Apart – from the concept of anticolonialism promoted by Aimé Césaire. It examines two main subject matters i.e.; the reason why African people struggle so hard to oppose the oppression of the colonizers and what efforts they develop to react to the bad treatment. The harassment of human values - what Césaire called "thingification", trampled culture, damaged socio-cultural foundations, destroyed native religions, and confiscated ancestral inherited lands have apparently become the trigger for the struggle against colonialism. Meanwhile, the real way and effort made to fight the arrogance of the colonialists was to strengthen cultural identity and maintain the noble values that had united all tribes. In this way, the Igbo tribe and the Nigerian people finally gained their independence on October 1, 1960 - 2 (two) years after the novel Things Fall Apart was published.

Sovereign Wealth Funds and Nigeria’s Economy (2012–2021)

This study examined how Nigeria’s sovereign wealth funds has related to the economy: 2012-2021. The sovereign wealth fund is designed to build a savings base for the Nigerian people, enhancing the development of Nigeria’s infrastructure, and providing stabilization support in times of economic stress, somehow stabilizing the local currency value. It seems that the sovereign wealth funds of Nigeria is not yet growing sustainably. Thus, this work seeks to ascertain how the sovereign wealth fund has related to economic growth of Nigeria. The study made use of secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority. Using descriptive and scooping methods, the study showed that the total assets value of the Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) authority, the total assets value of the SWF group consolidated, the net profit of the SWF authority and the net profit of the SWF group consolidated have not reasonably influenced the economic growth of Nigeria. The work recommends amongst others that the government should be consistent in transferring excess crude oil revenue to the Fund; strategic partnership with investors with superior business intelligence is required; and the SWF Authority must promote accountability and transparency in the management of the funds.

The Need for Democratization of Security in Nigeria

Nigeria, the most populous nation in the African continent, though rich in culture and resources, has been plagued by various security challenges, including terrorism, ethnic and religious conflicts, armed banditry, kidnapping, and other forms of criminality. Poor governance, economic instability, and the constant incidence of communal conflicts and violent crimes have marred the nation’s reputation both locally and internationally. The inability of the government to effectively address these security threats has led to widespread fear, displacement of communities, loss of lives and livelihoods, and hindered economic growth. The populace does not feel safe and is quite wary of their future. People are becoming increasingly vocal about the lack of security and justice in Nigeria, and their exasperation often takes the form of violence and civil unrest. This state of Nigeria is a serious cause for concern as it is not only detrimental to the country’s development but can also become a potential threat to the region. It is therefore important that the current situation in Nigeria be rectified, and constructive measures need to be taken to ensure the security and well-being of its citizens. This paper seeks to explore the urgent need for the democratization of security in Nigeria to enhance accountability, ensure transparency, and empower communities in the decision-making processes related to security. It will focus on the democratization of security and the rule of law to essentially create an environment where the population feels safe and is free of violence. The paper will propose that in order to improve the security situation in Nigeria, it is imperative that there be a system of security and justice that is accountable to the Nigerian people. This must replace the current situation, which is the maintenance of security and the dispensation of justice as tools for the survival of the regime in power. This has been the case in Nigeria because historically, the instruments of the state have been used to serve the interests of a small ruling elite, rather than protect the welfare of the Nigerian people.

Importance of Local Voices in Rural Communities

In this issue of the Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, our authors explore the importance of giving voice to people whose lives and learning journeys are entwined with ‘the rural’. The articles reflect the concerns of Australian First Nations students and researchers, of young people and medical students on a vocational pathway, and of Nigerian people navigating risks in post-secondary education. They also reflect the voices of researchers who have contributed to the Journal for over 30 years.

Interrogating the consequences of political corruption on Nigeria’s development: the way forward

This paper is interrogating the consequencies of political corruption on Nigeria’s Development; the wayforward. Corruption is any form or act of dishonesty perpetuated by individual(s) to weaken a legitimate institution or process and this has a direct consequence(s) against development as development is both quantitative and qualitative transformation. Political Corruption which are those act of dishonesty perpetuated by Politicians either elected, selected and or appointed is inimical to the growth and development of Nigeria. The method of Data Collection employ in this paper strictly concerns to the design and the method of Data Collection. The explanatory design was used in this paper for the purpose of relying on document evidence to prove the injury caused by political corruption and the secondary method of data collection was used. The choice of this is to reduce the temptation of respondents not willing to give information due to the sensitive nature of the topic under review, no doubt political corruption has been proven that it has a very dangerous consequence against Nigeria’s and development base on this the paper by a way forward suggested among others that the Nigerian people need to be educated because it is only education that can provide literacy on the corrupt activities of Nigeria politicians.

Historicising Foreign Powers’ Intervention in the Nigeria–Biafra War (1967-1970)

The fratricidal war between Nigeria and Biafra ended some over five decades ago. But the lessons learned are not yet forgotten. This article attempts to historicise the role of foreign powers in the Nigeria–Biafra war of 1967-1970. Most scholars erroneously refer to the war as the Nigerian civil war, but historically it was a war fought by two “independent” countries – The Republic of Nigeria and Republic of Biafra, for There was a Country, as Achebe puts it (2012). Over the years the raison d’etre of foreign powers’ intervention in the war has not been properly contextualized. This work, then, sets out to historicise and deconstruct the determinant factors and the role played by foreign intervention in the war. The article employs both primary and secondary data to achieve its objective and reveal the national interests and foreign policy objectives – as expressed in economic, strategic and political objectives – that were factors in the foreign powers’ intervention. The fallout from the 1963 and 1964 general elections is a relevant initial cause of the Nigeria-Biafra war. The article intends to analyse and interpret the political thought processes that generated foreign intervention, and suggests that, should there be another implosion that leads to a repeat of 1967-1970, the foreign powers that politicians usually rely on for aid and assistance can be expected to respond in line with certain patterns of economic, strategic or political interest, to the detriment, needless to say, of the Nigerian people.

Human papillomavirus spectrum of HPV-infected women in Nigeria: an analysis by next-generation sequencing and type-specific PCR

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer are leading health problems and causes of death in many parts of the world. There are ~ 200 HPV types that can infect humans. This study aims to understand the spectrum of HPV infections in Nigerian women with normal or abnormal cytology.MethodsWe screened cervical samples from 90 women with possible HPV infections collected in two regional hospitals in Nigeria. The first screening was done using next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS), identifying multiple HPV types in many samples. Thereafter, type-specific PCR analysis was used to verify the NGS-identified HPV types in each sample.ResultsNGS analysis of the 90 samples from the Nigerian cohort identified 44 HPV types. The type-specific PCR confirmed 25 HPV types out of the 44 HPV types detected by NGS, and ~ 10 of these types were the most prevalent. The top five prevalent types found in the Nigerian cohort were HPV71 (17%), HPV82 (15%), HPV16 (16%), HPV6 (10%), and HPV20 (7%). Among the PCR-confirmed HPV types, we found 40.98% high-risk HPV types, 27.22% low-risk HPV types, and 31.15% undetermined HPV types. Among these 25 HPV types in Nigeria, only six were included in the current nine-valent HPV vaccine. We also observed strikingly high multiple HPV infections in most patients, with as many as nine HPV types in a few single samples.ConclusionsOur NGS-PCR approach of HPV typing in the Nigerian cohort samples unveiled all possible HPV types currently circulating in Nigerian people. We confirmed 25 HPV types using NGS and PCR, with many samples infected with multiple HPV types. However, only six of these types are part of the nine-valent HPV vaccines indicating the need to develop region-specific selective vaccines.

IRs PUBLIC DIPLOMACY STRATEGY OF INDONESIA: CASE STUDY INDOMIE GASTROIPLOMACY

This paper aims to describe Indonesia's public diplomacy strategy through culinary. Culinary as an instrument of diplomacy. Public diplomacy is an effective instrument to become a communication and investment tool for a country. This study uses a qualitative method based on case studies. This study uses secondary data and literature review data collection techniques. The results found that Indonesia carried out gastrodiplomacy using Indomie which was produced by PT. Indofood Tbk. Gastrodiplomacy was carried out by Indonesia to Nigeria because it saw an opportunity for a financial crisis in that country. Thus, Indomie can become one of the staple foods used by Nigerian people to maintain the stability of human security in the country. And Indonesia's strategy through 3 C + I. Indonesia uses listening, and advocacy, cultural exchange methods to achieve the expected targets and marketing in Nigeria.

Environmental pollution as health depreciator: the case of household generator use in nigeria

The peculiarities of poor electricity generation and distribution which has resulted in high reliance on generators is implicated in the profile of Nigeria’s environmental pollution situation. Still, the consequences of the pervasive use of generators on health is yet to be optimally captured empirically, and macro-wise. Hence, this work was designed to examine correlations between generator use and some selected indices of- health. depreciator. Cross national, secondary data used were extracted from the 2018/19 Nigerian General Household Survey Panel Component (the 2018/19 GHS-Panel). Data on generator use and some selected indices of ill-health were subjected to descriptive and Spearman rank correlational analysis. Results indicated that generator is owned in 24.6% of Nigerian households. Only 55.4% of households have access to electricity; 11.3% and 12.4% of them primarily and secondarily rely on generators respectively. Male and female respondents reporting any health problem was 22.6% and 22.5% respectively, of which only 20.5% consulted a health practitioner. Respondents reporting drug purchase were 28.8%. Primary reliance on generator significantly and positively correlated with consultation with health practitioner (r = .879, p< 0.05), female health problems (r = .862, p< 0.05), drug purchase (r = .700, p< 0.05), cost of medication (r = .700, p< 0.05), male health problems (r = .667, p = 0.05) and cost of consultation (r = .667, p = 0.05). On the other hand, the use of generator as a secondary or other source of electricity is only significantly and positively related to cost of medication (r = .733, p< 0.05) and drug purchase (r = .717, p< 0.05). Generators are leading assets whose use is becoming a significant element of the Nigerian way of life. Marginal or zero reliance on generator for access to electricity would have kept the Nigerian people healthier than they are currently. Certainly, generator use is a vast sponsor of ill-health and a vicious depreciator of health in Nigeria.

Impact of Traditional Rulers on Peace Sustenance in Local Communities of Ekiti State

Local communities in Nigeria and other parts of the world still experience one form of conflict or the other despite peace-building techniques to maintain peace. The peaceful cohabitation of the Nigerian people has been repeatedly disrupted by some operations, which have constituted a serious security danger to the people, especially in the local communities. The traditional leaders in the communities frequently exert great effort through various channels to promote dispute resolution and guarantee peaceful coexistence among the tribes in their separate spheres of influence. This study assessed the impact of traditional rulers in sustaining peace in the local governments of Ekiti State. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design, gathering data through questionnaire administration and published works. The study revealed that traditional rulers have a significant role in maintaining security for sustainable development in the local communities in Nigeria. It was discovered that traditional rulers played significant roles in maintaining and sustaining peace in Ekiti State Local Governments by settling conflicts among their subjects in their domains. The study concluded that traditional institutions, mainly traditional rulership, remained a reliable force to be reckoned with in maintaining peace. This has been made possible by the Yoruba traditions and spiritualities' immense strength and tenacity, which have significantly impacted their lives and actions. Keywords: Traditional Rulers, Conflicts, Peace Keeping, Local Communities DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-4-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

Rhetoric among Prominent Politicians Excerpts from Yar’adua and Rimi’s Speeches

This article attempts to investigate how politicians used their rhetoric to influence their audiences by examining the specific types of speech rhetoric. Though they employ various of rhetorical speeches when delivering their manifestos. It thus seeks to assess the effectiveness of Speech Act Theory as a framework for analysing the speeches of Alhaji Umar Musa Yar Adua and Alhaji Abubakar Rimi in order to gain a better understanding of their political purposes. The significant events, conflicts, and challenges that the Nigerian people face while their politicians are in office are thought to have a significant impact on the types of speech acts produced in their speeches to make their points clear. This article employs a linguistic taxonomy of rhetorical speech acts based on Aristotle's theory of rhetoric. It provides a method for categorizing speech acts in order to reveal the linguistic and political premise of two well-known politicians' speeches, which stand in for significant events in Nigerians' lives. The findings of the analysis show that socio-political events in the country have a significant impact on the types of speech acts delivered by these two politicians. This is also resulting in their speeches with varying goals of encouraging voters to cast their votes on them for them to win elections.

What are the Social-Economic Conditions of the Ordinary Nigerian People during the oil Boom and Doom? And during Which Periods did the People and the Economy Fare Better?

What are the Social-Economic Conditions of the Ordinary Nigerian People during the oil Boom and Doom? And during Which Periods did the People and the Economy Fare Better?

A critical discourse analysis of selected print media reports on insurgency in Nigerian newspapers

Insufficient studies have considered critical studies to explore diverse discourse patterns that arise from print media reportage of insurgent actions in the country. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine an investigation of the insurgency coverage in Nigerian media through the Critical Discourse Approach with a view to identifying the various ideological roles present in the coverage. van Dijk's (2006) Socio-cognitive approach to Critical Discourse Analysis was adopted as the theoretical framework for this study. The study used a qualitative method to analyse twenty (29) reports purposively. Data were selected from three National newspapers, namely: The Punch, This Day and The Guardian. Findings revealed the presence of six discursive strategies which are labeling, number game, evidentiality, lexicalisation, metaphor and categorisation. These strategies are utilised in news reports to construct polarity as well as social inequality and bias. This paper also revealed that the presupposition of the ideologies found is to increase the information deliveries and acceptance in the written reports of the insurgent actions in Nigeria. Most importantly, the ideologies are used to present two major groups, namely the in-group and the out-group. While the in-group refers to Nigerian citizens who were portrayed as victims and innocent, the out-groups refers to the various insurgency groups who bring about tears, pains and bloodletting among the Nigerian people. The study concludes that newspapers are often bias especially in their reportage of insurgent operations as revealed in the data analysis.

BEN OKRI’S VISION OF POST-INDEPENDENCE: A NEO-COLONIAL READING OF DANGEROUS LOVE

The present study aims at examining the Neo-colonial aspect in Ben Okri’s Dangerous Love. It is a critique of Neo-colonialism as a form of the postcolonial theory that is concerned with perpetuating colonialism in Nigeria after independence. The main argument of the study is that, through presenting his vision of post-independence in Nigeria. Ben Okri wants to present his own vision of how to fight the different forms of colonialism after independence through portraying characters that are capable of presenting this gloomy vision. Of primary concern to this study is the way Okri sketches the Nigerian young people exemplified in the character of Omovo, the protagonist, and his friends. The study further examines the different types of the Nigerian people including the main characters and their reactions to the Neo-colonial practices and atrocities committed by the elite of the natives who represent the ex-colonial powers. Through a close textual analysis the study also investigates the different forms of disintegration resulting from Neo-colonialism as a form of perpetuating colonialism. Okri uses Omovo, as the first person narrator, to show his rejection of this disintegration as well as the degradation of life represented in the moral corruption of the ruling elite. In so doing, the author employs characterization as his tools in presenting the theme of his novel.

An Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge of Music Therapy in Nigeria

Indigenous knowledge of music as therapy as it is understood in Nigeria has to do with the acquisition of information about the application of music for healing in traditional settings. There is no doubt that the use of music to educate, rehabilitate, and bring about healing in Nigerian indigenous societies is an age-long tradition. A survey of traditional music which was carried out through questionnaire and interview methods allude to the fact that most Nigerian cultures firmly believe in the therapeutic potency of music. From the perspectives of some selected Nigerian traditional communities (Esan, Urhobo, Itsekiri, Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa, Bini, and others) this study, therefore, reveals the various forms of manifestations of music healing traditions in different Nigerian communities. Potent as music may be in healing, if the indigenous must beget the modern, there remains a growing need to examine the indigenous understanding of music therapy. As a major aim of this study, we examined the Nigerian construct of illness; illness causation; and how Nigerian people understand music healing and its associated healing techniques. While this work reveals that music in therapy in Nigerian traditional societies has been in use over the ages, regrettably few incidences have been captured in literature. This suggests that this very important branch of music should be introduced into tertiary institutions as an academic field that should embrace cultural and clinical approaches.

An Examination of the Effectiveness of Economic Recovery and Growth Plan in Nigeria

Right from the independence and especially since the return to democratic governance in 1999, the successive governments in Nigeria have made concerted efforts in economic and development planning. Nigeria’s quest for a sustainable development roadmap has been a torturous one since independence with various plans and policies developed to fast-track the economy. However, no meaningful change has been witnessed thus making all successive governments come up with different development blueprints on how to rejig the economy. The Buhari Administration has come up with the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), a Medium-Term Plan for 2017-2020 which was built on the Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP) to restore economic growth while leveraging the ingenuity and resilience of the Nigerian people. It is sufficient to say that the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) was a medium-term, all-around developmental initiative that focused on restoring growth, investing in people, and building a globally competitive economy. The main objective of this paper is to examine the performance of the plan as a developmental state paradigm for “Nigeria's economic recovery”. Data were generated from secondary sources. The study revealed that, even though ERGP was implemented properly, its expected positive impact on GDP growth, reduction of inflation, and unemployment is not satisfactory. Accordingly, restructuring of the economy through diversification needs to be seriously sustained in Nigeria.
 Keywords: Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), Nigerian Populace, Strategic Implementation Plan, Nigerian Economy, Development Planning