Nickel-titanium Instrument Systems Research Articles

Effect of Traditional and Conservative Endodontic Access Cavities on Instrumentation Efficacy of Two Different Ni–Ti Systems: A Micro-CT Study

This study aims to compare the shaping efficiency of the nickel–titanium instrument systems, One Reci and ProTaper Ultimate, using micro-CT (micro-computed tomography) in traditional and conservative endodontic access cavities. The experimental groups were formed according to the type of access cavity and Ni–Ti file system to be used. Sixty mandibular molar teeth were randomly divided into two main groups, the conservative access cavity (CAC) group and the traditional access cavity (TAC) group, and randomly divided into two subgroups according to the file system. The groups were compared with a two-way ANOVA analysis in terms of volume change, surface area, non-instrumented area transportation, and thickness of the dentin in the danger zone area after root canal preparation. The groups showed no statistically significant differences in terms of volume change, surface area, or the thickness of the dentin in the danger zone area after root canal preparation (p > 0.05). However, in the percentage of non-instrumented areas post-instrumentation between groups, the percentage of non-instrumented areas was statistically higher in specimens with CAC compared to TAC (p < 0.05). Canal transportation was higher in CAC at all distances from the apical region (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, CAC can also be used with some precautions as an alternative to TAC.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF APICALLY EXTRUDED DEBRIS FOLLOWING ROOT CANAL PREPARATION WITH PROTAPER, HYFLEX, WAVE ONE AND SELF-ADJUSTING FILE SYSTEMS

Objective: Extrusion of any particles periapically while root canal preparation may cause post-operative complications such as flare-ups. The reason of this in vitro study was to take a look at out the extent of apically extruded particles with use of rotary and reciprocating nickel-titanium instrumentation systems. Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human mandibular first premolar teeth were randomly selected and assigned to four groups (15 tooth/group) according to use of four instrumentation system such as Reciprocating single-file system WaveOne, full-sequence rotary Hyflex, ProTaper and self-adjusting file(SAF) while root canals preparation. The root canals were biomechanically prepared and irrigated with bidistilled water. The apically extruded debris and irrigants were gathered in pre weighted eppendorf tubes in all four groups which then compared and statistically analyzed with help of analysis of variance and the Post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results: Findings suggested that WaveOne, ProTaper and Hyflex rotary system create significantly more debris compared to Self-Adjusting File rotary system (P <0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that all used systems resulted in extrusion of apical debris to some extent but Full- sequence rotary instrumentation produced less particles extrusion compared to reciprocating single-file systems.

Comparison of apical debris extrusion of different generation nickel-titanium instrument systems.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the apical debris extrusion amounts and preparation times of four different nickel-titanium systems with a similar cross-section design-Mtwo, RECIPROC, RECIPROC blue, and VDW.ROTATE. Eighty human mandibular central incisors were divided into four equal groups (n = 20). The test apparatus was inserted into an assembly that provided root canal temperature. Preparation times were recorded using a stopwatch, and the amount of extruded debris was collected in pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. After drying, the net amount was determined by subtracting the previously measured Eppendorf tube weights from the total weight. The Mtwo had the largest amount of debris, but there was no significant difference among the other groups. The VDW.ROTATE completed the preparation in a significantly shorter time than the RECIPROC blue and Mtwo. Compared to other files, the Mtwo sequence produced significantly more debris and required significantly more time to complete the whole root canal preparation.

Comparison of postoperative pain after the use of different nickel titanium instrumentation systems: a randomized clinical trial.

Postoperative pain is a common complication in endodontics contributed by multiple etiological factors, which consist canal preparation instruments and kinematics. The aim of this randomized clinical trial compare the postoperative pain in terms of intensity and incidence after the use of different nickel titanium (NiTi) file systems. In this randomized clinical trial (NCT03791762), a total of 150 patients were root canal treated by 2 experienced endodontists according to a standardised protocol. The subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups according to preparation instrument used: ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Reciproc Blue (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona). Following preparation the teeth underwent standardized root canal treatment procedures in a single visit. The patients were contacted to gather information about the incidence of pain and intensity at 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours postoperatively. The data were analysed using chi-square, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests and logistic regression analysis with 5% significance threshold. No significant difference was found among preparation groups in relation to the intensity of postoperative pain. The incidence of postoperative pain was significantly linked with the preoperative pain presence with odds ratio values ranging between 2.06 and 4.08 irrespective of the preparation technique (P<0.05). The effects of reciprocating and the continuous rotary systems on the intensity and incidence of postoperative pain were found to be similar.

Differential scanning calorimetric investigations of three rotary nickel-titanium instrument systems before and after simulated clinical uses

BackgroundThe transformation temperatures were important values, influencing the mechanical properties and clinical performance of nickel-titanium instruments. The aim of this study was to determine the transformation temperatures of three rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments: Reciproc, HyFlex CM Pro, and Neoniti before and after simulated clinical uses.MethodsNinety new NiTi instruments of three single-file instruments: Reciproc, HyFlex CM Pro, and Neoniti were divided into three groups. Thirty instruments of each group were divided into 3 subgroups (10 instruments for each subgroup): new, one-time simulated clinical used and sterilised, and three times simulated clinical used and sterilized subgroups. The instruments were in the as-received condition for the new subgroups, one time used in the plastic endo-training blocks and sterilised for the one-time subgroups, and three times used in the plastic endo-training blocks and sterilised for the three times subgroups. Each instrument in subgroups was cut into four small segments of 4–5 mm. All segments of instruments were analysed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Data was collected and analysed using SPSS version 20.0 with ANOVA test or Kruskal–Wallis test at the significant level of 0.05.ResultsThere was not significant difference between before and after simulated clinical use with sterilised procedure in three NiTi instrument systems. The austenite-finish (Af) temperatures of three instrument systems were higher than that of the human body (37 °C), of these, the Af temperature of Neoniti was highest and that of HyFlex CM Pro was lowest.ConclusionsThe austenite-finish (Af) temperatures of three NiTi instruments were higher than that of human body temperature, therefore, material was in the phase transformation from martensite to austenite, gives the instruments more flexibility when used in the clinical situation.

Comparative Evaluation of Three Nickel-Titanium Instrumentation Systems in Human Teeth Using Computed Tomography

Objectives: Root canal cleaning and shaping during root canal treatment have been one of the important stages in achieving success The objective of this study was to investigate area and volume changing occurring during shaping of the root canals with three different nickel titanium instrument systems (Race, Hero shaper, Protaper).Method: In this study, 91 upper first molar teeth were used. Teeth divided randomly into 3 groups. Mesio buccal root of first upper molar teeth were shaped with Race, Hero shaper, and Protaper. The CT images were taken before and after shaping. The taken CT images were transferred to mimics software and 3D models were obtained. On these 3D models, area and volume changes were calculated. Data were subjected to one way Anova. Significance level was set at P= 0.05Results: No significant difference was found between the volumes calculated on images in terms of the effectiveness of the instruments (P=0.47). No significant difference was found between the areas calculated on images in terms of the effectiveness of the instruments (P=0.71).Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, all rotary instrument systems showed similar effects in terms of area and volume changes of the root canals at the end of the shaping process.

Comparitive evaluation of canal shaping ability of three nickel titanium instrument systems using cone beam computed tomography: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the canal transportation and canal centering ability of WaveOne, ProTaper, and F6 SkyTaper nickel-titanium instrument systems using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 45 mandibular first molars with a curvature angle ranging from 20° to 40° of the mesiobuccal canal were included and randomly divided into three groups with 15 specimens each according to the rotary systems used: in Group 1, specimens were prepared with WaveOne system, in Group 2, specimens were prepared with ProTaper rotary system, and in Group 3, specimens were prepared with F6 SkyTaper rotary system. CBCT was used as a diagnostic method to evaluate centering ratio and canal transportation at 1, 3, 5, 7 mm from apical foramen. Statistical Analysis: To evaluate canal centering ratio and canal transportation between file systems, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used. Results: Statistically, significant differences are well-established between the different files though all the files conserved the aboriginal canal curvature. WaveOne files exhibited lesser transportation and stayed better centered in the root canal system than F6 SkyTaper and Rotary ProTaper files. Conclusions: WaveOne files showed slighter transportation and better centering ability than F6 SkyTaper and ProTaper.

Apically extruded debris during root canal preparation using Vortex Blue, K3XF, ProTaper Next and Reciproc instruments.

To assess the amount of debris extruded apically during root canal preparation using various nickel-titanium instrumentation systems. Sixty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar human teeth were randomly assigned to four groups (n=15 teeth for each group). The canals were then instrumented with the following instrument systems: Vortex Blue (VB; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA), K3XF (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA), Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) and ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes for each group. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's post hoc tests. Vortex Blue and PTN files were associated with significantly less apically extruded debris than the K3XF and Reciproc files (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the VB and PTN files or between the K3XF and Reciproc files (P>0.05). All instruments were associated with apical extrusion of debris. VB and PTN files were associated with less debris extrusion compared to the other systems.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris during root canal preparation in primary molar teeth using three different rotary systems and hand files.

To assess the amount of debris extruded apically during root canal preparation using various nickel titanium instrumentation systems and hand files in primary molar teeth. Sixty extracted primary first mandibular molar human teeth were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15 teeth for each group). The canals were then instrumented with the following instrument systems: Revo-S, Mtwo, ProTaper Next, and hand files. Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5 days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes for each group. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's post hoc tests. ProTaper Next files were associated with less apically extruded debris than the Mtwo, Revo-S, and hand files (P < 0.05). Hand files extruded more debris than Mtwo and Revo-S instruments (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference found between the Mtwo and Revo-S instruments (P > 0.05). All instruments were associated with apical extrusion of debris. ProTaper Next files caused less debris extrusion compared to the other systems used.

Evaluation of Apically Extruded Debris and Irrigant Produced by Different Nickel-Titanium Instrument Systems in Primary Teeth.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of extruded debris and irrigant associated with different single-file systems and one multiple-file system. Forty-five newly extracted single rooted primary canine teeth were used in this study. The root canals were instrumented using the reciprocating single-file system, the single-file rotary system and the multiple-file rotary system. A 10(-6) precision micro-balance was used to calculate the amount of extruded debris and irrigant. The incubation period was set as 15 days at 37°C to obtain dry debris. The preparation time for instrumentation was also recorded. The data were statistically analyzed by Manova and Bonferroni adjustment. Considering the apically extruded debris, while there was statistically significant difference between Reciproc and OneShape groups (p < 0.05), no statistically significant difference was found among the other groups (p > 0.05). In terms of irrigation solution, although significant difference was obtained between the Reciproc and other two groups (p < 0.05), no statistically significant difference was obtained between the two rotary instruments (p > 0.05). Instrumentation was significantly faster using Reciproc than with all other instrument (p < 0.05). All systems caused apical debris and irrigant extrusion. Full-sequences rotary instrumentation systems may be preferable for preparation primary teeth. This is the first study carrying out to compare both apical debris and irrigation solution extrusion with reciprocal and rotary single-file systems with other preparation systems in primary teeth.

Shaping ability of two M-wire and two traditional nickel-titanium instrumentation systems in S-shaped resin canals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shaping effects of two M-wire and two traditional nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary systems in simulated S-shaped resin canals. Forty simulated S-shaped canals in resin blocks were instrumented with two traditional (ProTaper, Sendoline S5) and two M-wire (WaveOne, GT series X) NiTi systems according to the manufacturers' instructions. Ten resin blocks were used for each system. Pre- and post-instrumentation images were captured using a stereomicroscope and superimposed with an image program. Canal transportation, material removal, and aberrations were evaluated and recorded as numeric parameters. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests with a 95% confidence interval. There were significant differences between systems in terms of transportation and material removal (P<0.05). Coronal danger zone was the most common aberration. Within the limits of this ex vivo study, it was found that the manufacturing methods (M-wire or traditional NiTi) and kinematics (rotary or reciprocating motion) did not affect the shaping abilities of the systems. The extended file designs of highly tapered NiTi systems (ProTaper, WaveOne) resulted in greater deviations from the original root canal trace and more material removal when compared to less tapered systems (Sendoline S5, GT series X).

Mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population by Hyflex CM, K3XF, ProTaper Next, and two manual instrument systems: an in vitro comparative study.

In the present study, the effectiveness of three rotary and two manual nickel titanium instrument systems on mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population was evaluated. Mandibular premolars with straight roots were selected. Teeth were decoronated and instrumented until 20K file and irrigated with physiological saline. After sterilization by ethylene oxide gas, root canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups for canal instrumentation: Manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper nickel titanium files, and rotary Hyflex CM, ProTaper Next, and K3XF nickel titanium files. Intracanal bacterial sampling was done before and after instrumentation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto the Mitis Salivarius agar. The c.f.u. grown were counted, and log10 transformation was calculated. All instrumentation systems significantly reduced the intracanal bacterial population after root canal preparation. ProTaper Next was found to be significantly more effective than Hyflex CM and manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper. However, ProTaper Next showed no significant difference with K3XF. Canal instrumentation by all the file systems significantly reduced the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis counts. ProTaper Next was found to be most effective in reducing the number of bacteria than other rotary or hand instruments.

Effects of three nickel titanium instrument systems on root canal geometry assessed by micro‐computed tomography

To compare and evaluate the shaping ability of several nickel titanium instrument systems with different motions: two reciprocating single-file systems (Reciproc and WaveOne) and one continuous rotation/reciprocation full-sequence system [Twisted File (TF) Adaptive] using micro-computed tomography. A total of forty-eight mesial canals of mandibular molars with two separate root canals and severe angles of curvature were selected. Canals were divided randomly to one of three experimental groups: group 1, reciprocating instrumentation with Reciproc R25, group 2, reciprocating with the Primary WaveOne file and group 3 'Adaptive Rotary Motion' with Twisted Files. Each group consisted of 16 root canals. Canals were scanned before and after root canal preparation, with a resolution of 20 μm using a micro-computed tomography system. The following parameters were assessed: changes in dentine volume, percentage of unshaped canal walls, degree of canal transportation and centring ability. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests test to explore a significant difference in mean dentine removal, mean percentage of noninstrumented canals, mean degree of canal transportation and centring ratio between groups in the apical third and along the entire root canal. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Preoperatively, there were no differences regarding root canal curvature and volume between experimental groups (P > 0.05). Overall instrumentation led to enlarged canal shapes with no evidence of preparation errors. None of the three groups was able to shape completely the root canal system. Mean dentine removal along the entire canal and in the apical third was significantly higher with Reciproc when compared with TF Adaptive and WaveOne (P = 0.013). Mean degree of canal transportation was significantly lower with TF Adaptive (P < 0.0001) followed by WaveOne and highest with Reciproc in the apical third and along the entire root canal. None of the NiTi systems was able to instrument completely the entire root canal. Reciprocation and Adaptive Motions were found to cut dentine efficiently to full working length, with no procedural errors. The TF Adaptive system maintained the original canal anatomy with less canal transportation and better centring ability.

Comparison of the shaping abilities of three nickel–titanium instrumentation systems using micro-computed tomography

Background/purposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the canal transportation (CTR) and centering ratio (CR) of ProFile (PF), Twisted File (TF), and WaveOne (WO) nickel-titanium instrument systems and evaluate canal volume (CV) and surface area (SA) using micro-computed tomography (CT). Materials and methodsEighteen extracted human mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups of six teeth. Therefore, twelve root canals were allocated for each group (n = 12): group 1, PF(#30/.06); group 2, TF(#30/.06); group 3, WO (primary) instrument systems. Working lengths were determined 0.5 mm short of the apical foramen. Specimens were scanned before and after root canal preparation. Scanned images were reconstructed and the effects of root canal preparation on the CV and SA were evaluated. Pre- and post-instrumentation cross-sectional images of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mm from the anatomical apex were obtained and the CTR and CR were compared. The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and linear mixed model with Bonferroni's correction. A P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. ResultsPostoperative canals were larger and had greater SA, although these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). At any levels (1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-mm), no significant difference was found in the amount of CTR among the groups (P > 0.05). At the 1-, 3-, and 7-mm levels there was no significant difference in the CR among the groups (P > 0.05). However, at the 5-mm level, WO group showed significantly smaller CR than PF group (P < 0.05). ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, WO showed smaller CR than PF, which imply that careful use of WO in curved canals is recommended.

Quantitative evaluation of apically extruded debris with different single‐file systems: Reciproc, F360 and OneShape versus Mtwo

To assess in a laboratory setting the amount of apically extruded debris associated with different single-file nickel-titanium instrumentation systems compared to one multiple-file rotary system. Eighty human mandibular central incisors were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 20 teeth per group). The root canals were instrumented according to the manufacturers' instructions using the reciprocating single-file system Reciproc, the single-file rotary systems F360 and OneShape and the multiple-file rotary Mtwo instruments. The apically extruded debris was collected and dried in pre-weighed glass vials. The amount of debris was assessed with a micro balance and statistically analysed using anova and post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test. The time required to prepare the canals with the different instruments was also recorded. Reciproc produced significantly more debris compared to all other systems (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between the two single-file rotary systems and the multiple-file rotary system (P > 0.05). Instrumentation with the three single-file systems was significantly faster than with Mtwo (P < 0.05). Under the condition of this study, all systems caused apical debris extrusion. Rotary instrumentation was associated with less debris extrusion compared to reciprocal instrumentation.

Apically Extruded Debris with Reciprocating Single-File and Full-sequence Rotary Instrumentation Systems

IntroductionThe purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the amount of apically extruded debris using rotary and reciprocating nickel-titanium instrumentation systems. MethodsEighty human mandibular central incisors were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 20 teeth per group). The root canals were instrumented according to the manufacturers’ instructions using the 2 reciprocating single-file systems Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and the 2 full-sequence rotary Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany) and ProTaper (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instruments. Bidistilled water was used as irrigant. The apically extruded debris was collected in preweighted glass vials using the Myers and Montgomery method. After drying, the mean weight of debris was assessed with a microbalance and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test. The time required to prepare the canals with the different instruments was also recorded. ResultsThe reciprocating files produced significantly more debris compared with both rotary systems (P < .05). Although no statistically significant difference was obtained between the 2 rotary instruments (P > .05), the reciprocating single-file system Reciproc produced significantly more debris compared with all other instruments (P < .05). Instrumentation was significantly faster using Reciproc than with all other instrument (P < .05). ConclusionsUnder the condition of this study, all systems caused apical debris extrusion. Full-sequence rotary instrumentation was associated with less debris extrusion compared with the use of reciprocating single-file systems.

Effects of Two Nickel-Titanium Instrument Systems, Mtwo versus ProTaper Universal, on Root Canal Geometry Assessed by Micro–Computed Tomography

Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Mtwo and ProTaper Universal (PTU) on root canal geometry three-dimensionally by using micro–computed tomography. Methods A total of 20 canals were prepared with Mtwo or PTU system. Micro–computed tomography scanner was used to scan the specimens before and after instrumentation. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed. The parameters evaluated included canal surface area, volume, structure model index, thickness, straightening, canal transportation, and uninstrumented surface area. Results Preparation significantly changed canal surface area, volume, structure model index, thickness, and canal curvature. There were no significant differences between instrument types concerning these parameters and uninstrumented surface area. The canals prepared with PTU showed larger values of transportation compared with those in Mtwo group at the apical third. Conclusions Both of the instrumentation systems produced canal preparations with adequate geometry. PTU produced larger transportation at apical third.

Comparative Evaluation of Three Nickel-Titanium Instrumentation Systems in Human Teeth Using Computed Tomography

This study investigated several parameters of root canal preparation with three different rotary NiTi systems: Hero Shaper, ProTaper, and RaCe. The parameters evaluated were: changes in root canal volume and cross-sectional area, canal transportation, and working time. Curved, mesial molar roots were scanned in a computed tomography (CT) unit before and after instrumentation. Cross-sectional views of each canal were obtained at 1 mm intervals. Postinstrumentation volume and cross-sectional area of root canals and the extent of transportation were calculated using image analysis software and, thereafter, subjected to statistical analysis. ProTaper removed significantly more dentin than Hero Shaper (p < 0.05). Instrumentation increased the cross-sectional area at all cutplanes, while the difference between test groups was not significant (p > 0.05). RaCe files significantly transported the canals at the coronal level (p < 0.05). There was no difference between any rotary systems in regards to working time.

A Comparison of Mesial Molar Root Canal Preparations Using Two Engine-Driven Instruments and the Balanced-Force Technique

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two engine-driven, nickel-titanium instrument systems with hand files in the final shape of slight and moderately curved canals. A total of 72 mesial roots of extracted human mandibular molars were divided into three groups: ProFile .04 taper, Pow-R rotary systems, and Flex-R hand-filing technique. The roots were mounted and cross-sectioned at two different horizontal levels using a modified Bramante technique. Pre- and postinstrumented cross-sectional roots were imaged, recorded, and computer analyzed. Results showed that, at the middle third, in almost all groups, there was a tendency of cutting more toward the mesial side with only one exception: Pow-R cut more to the distal side (danger zone) (p < 0.02). At the apical third, Flex-R (p < 0.03) and ProFile (0.001) transported to the mesial side (danger zone) when the curvature increased. When the three techniques were compared analyzing each side and considering the two groups of curvature, at the middle third in the moderately curved-canal group, Flex-R cut statistically more than Pow-R toward the lingual side. The other comparisons showed no statistically significant difference. When the techniques were compared in relation with the degree of curvature, in the apical third, ProFile .04 cut statistically more toward the mesial side in the moderately curved canal group than in the slightly curved canal group. The other comparisons showed no statistically significant difference. Canal preparation time was shorter with hand instrumentation (p < .05) in a few instances.

A comparison of amounts of apically extruded debris using handpiece-driven nickel-titanium instrument systems

One hundred single-rooted teeth were instrumented with Lightspeed, Profile .04 Taper Series 29, and NT McXIM instruments according to the recommendations of the manufacturers, and Flex-R files using the balanced force technique. Groups were comparable with respect to average curvature, canal length, and major and minor foramen size. A standard amount of irrigant was used for each tooth. Apically extruded debris and irrigant were collected and weighed. Debris was desiccated before being weighed. There were no statistically significant differences among the four groups with respect to total extruded debris. The amount of extruded debris was positively correlated with the amount of irrigant extruded. Factors such as canal length, curvature, and foramen size did not affect the amount of debris extruded.