New Zealand Veterinary Association Research Articles

Heritabilities and genetic trends for elbow score as recorded by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Elbow Dysplasia Scheme (1992–2013) in four breeds of dog

AIM: To estimate the heritability of the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) elbow phenotype, obtain estimated breeding values (EBV) for the worst-elbow score and estimate the genetic trends for this trait in four populous breeds of dogs, using the records from the NZVA Canine Elbow Dysplasia Scheme database (1992–2013).METHODS: Overall, 4,070 elbow records from a pedigree of 11,311 dogs were available for animals scored between 1992 and 2013. The worst elbow score between the left and right elbows was identified for each dog and used for EBV analysis. Estimates of heritability and EBV for the elbow score of dogs from German Shepherd dog, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever and Rottweiler breeds were obtained using restricted maximum likelihood procedures with a within-breed linear animal model. The model included the fixed effects of sex and birth year, with age at scoring as a covariable, and the random effect of animal. Genetic trends for the worst-elbow score were calculated as the regression coefficient of the EBV, weighted by reliabilities, on year of birth.RESULTS: The estimates of heritability for worst-elbow score were 0.25 (SE 0.06) in German Shepherd dogs, 0.46 (SE 0.06) in Labrador Retrievers, 0.18 (SE 0.07) in Golden Retrievers and 0.29 (SE 0.11) in Rottweilers. The genetic trend for German Shepherd dogs was −0.0082 (SE 0.0015), for Labrador Retrievers was −0.0016 (SE 0.0016), for Golden Retrievers was −0.0033 (SE 0.0010) and for Rottweilers was −0.0070 (SE 0.0023) units per annum, which were different from zero (p<0.01) in all breeds except Labrador Retrievers.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A small but favourable response to selection was achieved by three of the four breeds in the study period; during which selection for elbow traits has been largely voluntary. While the magnitude of genetic change in terms of elbow units per annum may appear small, it must be remembered that elbow scoring grades only range from 0–3. Greater improvement may be possible if compulsory screening was a requirement for pedigree breeding stock, and if greater selection pressure were applied on the basis on an individual’s EBV, rather than the worst-elbow score alone. The maintenance of an open registry, with transparency of EBV information made available to all breeders, may enhance selection intensity opportunities and potentially assist with the process and progress of breeding selection.

Genetic evaluation of the total hip score of four populous breeds of dog, as recorded by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia Scheme (1991–2011)

AIM: To use estimated breeding value (EBV) analysis to investigate the genetic trend of the total hip score (to assess canine hip dysplasia) in four populous breeds of dogs using the records from the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Canine Hip Dysplasia Scheme database (1991 to 2011).METHODS: Estimates of heritability and EBV for the NZVA total hip score of individual dogs from the German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever and Rottweiler breeds were obtained using restricted maximum likelihood procedures with a within-breed linear animal model. The model included the fixed effects of gender, birth year, birth season, age at scoring and the random effect of animal. The pedigree file included animals recorded between 1990 and 2011. A total of 2,983 NZVA hip score records, from a pedigree of 3,172 animals, were available for genetic evaluation. Genetic trends of the NZVA total hip score were calculated as the regression coefficient of the EBV (weighted by reliabilities) on year of birth.RESULTS: The estimates of heritability for hip score were 0.32 (SE 0.08) in German Shepherd, 0.37 (SE 0.08) in Labrador Retriever, 0.29 (SE 0.08) in Golden Retriever and 0.52 (SE 0.18) in Rottweiler breeds. Genetic trend analysis revealed that only the German Shepherd breed exhibited a genetic trend towards better hip conformation over time, with a decline of 0.13 (SE 0.04) NZVA total hip score units per year (p<0.001). The genetic trends of total hip score for the remaining three breeds were not significantly different from zero (p>0.1).CONCLUSIONS: Despite moderate heritability of the NZVA total hip score, there has not been substantial improvement of this trait for the four breeds analysed in the study period.CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Greater improvement in reducing the prevalence of canine hip dysplasia may be possible if screening were to be compulsory as a requirement for registration of pedigree breeding stock, greater selection pressure were to be applied and selection of breeding stock made on the basis on an individual's EBV rather than the NZVA total hip score alone.

Seasonal variation in the hip score of dogs as assessed by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia scheme

AIM: To determine whether there is a seasonal variation in the phenotypic hip score of dogs born in New Zealand as assessed by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) canine hip dysplasia (CHD) scheme. METHODS: Data from dogs born in New Zealand between 1988 and 2009 that have been scored for CHD were retrospectively evaluated for the effect of month of birth on radiographic phenotype. Data included both the total score and the subtotal score, comprising Norberg's angle, the subluxation score and changes to the cranial acetabular edge, for each dog. Datasets were created for all breeds combined and for the four most populous breeds using the scheme (German Shepherd dog, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever and Rottweiler) and stratified according to month of birth and season. Due to the skewed nature of the data, a Kruskal–Wallis Rank Sum test was used to test for statistical significance. Additionally, χ2 analysis was performed using the median of each dataset (proportion above/below the median). The null hypothesis was that there would be no effect of month of birth, and hence seasonality, on hip phenotype for dogs born and scored in New Zealand by the NZVA. RESULTS: For all breeds combined, month of birth had an effect on total and subtotal NZVA CHD scores (p<0.001) with a lower total hip score in the autumn months of March and April than other months. When individual large breed data were analysed, there was an effect of month of birth on total and subtotal scores for the Labrador Retriever and the Rottweiler (p≤0.05), but not the German Shepherd dog or Golden Retriever breeds. CONCLUSIONS: Being born in the autumn was associated with a protective effect on hip phenotype in some breeds. These results suggest that weather and/or another seasonal factor may have a significant environmental effect on the phenotype of the coxofemoral joint. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The protective effect of being born in autumn suggests that a decreased level of exercise during subsequent development over winter may positively impact on final coxofemoral joint conformation. Whilst statistically significant, the magnitude of the sparing effect is not likely to be clinically relevant. However, this study, in concert with other studies, may suggest that the effects of exercise can be manipulated to improve hip phenotype.

Trends in the phenotypic hip status of selected breeds of dog as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia scheme (1990–2008)

AIM: To determine whether there has been improvement in the phenotypic hip dysplasia status in four susceptible dog breeds as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) scheme. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the NZVA CHD database was performed using records of all German Shepherd dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers that had undergone evaluation for hip dysplasia between 1990 and 2008. The effect of date of birth on the total hip score was analysed using linear regression, including the covariates of age and gender. When a significant effect of date of birth on total score was noted, ordinal logistic regression was performed to determine the probability of different grades of the Norberg angle and subluxation scores by year of birth; these categories being most indicative of laxity of the coxofemoral joint. Given the known heritability of hip phenotype, determined using radiological measurements, the hypothesis was that if sufficient selection pressure has been applied there would have been a trend towards a lower total score over time. RESULTS: For Labrador Retrievers (n=1,451), Golden Retrievers (n=896) and Rottweilers (n=313), there was no effect of date of birth on total score over the period of the study (p>0.1). For German Shepherd dogs (n=1,087), there was a significant trend to a lower total score over time (p=0.0003). However the actual size of the effect was small. Ordinal logistic regression on the Norberg angle and subluxation scores for German Shepherd dogs demonstrated a significant lowering of grade in both of these measures of hip laxity. CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to show significant improvement in the phenotypic hip status of three out of the four most populous large-dog breeds in the NZVA CHD database. Even in the German Shepherd dog, the trend towards a lower total score did not represent a substantial change. Lack of evidence of phenotypic improvement may be due to insufficient selection pressure over the course of the study, selective usage of the scheme (and thus a biased sample), or deficiencies within the NZVA CHD scoring method itself. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Greater improvement might be possible if use of the scheme (or an equivalent) is made a compulsory requirement for registration of pedigree breeding stock, if greater selection pressure is applied and/or if pedigree data are included to enable estimations of breeding value.

Reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four breeds of dog as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association scoring scheme

AIM: To determine if there has been any reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four popular large-dog breeds as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) scoring scheme. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the NZVA elbow dysplasia database was performed using records of all German Shepherd dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers that had undergone evaluation since the scheme's inception in 1992. The data for each dog included date of birth, date of radiography, gender, grade of left and right elbow (0, 1, 2 or 3), and accredited or dysplastic status. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the grade of the worst-affected elbow over time. The model included age at scoring and gender as additional variables. Given the known heritability of elbow dysplasia, the hypothesis was that if the NZVA scheme effectively identifies elbow dysplasia, and that dog breeders have been using the data responsibly, there should have been a trend towards a lower incidence of dogs graded dysplastic over time. RESULTS: In all four breeds, there was a significant trend towards lowergrades of the worst-affected elbow over time. For German Shepherd dogs the incidence of elbow dysplasia (worst elbowgrade not zero) fell from 75% to 47% between dogs born in 1991 vs those born in 2008. The corresponding figures were a drop from 86% to 68% for the Labrador Retriever, from 89% to 77% for Golden Retrievers, but only 98% to 95% for Rottweilers. In the Rottweiler and Golden Retriever, gender had a significant effect on the worst elbow grade. In the Golden Retriever, age at scoring also had a significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a significant reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four popular large-dog breeds as scored by the NZVA elbow dysplasia scoring scheme. The limitations of the study are the non-compulsory nature of the elbow dysplasia scheme, and the potential bias caused by dog breeders or veterinarians pre-screening potential submissions. The results therefore may not represent those of the overall population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The incidence of elbow dysplasia, as measured by the NZVA elbow dysplasia scheme, has reduced in the four breeds investigated since the scheme's inception. The New Zealand Kennel Club (NZKC) and the veterinary profession can confidently support the NZVA scoring scheme, and should promote its use by dog breeders.

An assessment of the agreement between the New Zealand Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia Scoring System and the PennHIP distraction index in German Shepherd dogs

AIM: To determine the level of agreement between the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Hip Dysplasia Scoring System and the University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP) Distraction Index in German Shepherd dogs, and whether using the NZVA subtotal score or its components affected the level of agreement. METHODS: A prospective study was performed using 47 German Shepherd police dogs undergoing breeding evaluation. All dogs were scored using the NZVA system and the PennHIP index. The relationships between the individual hip-distraction index scores and the scores from the NZVA system, i.e. the total score, the subtotal score, and the scores for the categories making up the subtotal score, were analysed using correlation, followed by univariate ANOVA for the subtotal categories alone. The scores from the NZVA system and the distraction index were then dichotomised into either low or high risk of canine hip dysplasia (CHD). A sign test was then used to determine whether three NZVA thresholds identified the same proportion of ‘at-risk’ dogs as the distraction-index threshold. Where this was the case, the Kappa value was calculated to identify the degree of agreement between the NZVA measures and the distraction index. RESULTS: The left-hip distraction index was significantly correlated to both left-subtotal and left-total NZVA score, however for right-hip scores there was no such correlation. The individual categories of the subtotal NZVA score were not significantly associated with the distraction index except for the subluxation score of the left hip. The proportion of dogs identified as being ‘at risk’ for CHD identified using a distraction-index threshold of 0.3 was similar to that identified by an NZVA total or subtotal score of >2 (44/47 cf. 45/47, respectively). However, none of the dogs identified as low risk using the distraction index was identified as low risk by either of the NZVA scores. This poor agreement (Kappa value <0) was not improved by using a threshold of >1 in any of the categories used to calculate the NZVA score. The agreement between the two scores was improved by using different thresholds; distraction index >0.5 and an NZVA total score of >9. These thresholds identified a much lower proportion of ‘at-risk’ dogs (5/47 and 10/47, respectively) than the standard thresholds. The Kappa values using the thresholds of 0.5 for the distraction-index and ≥9 for the NZVA scores were moderate for subtotal (0.55; 95% CI=0.16–0.94) and low for total (0.31; 95% CI=−0.02 to 0.63) score. CONCLUSIONS: The low level of agreement between the NZVA total scores and the PennHIP distraction index, particularly when the standard interpretations were used, is of concern as assessing dogs by each method gave disparate results. There was evidence from this study that using the subtotal score moderately improved the level of agreement with distraction index, but only at the higher thresholds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The low level of agreement between NZVA and PennHIP results in the same dog precludes them being used interchangeably to guide breeding decisions. The higher heritability of distraction-index measurement in previous studies suggests that it is a better selection tool for breeding dogs when CHD is present within a population. The advantage of a hip-extended ventrodorsal view is its low cost and widespread availability but comparisons between individuals may not be accurate due to the poor sensitivity and the presence of false negatives.

SciQuest and the complete archive of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal launched online on 1 January 2003

The complete archive of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal went online on 1 January 2003 on SciQuest (www.sciquest.org.nz), an innovative new e-publishing website developed by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA). This follows hot on the heels of the CD-Rom version released from the same platform in June last year. Subscribers in 2003 will be able to search and retrieve, online, the full text of any article published in the journal since its inception in 1952. To date, few veterinary science journals are able to offer such a complete and comprehensive resource.

Hip Dysplasia in the New Zealand Huntaway and Heading Dog

AIMS: To conduct a practice-based survey to obtain, for the first time, data on hip dysplasia in the New Zealand working dog breeds of Huntaway and Heading Dogs. METHODS: A mailed request and personal approaches to farmer clients of Taihape and Waimarino Veterinary Services were used to recruit dog owners from the Taihape district in the North Island of New Zealand. Recruited dogs were radiographed under anaesthesia in a standard position with both hind limbs extended so that the femurs were parallel and rotated medially. The standard scoring system adopted by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) Hip Dysplasia Scheme was used to score the hip radiographs of the dogs. RESULTS: Radiographs of the hips of 141 dogs (93 Huntaways; 48 Heading Dogs), were evaluated. The overall prevalence of hip dysplasia (defined as a combined score from both hips of ≥10) was 17.7%. Prevalences in Huntaways and Heading Dogs were 23.6% and 6.3%, respectively; in this sample of dogs, the odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) for Huntaways having a score of ≥10 was 4.6 (1.3– 16.0) that of Heading Dogs. The average scores were 10.8 for Huntaways and 5.9 for Heading Dogs. Huntaways were at the higher end of the breed average scores for dogs recorded in the NZVA Hip Dysplasia Scheme and Heading Dogs at the lower end. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study indicates that hip dysplasia may be a problem in the Huntaway breed. Investigation of the epidemiology of the condition in this breed is warranted and consideration should be given to removing high-risk Huntaways from the breeding pool.

10TH SEMINAR OF THE SHEEP AND BEEF CATTLE SOCIETY OF THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, 1980

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 56, Issue 5 p. 253-253 Free Access 10TH SEMINAR OF THE SHEEP AND BEEF CATTLE SOCIETY OF THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, 1980 First published: May 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1980.tb15990.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume56, Issue5May 1980Pages 253-253 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE, PALMERSTON NORTH, 1979

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 54, Issue 10 p. 498-498 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE, PALMERSTON NORTH, 1979 First published: October 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb00303.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume54, Issue10October 1978Pages 498-498 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION SHEEP SOCIETY SEMINAR

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 54, Issue 6 p. 318-318 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION SHEEP SOCIETY SEMINAR First published: June 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb02474.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume54, Issue6June 1978Pages 318-318 RelatedInformation

ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION 1975

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 50, Issue 9 p. 418-418 Free Access ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION 1975 First published: September 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb05355.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume50, Issue9September 1974Pages 418-418 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 47, Issue 8 p. 407-407 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE First published: August 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1971.tb09233.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume47, Issue8August 1971Pages 407-407 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION SHEEP SOCIETY

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 47, Issue 5 p. 236-236 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION SHEEP SOCIETY First published: May 1971 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1971.tb05070.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume47, Issue5May 1971Pages 236-236 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE IN WELLINGTON, FEBRUARY 1971

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 46, Issue 9 p. 462-462 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE IN WELLINGTON, FEBRUARY 1971 First published: September 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb06696.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue9September 1970Pages 462-462 RelatedInformation

Secretary of the NEW Zealand Veterinary Association

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 27, Issue 11 p. 317-317 Free Access Secretary of the NEW Zealand Veterinary Association First published: November 1951 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1951.tb04993.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume27, Issue11November 1951Pages 317-317 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 25, Issue 9 p. 214-228 Free Access NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, 1949 First published: September 1949 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1949.tb04809.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume25, Issue9September 1949Pages 214-228 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION INCORPORATED Twenty‐third Annual General Meetixg, November, 1946.

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 23, Issue 6 p. 158-165 NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION INCORPORATED Twenty-third Annual General Meetixg, November, 1946. First published: June 1947 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1947.tb14738.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume23, Issue6June 1947Pages 158-165 RelatedInformation

NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 4, Issue 4 p. 156-157 NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOCIATION First published: December 1928 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1928.tb05241.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume4, Issue4December 1928Pages 156-157 RelatedInformation