Next Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Network Research Articles

QoS-Aware Multicast for Crowdsourced 360° Live Streaming in SDN Aided NG-EPON

The IEEE 802.3ca Task Force group has recently approved the standardization of the next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) to satisfy future bandwidth demands. NG-EPON architecture classifies the optical network unit (ONU) transmission to allow simultaneous Wavelength-Agile (WA-PON) transmission, which increases the network capacity (50 Gb/s) and flexibility. The recently launched 5G services and related functional standards, new capabilities, and quality of service (QoS) imposed on the optical transport network. The Peer-to-peer (P2P) based live streaming application is the most popular multimedia application in access networks, i.e., Facebook Live, YouTube Live, Twitch, and other streaming and video conferencing services are increasing, especially in global epidemics which requires a higher QoS. Hence, media-based applications require adequate infrastructure resources to meet customer demands such as high bandwidth, low latency, high quality audiovisual, live streaming, and services. Therefore, this paper proposes an SDN enhanced P2P virtual reality (VR) live video streaming application NG-EPON multicast architecture based on 5G-enabled Tactile Internet (TI) and aims to improve the QoS, QoE and provide flexible services to the end-users. Finally, we proposed an SDN-based TI-dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (SD-TI-DWBA) mechanism. Simulation results show that our proposed architecture can improve the system performance and QoS metrics regarding packet delay, jitter, system throughput, and packet loss.

Investigation of stimulated Raman scattering effect on designing of NG-EPON systems

Due to the higher bandwidth requirements of the user, the multi-wavelength based next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) has emerged to provide potential solutions for the wide-range coverage and to accommodate multiple consumers per fiber. In this paper, the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect in NG-EPON systems is studied, where upstream and downstream wavelengths are both located in the O-band. The influence of SRS effect on the 4 × 25G and 8 × 25G NG-EPON wavelengths is investigated, and it involves two aspects, including the SRS-induced crosstalk and power depletion. For the former, owing to the short interaction time between upstream and downstream wavelengths, the SRS-induced crosstalk on the bit error rate (BER) performance of the 4-channel and 8-channel NG-EPON systems can be neglected. For the latter case, 1.3 dB power depletion can be subjected to the 4-channel NG-EPON system, when the launched power of the downstream wavelength is 12 dBm and the fiber length is 40 km. Furthermore, with the increase of number of channels, the SRS causes more severe impact on the 8-channel NG-EPON system, leading towards the 2.9-dB power depletion. The given results could be useful in providing practical contributions for the designing of future NG-EPON systems.

Dynamic Bandwidth allocation algorithm for avoiding Frame rearrangement in NG-EPON

Next Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Network (NG-EPON) is considered to be future prospective access technology that could help to achieve 100Gbps data rates. Wavelength bonding is a phenomenon that can help Optical Network Units (ONU) to enhance their transmission capabilities. Using wavelength bonding, an ONU could transmit on multiple wavelength channels in parallel. The ONUs can achieve data transmission rates ranging from 25Gbps to 100Gbps. In upstream direction, ONUs share different available channels in time-sharing manner to effectively utilize the resources in NG-EPON. Dynamic Wavelength & Bandwidth Allocation (DWBA) algorithm is required for efficient allocation of wavelength and bandwidth resources in upstream direction. DWBA plays a vital role to help ONUs for transmission on multiple channels simultaneously. When an ONU transmits on multiple channels, a frame-rearrangement problem would occur at the Optical Line Terminal (OLT). OLT suffers from an extra overhead of frame-rearrangement; as the received frames at OLT are not in proper sequence. DWBA can play a vital role in avoiding frame rearrangement overhead. We proposed a DWBA algorithm to avoid/minimize frame rearrangement problem and efficient bandwidth allocation in NG-EPON. Our proposed DWBA avoids and minimizes frame-rearrangement problem and provides efficient resource allocation. We comparatively analyzed and evaluated our proposed DWBA with the existing DWBA algorithm. The simulation results show that our proposed DWBA minimizes frame-rearrangement problem as compared to existing DWBA algorithms and proves to be more efficient based on average (end-to-end) delay and completion time.

Fair and efficient DWBA algorithm based on SLA differentiated polling interleaved scheduling for NG-EPON

This study, based on the Next Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Network (NG-EPON) facing more complex and changeable network, develops a flexible and efficient resource allocation algorithm. First, a differentiated polling interleaved scheduling (DPIS) framework is designed based on dynamic awareness, significantly reducing idle time slots, improving channel upstream utilization, and performing service-level-agreement (SLA) support and Optical Network Unit (ONU) overall scheduling. Subsequently, a dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) scheme is presented, which allocates fair bandwidth between and in subcycles and ensures the timely transmission of large traffic ONUs. As revealed from the simulation results, the developed DPIS-DWBA algorithm exhibits high utilization and low latency performance of the online scheduling algorithm; it can also achieve the offline scheduling to support SLA and fairness and offers more effective delay differentiation and bandwidth fair service.

Bandwidth Utilization and Management Algorithms (BUMAs) for NG-EPON

An upcoming capable technology named as Next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON); to handle enormous bandwidth and effective distribution requirements for prospective Internet based services. Standardization procedures for NG-EPON are in progress. Transmission of data traffic from Optical Network Units (ONUs) towards Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in NG-EPON is carried out through four wavelengths each operating at a data rate of 25Gbps. Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms are needed for the efficient arbitration of the bandwidth resources between the subscribers. In this paper, we have proposed two different DWBA algorithms for NG-EPON; DWBA-I and DWBA-II. DWBA-I is a Quality-of-Service based algorithm that has been designed to manage the different types of data traffic in NG-EPON. DWBA-I performs better than the different existing DBA algorithms in terms of packet delay, completion time and packet drop ratio. DWBA-II is an algorithm designed to meet the system requirement specifications of NG-EPON and handle traffic requirements of subscribers in a cost effective manner. DWBA-II algorithm is comparatively analyzed and evaluated with First-Fit-DWBA and Modified-IPACT algorithms. Performance of DWBA-II is better on the basis of average delay, grant utilization, completion time and packets drop ratio. Performance of DWBA-I and DWBA-II has been evaluated through simulation results.

Mechanism Design and Performance Analysis of Coordinated Registration Protocol for NG-EPON

The IEEE 802.3ca task force is studying the next generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON), which introduces channel bonding to enable optical network units (ONUs) to bundle multiple wavelength channels to achieve higher peak rates. In order to register these multi-channel ONUs, the optical line terminal (OLT) needs to acquire ONUs’ device information, assign working parameters, and verify the connectivity of each channel. Traditional ONU registration protocol, designed for single-channel ONUs, is not suitable for multi-channel ONUs because it cannot guarantee the channel connectivities of all channels. Therefore, it is essential to extend the traditional registration protocol or design a new registration protocol for NG-EPON multi-channel ONUs. In this paper, we first extend the traditional registration protocol directly to satisfy the requirements of registering multi-channel ONUs. Besides, we propose a novel registration protocol based on the coordination of channel terminals. In order to compare the performances of two registration protocols, we model their registration processes, analyze their registration delays, and find their corresponding influence factors. Simulation results show that our proposed registration protocol has a smaller registration delay as well as better horizontal scalability.

QoS-Based DWBA Algorithm for NG-EPON

The next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) is basically classified into two architectures on the basis of the wavelength sharing by the optical network units (ONUs). The single scheduling domain (SSD) and multi-scheduling domain (MSD) EPON are the two different design architectures for NG-EPON. A vital task in NG-EPON is to design dynamic wavelength bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms that can meet the future demands of the network subscribers. A number of DWBA algorithms have been designed for time and wavelength division multiplex (TWDM) EPON. The existing DWBA algorithms for TWDM-EPON could be used in MSD-EPON by making necessary parametric changes. The design and implementation of new DWBA algorithms for MSD-EPON are still required specifically. In this paper, we have proposed a quality of service (QoS)-based DWBA algorithm for NG-EPON. We have comparatively analyzed our proposed DWBA with the existing algorithms like earlier finished time (EFT), weighted bipartite matching (WBM), and earlier finished time with void filling (EFT-VF). The results show that our proposed DWBA algorithm performs better as compared to EFT, WBM, and EFT-VF on the basis of average packet delay and average completion time for NG-EPON.

A Powerful Equalizer Based on Modified SVM Classifier Without Nonlinear Kernel Enabled 100-Gb/s NG-EPON System With 10-G Class

For the future high-speed next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) system, the low-cost system could be kept by adopting low bandwidth devices. To compensate for the signal distortion and improve the performance of high-speed bandwidth limited system, we propose a special feature vector construction to achieve a new equalizer scheme based on support vector machines (SVM) classifier. For the first time, we mathematically analyze the model of the bandwidth-limited optical transmission system and theoretically derive the linear separability of the proposed feature vector formed linear hyperplane in 100-Gb/s NG-EPON system. Furthermore, 4 × 25-Gb/s non-return to zero (NRZ) and 2 × 50-Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) per wavelength transmission experiments with 10-G class optics system are demonstrated to prove the feasibility of our scheme. The experimental results show that, for 25-Gb/s/λ NRZ transmission, compared to the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and feed-forward equalizer (FFE), the receiver sensitivity achieved by our scheme can be improved by about 0.5-dB @BER=3.8e-3 with limited training sequence. For the 50-Gb/s/λ PAM-4 case, the SVM-based equalization method improves the receiver sensitivity for about 1-dB.

Dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm based on MUMS two-dimensional priority queue for NG-EPON with multi-transceiver ONUs

Abstract Recently, the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group has been working to explore new solutions for the next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON). It’s desirable for NG-EPON to support the coexistence of multi-type users and multi-type services (MUMS) on a single access platform. Moreover, in the future, ONU may be equipped with multiple transceivers to break through bandwidth limit of a single wavelength and then achieve greater throughput per ONU. In this paper, a two-dimensional priority queue model is designed for buffer differentiation management. Then, a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm including joint grant sizing and scheduling is presented to carry out differentiated bandwidth allocation among MUMS. By providing different aggregated data rates and setting scalable wavelength resource pools for different users and services, flexible ONU configurations are allowed. By using time-order filling (ToF) and wavelength-order filling (WoF) in combination to realize grant scheduling, the flexibility of multi-transceiver ONUs gets further exploited. Finally, the simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Not only each type of service/user can get reasonable network access capacity that matches its bandwidth requirements, but the overall network performance also gets improved compared with other DBAs for NG-EPON.

On the efficiency and fairness of dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithms for scheduling multi-type ONUs in NG-EPON

Abstract In the Next Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Network (NG-EPON), Optical Network Units (ONUs) can work on multiple wavelengths simultaneously to achieve higher peak rates. There are three types of ONUs (25G, 50G and 100G ONUs) sharing all the 100 Gb/s bandwidth. Each type of ONUs has a total bandwidth constraint due to ONUs’ working wavelength capabilities. In this paper, we investigate the fairness and efficiency of dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms for scheduling multi-type ONUs while considering their bandwidth capacity constraints. Proposed DWBA algorithms can achieve high efficiency, excellent fairness as well as good wavelength load balancing.

Low-Latency Dynamic Wavelength and Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for NG-EPON

Recently, the IEEE 802.3ca Task Force has been working to standardize the next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) to fulfill future bandwidth demands. NG-EPON allows an optical network unit (ONU) transmission to be scheduled on multiple wavelength channels simultaneously. This will increase network capacity up to 100 Gb/s, along with flexibility, as any of the channels can be allocated from the four wavelength channels, each having a capacity of 25 Gb/s. However, it also raises many technical aspects to be considered while deciding on an optimum scheduling strategy for NG-EPON (100G-EPON) architecture. This paper proposes a dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithm for NG-EPON to schedule upstream wavelength channels while providing a low average packet delay and catering frame resequencing problem. An online scheduling framework with gated service grant sizing policy has been demonstrated in this work. The proposed DWBA algorithm’s performance is evaluated in comparison with legacy interleaved polling with an adaptive cycle time (modified- IPACT) and recently proposed water-filling algorithmbased DWBA (WF-DBA) algorithms. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed DWBA algorithm.

Dynamic Bandwidth and Wavelength Allocation Scheme for Next-Generation Wavelength-Agile EPON

Recently, the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group has classified three architectures for the next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON). They are called single-scheduling domain (SSD) PON, multi-scheduling domain (MSD) PON, and wavelength-agile (WA) PON, and they differ based on how a group of optical network units (ONUs) share a wavelength. Existing dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation (DBWA) schemes for conventional EPON can be applied to MSD-PON and SSD-PON, but not WA-PON. This is because WA-PON is a new architecture with full flexibility where a flexible number of wavelengths can be assigned to one ONU, and multiple ONUs can transmit at the same time. In this work, we develop a mathematical model and a novel DBWA scheme for transmission scheduling in WA-PON. However, as WA-PON incurs penalties in terms of delay and power consumption when an ONU activates its transmissions on new wavelengths, a trade-off between energy saving and data-transfer latency reduction needs to be carefully addressed when performing transmission scheduling. So, we develop a power-consumption model and modify the proposed DBWA scheme to enhance the energy efficiency of WA-PON. Finally, we conduct simulation experiments for performance evaluation of the three PON architectures in terms of latency and packet loss ratio. We quantitatively investigate the influence of various parameters, such as the number of ONU transceivers and ONU buffer size, on WA-PON latency and packet loss ratio, and we evaluate the energy efficiency gain of the modified DBWA scheme.

Techno-economic analysis of EPON and WiMAX for future Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks

Hybrid Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks become rapidly mature and represent a promising candidate for reducing power consumption, costs, and bandwidth bottlenecks of next-generation broadband access networks. Two key FiWi technologies with similar design goals are Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) and WiMAX. In this paper, we develop a powerful and flexible techno-economic analysis to compare the two technologies, taking into account not only equipment and installation costs but also OAM related costs such as power consumption and repairing costs for a wide range of different network failure scenarios, terrain types, and wireless channel conditions. The presented results give insight into the cost-performance trade-offs of current and next-generation EPON and WiMAX networks.