Nickel-hydrogen Battery Research Articles

Solar PV system with maximum power tracking

The paper investigates the state-of-the-art architecture of photovoltaic systems (PVS) by evaluating the performance of the developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) for temperate continental latitudes. The material of the paper gives an evaluation of traditional MPPT algorithms in relation to the state-of-the-art FPSO algorithm. The study summarizes the problems of On-Grid PV systems and analyzes methods of solving them by combining them with hydrogen technologies. The paper summaries the experience of observations of climatic factors and solar resources on the example of the Russian Federation. Thus, in 2023, the average winter temperature exceeded the norm by 4.7 °C, and the average summer temperature exceeded the norm by 4.9 °C compared to 2022. The paper analyses the level of insolation, which increased by 0.03 kWh/m2 by regions of Russia for the period 2022–2023. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the solar power plant (SPP) «Kalmykskaya» with coordinates 53.422832 north latitude and 55.266895 east longitude. The watt-volt field characteristic of photovoltaic modules (PVM) connected to the inverter was obtained experimentally. When compared, the correlation coefficient between the experimental power (P) and voltage (U) of the panels was found to be higher than that of the ideal panels, 0.933 versus 0.914. The correlation coefficient between the ideal P(U) function and the experimental one is (−0.475). The data for calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the implemented MPPT algorithm was also obtained experimentally, which was about 98.7%. The reliability of the data used in the calculations was confirmed by two independent means of measurement, the difference of the obtained results was less than 1%. In the last part of the experiment of this study, the dependence of insolation in a given geographical point on the generated PV field power was evaluated. The correlation coefficient was 0.47, while the inverter output voltage was maintained in the nominal range of (600 ± 20%)V. Thus, the authors of the study experimentally proved the efficiency of using MPPT on FPSO in temperate continental climate with duration of sunshine T = 1850 h per year. The effectiveness of the FPSO algorithm under the conditions of inverter distance from the common point of the DC switching cabinet (DСCC) has been confirmed. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm based on FPSO under conditions of partial shading, increased cloud cover and increased air temperature is concluded. Using the description of the current architecture of On-Grid SPP, the authors draw attention to the impossibility of operation of such systems without the presence of voltage in the reference network. In addition, the impossibility of the system operation at the value of PVM power over 1500 kW and at the voltage of panels less than 900 V is noted. To modernize the existing PVS architecture, for the first time, the use of a DCCC and an inverter with implemented MPPT on the FPSO in combination with a hydrogen (H2) production unit and nickel-hydrogen (Ni–H2) batteries is proposed. The researchers propose that when the PVM field voltage is below 900 V and when the PVM field power exceeds 1500 kW, energy can be diverted to H2 generation or to charge Ni–H2 batteries via a DCCC controller. Such an architecture will improve the continuity and efficiency of the PVS, reduce the carbon footprint, and allow the PVS to be used as an industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The authors see the lack of standardization of implemented projects based on the ESG principle as the main problem of alternative energy development.

A Novel Battery Management and Recovery Control Algorithm for Mitigating the Memory Effect in Nickel Hydrogen Batteries for Space Missions

The spacecraft’s (SC) electric power system (EPS) is one of the vital systems. It could limit the SC capabilities or reduce the SC lifetime. The EPS should provide the required energy for the SC loads to perform their tasks successfully until End-of-Life (EOL). Furthermore, the EPS should guarantee the power needed to execute the customer requirements under all degradations (battery degradation, radiation, etc.) and other external factors (orbital degradation). The SC’s primary power generation sources are solar arrays and storage batteries. This paper investigates a SC with a Nickel Hydrogen Storage Battery (NHSB) consisting of 17 cells: 4 measured cells and 13 unmeasured cells. In this paper, two distinct objectives have been achieved: The first objective is formulating a control algorithm for battery testing and reconditioning (CABTR). This algorithm is applied to an NHSB in an orbital setting mode, rectifying the memory effect in the NHSB and restoring the battery’s total capacity. The second objective constructs an environment that effectively simulates the dynamic behavior of the battery during in-orbit operations. This simulated environment calculates crucial parameters such as the state of charging (SOC), battery temperature, voltage, and pressure of the NHSB during reconditioning. This computational analysis assures the robustness of the CABTR, and confirms the optimal battery performance. Subsequent validation encompasses ground tests and real-time telemetry data, which affirms the battery’s dynamic behavior and the developed algorithms’ efficacy.

Multi-Purpose Structure-Integrated Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow Battery As Sustainable Energy Storage System for Extraterrestrial Environments

For the energy supply of spacecrafts, such as space stations, satellites or orbiters, primarily solar power is used, which conversion, however, is subject to constant fluctuations due to rotational and orbital movements. In order to secure energy security for technical operations, the maintenance of scientific test series as well as life-support measures even during dark phases, various types of batteries such as nickel-hydrogen or nickel-cadmium batteries have been used as buffer storage over the years. However, due to the isolated locations in which they are used, energy storage systems for space applications must have a particularly long service life and operational reliability in order to be able to reduce resource-intensive replacement missions as well as hazards to people and technology.Since the battery systems used in space applications have in some cases shown significant deficits in these areas, a novel storage concept was developed in the "SpaceFlow" project, which was awarded third place in the europewide idea competition INNOspace Masters DLR Challenge, using the particularly safe and durable flow battery technology. The energy storage concept is based on the space-efficient integration of pressure-stable yet flexible flow battery cells into the supporting structure of spacecraft. In this way, in addition to energy storage as the primary task, other functions such as mechanical stiffening of the modules, support of thermal management or absorption of radiation can be realized.The "SpaceFlow"battery is realized as a zinc-polyiodide hybrid flow battery, which achieved incomparably high energy densities in laboratory tests. An energy density of 167 Wh/l was demonstrated and the potential to increase the energy density even up to 350 Wh/l was shown. The currently most widely used all-vanadium flow battery achieves energy densities of about 30 Wh/l. To optimize the cell chemistry zinc-polyiodide, various additives will be tested in the project. For a controlled formation of dendrites, for example, polyethylene glycol, methanesulfonic acid, chromium ions and, in general, alcohols, especially ethanol, could be added to the electrolytes as additives. In organic compounds, the presence of hydroxyl groups is an important factor in stabilizing the Zn ions. The deposition is also influenced by these. The search for additional alcohol and ether compounds offers the potential to find new additives. Chromium ions provide electrostatic shielding during zinc deposition, inhibiting dendrite growth.The iodine side (cathode) can be optimized mainly by improving the solubility of I2 in water. Stabilization of I2 without the binding of I- provides more free I-, which can react and help increase the capacity of the battery. Bromine ions or polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used to stabilize I2. Other additives such as KI and NH4Cl can be used for improved conductivity. Another approach is to improve diffusion at the cathode. For this purpose, a molybdenum sulfide coating can be applied, which improves the reaction rate with only a slight overpotential.The talk will present the novel storage concept and achievable functionalities as well as the latest project results of the flow cell design development and the design of a zinc polyiodide electrolyte, which must not be hazardous to humans and and at the same time must have a high energy density, to meet the requirements of space applications.

Preparation and application of lithium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries

With the progress of the times and the development of technology, there are more and more types of batteries, and the application of batteries in life is more and more extensive. In recent years, due to the promotion and popularity of electric vehicles, lithium batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and nickel-metal hydride batteries have gradually moved from the laboratory to everyone's life. This paper discusses the three types of batteries used today and the preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and prospects of these three types of batteries. Lithium battery is mainly composed of lithium, with more active chemical properties, and has become the mainstream of the world today; the positive active ingredient of the nickel-cadmium battery is predominantly made of nickel, the negative active ingredient is predominantly made of cadmium, an alkaline battery, the current common battery device, commonly used in small equipment; nickel-hydrogen batteries are improved from nickel-cadmium batteries, which can absorb hydrogen metal instead of cadmium, compared to lithium batteries are safer It is safer than lithium battery. Batteries have positive and negative poles, and this paper also describes the manufacturing methods of positive and negative poles of the three types of batteries. The widespread application and immense market demand for lithium-ion batteries, Nickel-hydrogen (NiMH) batteries, and Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries have significant implications for scientific progress and economic prosperity. Therefore, research efforts directed toward high-performance lithium-ion, NiMH, and NiCd batteries hold tremendous scientific and economic value.

Summary of the Development Status of New Energy Vehicle Batteries

The global energy crisis is becoming more serious, and how to explore renewable resources and make efficient use of waste heat energy has become a hot topic. The rapid development of electric vehicles has reduced environmental pollution and energy waste to some extent, which is consistent with China's double-carbon goal. Nowadays, new energy vehicles are undergoing rapid development, and battery technology is a critical technical issue for the popularisation and development of new energy vehicles. This paper analyses and summarises the characteristics of various battery types used in the development of new energy vehicles, such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and so on, by reading and sorting through relevant literature.

Cycling Performance of Zinc-Nickel Rechargeable Battery Using Segmentation of Electrolyte

An aqueous rechargeable battery (ARB) shows a high safety and a potential of high cycleability, which have been demonstrated with nickel-hydrogen batteries (NHB) used in electrified vehicles such as HEV and PHEV and electronic devices. A zinc-nickel secondary battery (ZNB) is one of the promising candidates of next-generation ARB which could have higher energy density and power density than NHB, although the zinc anode for secondary uses is still suffering from the issues on dendrite growth and non-uniform redistribution of zinc and zinc oxide, because they result in an internal short circuit and a poor capacity retention.In this paper, we introduce a novel zinc anode with segmentation of electrolyte (SoE) developed in our recent works. The concept of SoE is to segment the space of the electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte is KOH solutions containing zincate ions that are the intermediate of redox reaction between zinc and zinc oxide, and SoE gives the limited space for zincate ions, within which they can move free but the concentration change is suppressed in the limited space so that the non-uniform reaction distribution during charge and discharge is also inhibited.Our ZNB using SoE technology presented the excellent cycling performance at 1 C of charge-discharge rate for 5,500 cycles, in which the charge and discharge voltages hardly changed and the discharge capacity was 90% or more of the initial one during the cycles [1]. Comparison to ZNB using non-woven separator further indicated that SoE technology is beneficial to improve the cycling performance on cell voltage and capacity retention and ZNB with SoE is unnecessary to use non-woven separator. SoE is expected to solve the zinc anode problems of ZNB, i.e., both zinc dendrite and non-uniform distribution of zinc/zinc oxide, and may be applied to other zinc rechargeable battery such as zinc-air battery.This work was financially supported by DOWA Holdings, Co. Ltd.Ref. [1] M. Morimitsu, Patent No. WO-A1-2021/049609. Figure 1

Leave-Intercalation Theory and Conductive Mechanism during Charge-Discharge Process for Secondary Battery

The source of conductive ions in the charge and discharge process of AB5/β-Ni(OH)2, 2H-graphite/ LiMeO2and 2H-graphite/LiFePO4batteries is thought to be provided by the phase transition of positive active materials, so it is called phase transition theory. Through the detailed study of the charge and discharge processes of AB5/β-Ni(OH)2, 2H-graphite/ Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2and 2H-graphite/LiFePO4, it is found that the source of conductive ions is the de-intercalation of H (nickel-hydrogen battery) and Li (lithium-ion battery) in positive and negative active materials, and the de-intercalation theory is proposed. On this basis, the conductive mechanisms of these three types of batteries are clarified: The directional migration and movement of conductive ions under the action of electric field

Improved BP neural network algorithm to SOC estimation of mine power supply

Since Ni MH battery has the characteristics of high energy density and good stability, it is mainly used as a backup power supply for mining at present, but the accuracy of estimation the SOC of the power supply is poor. To enhance the precision of estimation and extend the lifespan of the battery, based on a single nickel-hydrogen battery, this paper applies a new BP neural network to rise the self-adaption and momentum terms. At the same time, the discharged power is included in the Input feature quantity of the estimation network. The temperature, current and terminal voltage are also included in the input characteristic quantity of the estimation network. There is output during training, and then the momentum term is adjusted based on the Variance of variance error by comparing the actual output. The error of the estimated network should be back propagated from the output to the input to correct the weight. The direction of change in the error determines the adaptive learning rate of the improved BP neural network. The speed of the algorithm is increased by 72% and the error rate is less than 5%, compared to the traditional BP neural network algorithm.

Multi-angle Analysis of Electric Vehicles Battery Recycling and Utilization

Under the dual pressure of resource and environment, electric vehicles (EVs) will gradually replace fuel vehicles as a new trend. Among them, the recycling and utilization of EV batteries have attracted much attention. This article indicates the classification of EV batteries and the importance of battery recycling, and proposes some measures to recycle batteries. The research in this paper shows that the current EV batteries mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and ternary lithium batteries. It was emphasized that heavy metals leaked from waste batteries cannot be normally degraded by microorganisms in water bodies and soil, and heavy metals can endanger human health through the food chain through water bodies, plants, animals, etc. At the same time, the recycling of precious metals and valuable metals in the battery can realize resource recycling. Faced with the problems in the EV battery recycling and utilization industry, the customers should strengthen their awareness of battery recycling. The enterprises should work closely with other related enterprises to form a more complete battery recycling industry chain. The government should issue policies and regulations for supervision and management. And the recycling system for battery recycling, cascade utilization, and resource reuse should be improved. This article provides a way to maximize the utilization of EV battery resources, reduce the adverse impact on the environment, and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

Boosting the high-temperature discharge performance of nickel-hydrogen batteries based on perovskite oxide Co-coated LaFeO3 as proton insertion anode

Perovskite oxide LaFeO 3 with low cost has received increasingly attention as a new type anode material for proton insertion, however, the poor conductivity restricts its discharge ability for widespread application. Herein, to improve the conductivity of the LaFeO 3 , we prepare an in-situ cobalt coated LaFeO 3 by carbon reduction during which the gas generated reduces the agglomeration of LaFeO 3 at nucleation stage. The coated cobalt significantly improves the electrical conductivity of LaFeO 3 , thereby increasing both the rates of charge transfer and hydrogen diffusivity during discharge, which subsequently boost the discharge performance of LaFeO 3 . Study shows that the Co-coated LaFeO 3 electrode with 15 wt% delivers remarkably increased discharge capacity of 260.2 mAh g −1 at 60 °C, in contrast to 162.5 mAh g −1 for pure LaFeO 3 . Moreover, the LaFeO 3 -15 wt% Co also serves superior long cycle-life, maintaining 41.8% after 100 cycles, which is twice of the pure LaFeO 3 . • Co coated in situ greatly improves the discharge capacity of LaFeO 3 . • The CO 2 gas generated in the process of material synthesis inhibits the agglomeration of LaFeO 3. • Co coating improves the conductivity of the LaFeO 3 material itself. • The high rate discharge ability of LaFeO 3 –15 wt%Co reaches up to 15.82%. • LaFeO 3 –15 wt%Co delivers superior capacity retention of 41.8% at the 100th cycle.

Procedures for cognitive and synergetic observation and proactive control of power capacity of nickel-hydrogen storage batteries onboard a geostationary spacecraft

The paper presents methods of providing power resources for the mission of the Yamal-100 spacecraft from the secondary onboard power supply sources — nickel-hydrogen storage batteries. For the first time in the world practice of using metal-hydrogen electrochemical batteries installed in a common gas manifold a ~10-years operational life in orbit has been achieved for batteries operated onboard a geostationary satellite. A decline in power capacity of storage batteries could result in early termination of the spacecraft mission. Therefore, the energy resource of the storage battery was maintained through proactive management consisting of prediction and active control. The methods that were developed for continuous observation in the form of monitoring and diagnostics of the storage batteries status including estimation of the current discharge energy capacity made it possible to predict further degradation loss under conditions of insufficient power for the storage batteries cooling equipment. The active control consisted in using methods aimed at providing optimal operating conditions, fending off a potential development of an anomalous thermal situation within the electrochemical reaction zone, and regenerating the energy capacity. The control furthermore used the synergy effect produced by secondary energy interrelationships between onboard systems. This made it possible to meet the batteries operational life requirements under exposure to an unfavorable external factor in the form of an increasing heat impact on the batteries temperature control equipment. The increase in thermal load was caused by re-reflection of a portion of the luminous flux from structural elements of the spacecraft and an increase in solar absorption factor (aging) of thermal control coatings. Key words: spacecraft, control process, nickel-hydrogen battery, provision of resources, energy capacity, proactive control, synergy.

Electrochemical Properties of Lafeo3 Coated with C/Ni as a New Anode Material for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries

Electrochemical Properties of Lafeo3 Coated with C/Ni as a New Anode Material for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries

$100 million for Ni–H₂ batteries

EnerVenue, a Fremont, California–based developer of nickel-hydrogen batteries, has secured $100 million in a series A funding round led by Schlumberger New Energy. EnerVenue says its battery is a low-maintenance alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Ni–H 2 technology has been used to power orbital spacecraft, according to the company. It plans to use the cash to build a plant in the US to serve stationary power markets.

$100 million for nickel-hydrogen batteries

$100 million for nickel-hydrogen batteries

Electrochemical Charge and Discharge Performance of Perovskite-Type Oxide La1−x Na x FeO3 (x = 0–0.8) in Alkaline Solution

LaFeO3 as a new negative electrode material for nickel-hydrogen batteries used as energy storage has the advantages of high capacity, advanced temperature resistance, and low cost. However, its conductivity and dynamic performance are poor, seriously hindering its applications. In light of increasing concentration of oxygen vacancies and improving conductivity after replacing A-site elements of the material, here we synthesize low-priced Na doping LaFeO3 oxides, La1−x Na x FeO3 (x = 0–0.8), as the negative electrode by a solid-state reaction method. Studies show that doping Na can reduce particle aggregation, thus helping to increase the surface area of LaFeO3. Therefore, its discharge capacity remarkably increases to 356.7 mAh g–1 (x = 0.6) from 178.8 mAh g–1 (x = 0) at 60 °C, which also maintains 73.4% after 100 cycles for La0.4Na0.6FeO3, elevated by 55.1% compared to LaFeO3. In addition, the high rate discharge ability of an La0.4Na0.6FeO3 electrode at a discharge current density of 1500 mA g–1 reaches 30.7% in contrast to 11.2% for undoped LaFeO3. As such, the La0.4Na0.6FeO3 material with superior cycling capacity is proven to be a more promising electrochemical hydrogen storage electrode compared to LaFeO3, which greatly increases the practical application value of the material.

Introduction of SOC estimation method

This paper introduces the definition of SOC estimation and analyzes the common estimation methods, including discharge experiment method, open circuit voltage method, internal resistance method, ampere hour method, linear model method, neural network algorithm and Kalman filter method. Through the comparison and analysis of various methods, it provides a scientific choice for the SOC estimation method of nickel hydrogen battery.

Study on electrochemical principle and characteristic curve of nickel hydrogen battery for mine

As a kind of high-energy secondary battery, mining Ni MH battery is very suitable for mine backup power because of its advantages of high capacity, high power, no pollution, long cycle life, strong charging and discharging ability and high safety. This paper mainly introduces the electrochemical reaction of Ni MH battery under normal operation, overcharge and over discharge, introduces the types and components of Ni MH battery, describes the change curve of charging and discharging terminal voltage with time under different conditions, analyzes the self discharge situation of Ni MH battery under different conditions, and analyzes the cycle life and safety of Ni MH battery. The software and hardware design of battery intelligent management and SOC estimation analysis provide the basic basis.

Algorithm for maintaining the energy balance of the power supply system of the earth remote sensing spacecraft under critical operating conditions

In this paper, we consider the problem of maintaining the energy balance of the power supply system of the Earth remote sensing spacecraft in critical operating conditions with the most intense cyclogram of the spacecraft operation, the maximum state of degradation of energy sources and storage devices, as well as with the minimum time to replenish useful energy.The problem of maintaining balance is formulated as a problem of nonlinear mathematical programming with functional constraints. Goal of the work is improving the efficiency and survivability of the remote sensing spacecraft and maintaining the energy balance of the power system in critical operating conditions by transferring the storage devices of the accumulating subsystem of the spacecraft to a given level of charge in the minimum charge time. An algorithm for controlling the accelerated charge of the rechargeable battery with the analysis of the Nickel-hydrogen battery temperature and its time derivative is developed.in some cases, the rechargeable battery replenishment time was reduced by 12−20%. The proposed algorithm for maintaining the energy balance can be used to select the stages of the accumulating subsystem charge current and transition from the current stage to the next one in a minimum time, providing flexibility in managing the modes of electricity storage with the adaptation of the charging current profiles to changing critical operating conditions.

Performance analysis of nickel metal hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery using Matlab/Simulink

This research presents the performance analysis of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) rechargeable battery using MATLAB/Simulink. Nickel Metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are used as hydrogen storage material with high hydrogen volumetric capacity and reversible hydrogen absorption/desorption reactions. The study helps contribute to the lingering research gap regarding the NiMH battery. Recent research works conducted on NiMH battery cover areas such as the battery capacity and its memory effect. This research work addresses the charge/discharge characteristics and the battery voltage. The methodology employs the use of a generic battery model which is modeled using the Simulink library materials. Simulation using nickel hydrogen battery model thus makes it possible to analyze the characteristics of chargeability and discharge ability. The result showed that the battery has a nominal voltage of 200 volt. The machine runs at 120 rad/s and the charge and discharge characteristics showed that the battery is least affected by its memory.

POWER BUDGET OF THE SCIENCE AND POWER MODULE DURING ITS FREE FLIGHT AND INTEGRATION INTO THE ISS RUSSIAN SEGMENT

The paper presents data obtained as a result of solving the power balance computation problem for the Science and Power Module (SPM) during the most difficult phase of its flight — up until the point in time when its solar arrays are deployed. The calculation took into account: prediction of the lighting and shadowing environment and the angle between the SPM orbital plane and direction towards the Sun; timeline of the SPM free flight, which takes into account changes in its attitude; timeline of SPM integration into the ISS Russian Segment, including the SPM docking and re-docking and the SPM solar array deployment. The feasibility of implementing the nominal flight plan of the module is demonstrated, a problem was identified with carrying out the SPM re-docking and pull-away maneuver in case of a miss. Measures are proposed for solving the above problem. Key words: Science and Power Module, power balance, ISS Russian Segment, free flight, docking, solar arrays, nickel-hydrogen storage battery