New Type Of Surfactant Research Articles

Interfacial Adsorption of Oil-Soluble Kraft Lignin and Stabilization of Water-in-Oil Emulsions.

In this paper, the potential of esterified Kraft lignin as a novel oil-soluble surfactant was examined. The lignin was chemically modified by esterification with lauric or stearic acid, making it soluble in solvents such as toluene or n-decane. Adsorption at the oil-water interface was then studied by the Du Noüy ring-method. The oil-soluble lignin behaved similar to water-soluble lignin surfactants, both the qualitative and quantitative progression of interfacial tension. Modeling revealed a surface excess of 7.5-9.0 × 10-7 mol/m2, area per molecule of 185-222 Å2, and a diffusion coefficient within the range 10-10 to 10-14 m2/s; all of which are in line with existing literature on water-soluble lignosulfonates. The data further suggested that the pendant alkyl chains were extended well into the paraffinic solvent. At last, bottle tests showed that the oil-soluble lignin was able to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsion stability was affected by the concentration of lignin or NaCl as well as the oil phase composition. Aromatic oils exhibited lower emulsion stability in comparison to the aliphatic oil. In conclusion, a new type of surfactant was synthesized and studied, which may contribute to developing green surfactants and novel approaches to valorize technical lignin.

Application of Modified Peat Aggregate for Lightweight Concrete

The scientific article "Application of Modified Peat Aggregate for Lightweight Concrete" presents the results of studies of the properties of a new composite material for use in enclosing structures of residential and public buildings. Physical and mechanical characteristics of possible aggregates of local production for this type of concrete affecting its operational properties are considered. The prospects of using fly ash as an additive improving the characteristics of polystyrene concrete with the addition of modified peat have been established. The analysis was made and the optimal compositions for obtaining lightweight concrete based on peat and polystyrene foam were selected. The desorption properties of lightweight concrete important for its effective operation as a wall material were tested. It was found that the use of new types of surfactants can improve the water wettability of peat particles and polystyrene granules, thereby reducing the water-cement ratio and improving the compressive strength of the material. Possible efficiency of application of this type of concrete for use in enclosing structures of buildings and constructions under construction in seismic regions of Russia is considered. The presence of damping effect manifested in the material due to the presence of polystyrene granules in the perception of a certain level of load, which is important for the work of concrete under seismic influences, was experimentally established.

Relationship of Structure and Surfactivity of Chitosan-Based Surfactants (SPDACS) and Application for Paclitaxel Solubilization

In this study, a new type of surfactant, N, N-dialkyl-3, 6-O-sulfopropyl chitosan (SPDACS) was prepared with two kinds of chitosan (Mw 10 and 50 kDa) and three kinds of alkyl groups (octyl, decyl and lauryl) respectively. The substitution degree of alkyl chain was around 1.50, and the substitution degree of sulfopropyl was around 1.70. The relationship of structure and surfactivity of chitosan-based surfactants were studied with six different structures of SPDACS.The results showed that the length of alkyl side chain and the molecular weight of chitosan main chain of SPDACS had distinct effect on the surface tension (γ) and the critical micelle concentration (CMC). CMC and γ could be reduced as the length of alkyl and the molecular weight of chitosan increased. For the products with 50 kDa of chitosan, the CMC decreased from 0.014 to 0.006 mg/mL, and γ down to 23.59 from 28.76 mN/m as the length of alkyl increased from 8C to 12C. The similar patterns happened for the products with 10 kDa of chitosan. The mean size of the blank micelles decreased with the growth of the length of alkyl, and the molecular weight of chitosan had little effect on the particle size. The zeta potential of all micelles were above -35mV which meant the micelles had good stability in the solution.The product of 5-SPDLCS (50 kDa, lauryl) with the best surfactivity were selected for the study of PTX solubilization. The optimal ratio of 5-SPDLCS/PTX was determined to be 1/1.1. The results showed the encapsulation effificiency (EE) and loading effificiency (LE) were 92.2 % and 50.36 % respectively. The solubility of PTX in water reached to 6.08 mg/mL. The solubility of PTX was 60,000 times higher than that of PTX (< 0.0001mg/mL) in pure water.

A New Type of Surfactant in the Synthesis and Performance Evaluation

Gemini surfactants are chemical compounds known as new generation of surfactants that their molecules has two hydrophilic groups ,two hydrophobic groups and a spacer.They have low CMC value and high surface activity.Gemini surfactants are inapproachable by any surfactants that are used for TOR nowadays.This essay is meant to solve the problems faced in the territory by using the remarkably high surface activity,introducing Gemini surfactants to TOR and launch series of experiments.Meanwhile,it provides technical and theoretical support for applying Gemini surfactants into the field.

The Evaluation Experiment Research on Sp Binary Composite System Performance and the Oil Displacement Effect

SP binary composite system can reduce the interfacial tension, has good viscoelasticity, and has similar displacement effect with ASP ternary composite system. In addition, the scaling formation can be weaken because it does not contain alkali. Therefore, it plays a important role in guiding the formulas of SP binary composite system and designing the injection scheme to evaluate the main performance and oil displacement effect of SP binary composite system. Experiments on the main performance evaluation, microscopic simulation model for oil displacement and oil displacement in cores have been carried in this paper, which is intended for the new type of surfactant (HLX-BO1 type)/polymer binary complex system which is applied in SP binary composite flooding test block of Daqing oil field. The emulsification property, adsorption characteristics, stability and rheological property of the SP binary composite system have been evaluated. The oil displacement effect of polymer flooding, surfactant flooding, and SP binary composite flooding have been analyzed in this paper. The evaluation experimental research on SP binary complex system performance shows that: 1The binary composite system has good viscosity stability and interfacial tension stability. 2the emulsification time and emulsification degree both increase With the increasing of surfactant concentration. 3The higher oil content in the oil sand, the greater the surfactant adsorption capacity. 4The concentration of surfactant has less affect on the apparent viscosity of the polymer solution, while alkali has greater influence on the apparent viscosity of the polymer solution. The oil displacement experimental research on SP binary system shows that the oil displacement effect of SP binary system is significantly better than that of the unitary system of polymer or surfactant alone. The oil displacement effect is well whether SP system is flooded after water flooding or polymer flooding. The average enhanced oil recovery rates of artificial cores in the oil displacement experiment are 17.5% and 10.10% respectively. The average enhanced oil recovery rate of natural cores in the oil displacement experiment after polymer flooding is 9.5%.

The impact of fluorination on the structure and properties of self-assembled monolayer films

The adsorption of partially fluorinated amphiphiles on metal/metal oxide surfaces allows for the generation of specifically fluorinated thin-film interfaces. Such surfaces are often compared to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which exhibits a low surface energy, accompanied by biological and chemical inertness, making perfluorinated interfaces applicable to a wide range of technologies. In thin-film research, self-assembled monolayers derived from fluorinated alkanethiols (FSAMs) serve as well-defined systems that can be used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of interfaces produced with varying degrees of fluorination. The characteristics of these surfaces have been attributed to both the chemical composition of the individual molecular adsorbates and the consequent structural features associated with monolayers formed from these unique partially fluorinated adsorbates. Specifically, this review seeks to correlate the structural and interfacial properties of FSAMs on gold with the structure/composition of the fluorinated moiety present in the adsorbed molecules and to highlight how the degree of fluorination influences the interfacial ordering of the individual alkanethiolate chains and the vacuum energy levels of the modified metal substrate. Additionally, the thermal stability of these organic thin films is analyzed as a function of adsorbate structure. Included are highlights of some of the studies in which FSAMs, formed from a variety of new types of surfactants, were used to modify colloidal systems, to generate anti-adhesive materials, and to enhance the stability of fluorinated thin films toward low-energy electron degradation.

A New Type of Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery

abstract Most naturally fractured reservoir rocks are mixed to oil wet and do not imbibe the injected water, which translates into low-efficiency waterflood recovery. To enhance the spontaneous imbibition process, a low concentration of surfactants is dissolved into the injected water to induce wettability alteration of the reservoir rock by changing the wettability of the rock toward a more water-wet state. Zizyphus spina-christi leaves, which are grown in the Middle East, produce a special surfactant called saponin. This surfactant can be used for chemical flooding in Iranian oil fields due to its low cost and availability. Saponin was extracted from leaves using a spray-drying method and the interfacial tension (IFT) between saponin–water–oil was determined. For interfacial tension measurements the pendant drop method was used. A typical pendant drop apparatus is presented in this article. The algorithms used to infer interfacial tension from the geometrical profile of the pendant drop are described in detail; in particular, a new method for evaluation of the value of the radius at the apex of the drop, necessary for calculation of interfacial tension, is presented. Saponin caused a reduction in interfacial tension from 48 to 9 dyn/cm, which can be decreased to ultralow IFT by the addition of salt and alcohol. According to the results, saponin can be used as a surface-active agent for enhanced oil recovery.

New normalization index for spontaneous imbibition

Spontaneous imbibition is of special importance in oil recovery from fractured reservoirs. Laboratory measurements of volume of liquid imbibed versus time are often used in the prediction of oil recovery. Laboratory results of oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition are commonly scaled-up to forecast oil recovery at the reservoir scale. Numerous questions arise with respect to the theory of spontaneous imbibition and the valid scaling of laboratory imbibition data. The factors involved in the scaling equation are rock properties, liquids viscosities, interfacial tensions, core geometry and wettability. Some previous developments in scaling were based on oil recovery from very strongly water-wet rocks. In this paper, sequential developments in the mathematical analysis of scaling equations for imbibition recovery are reviewed to the latest one. Previous scaling equations do not fit the imbibition data with different wettabilities in cores. To show this fact, two series of experiments are done on water wet and oil wet cores. Oil wet cores are obtained by means of aging process. The effect of interfacial tension is considered using a new type of surfactant. Imbibition data is compared with different scaling equations that are available in the literature for providing a physical explanation of the new index. The results reveal the inconsistency between scaling equations. Previous methods did not consider the effects of all parameters on determining the Wettability Index. A new procedure is introduced in order to obtain the Normalization Index from the imbibition data using all the parameters affecting the imbibition rate, including wettability. This index, which could be considered as a substitute for the Wettability Index, is then used to modify previous scaling equations and called the Normalization Index. The improved correlation is shown to perform better than the existing equations available in the literature as it gives the closest fit to the experimental data.

Applicability Test of New Surfactant Produced from Zizyphus Spina-Christi Leaves for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate Reservoirs

After the primary production period, water flooding is usually performed to recover more oil from reservoirs. However, water flooding recoveries are low from naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs, due in part to these reservoirs being mixed to oil-wet. Most of Iranian reservoirs are naturally fractured. Chemical process and especially surfactant flooding is an interested method because of its effect on interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability alteration. Different surfactants are used for chemical flooding in the world but these chemical have high price and some detrimental effect on the environment. In this paper a new nonionic biosurfactant which is produced from the leaves of special tree called Zizyphus Spina-Christi is introduced. There is a hypothesis that this surfactant can be used in chemical flooding of fractured reservoirs because of very low cost and availability in Middle-East and Africa compared to other currently used surfactants. For this purpose surfactant is extracted from the leaves by spray dryer method. The pendant drop method is used to measure interfacial tension and critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. In order to investigate the effect of this surfactant on oil recovery two series of imbibition experiments are conducted on water-wet and oil-wet samples. It is observed that oil recovery is about ∼16 % OOIP (original oil-in-place) for oil-wet cores by using this surfactant. In the same test, no oil is produced with water due to high oil wettability. After adding surfactant to the water, the oil recovery about ∼7 % OOIP is obtained. Other test is done on water-wet cores which shows that addition of surfactant reduce the ultimate recovery from ∼35 % OOIP to ∼12.5 % OOIP. Reducing interfacial tension cause decrease in imbibition drive mechanism and lower the ultimate recovery. These results indicate that this new type of surfactant can meet the technical requirements as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agent for chemical flooding.

Study on Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Borate Ester Surfactant

A new type of surfactant was prepared. The structure of the novel borate ester formed by reacting boric acid and lauryl alcohol and with diethanol amine was established by 11B, 1H NMR spectroscopy and IR spectrum. Testing it antistatic property, we found 0.3wt% dodecanol diethanol amine borate ester surfactant (the final product LNB) can make specific resistance of the polyester staple fiber be decreased from 1012 to 108 at the condition of 60% RH and 18°C. Because Amine compounds with nonbonding electrons can form the extra molecular coordination bond of nitrogen to boron and prevent hydrolysis of borate esters, it exhibits higher hydrolytic stability. And the novel borate ester surfactant shows a higher antibacterial activity. This paper mainly studies its application in modern spin finishes for polyester staple fiber.

Aqueous Extended‐Surfactant Based Method for Vegetable Oil Extraction: Proof of Concept

AbstractThe use of hexane to extract vegetable oil from oilseeds is of growing concern due to hexane's environmental impact and because of worker exposure concerns. The goal of our work is to demonstrate that the aqueous extended‐surfactant‐based method is a viable alternative for vegetable oil extraction. In our method, ground oilseeds were dispersed in the aqueous surfactant solution, allowing the oil to be liberated from the seeds as a separate phase from the aqueous phase. The impact of pH, shaking intensity, shaking time and seed to liquid ratio on oil yield are presented. Extended‐surfactants are a new type of surfactant with propoxylate (PO) and/or ethoxylate (EO) groups inserted between the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic alkyl chain of the surfactant molecule. This unique structure of extended‐surfactants enables them to produce ultralow interfacial tension with vegetable oils. We have found that at low aqueous concentrations (less than 0.3 wt%), extended‐surfactant solutions are able to produce ultralow interfacial tension between aqueous extraction and vegetable oil phases. At optimum condition (seed to liquid ratio of 1–5, 30 min extraction at 150 shakes/min and 30 min centrifugation at 2,170×g) we achieved 93–95% extraction efficiency for peanut and canola oils at 25 °C. The oil quality produced from the aqueous extended‐surfactant‐based method was found to be comparable or even superior to that obtained from hexane‐based extraction, further demonstrating the viability of aqueous extended‐surfactant based extraction.

Synthesis of dendritic polyether surfactants for demulsification

Six kinds of dendritic polyether surfactants were synthesized with different proportions of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide using phenol-amine resin as a precursor. The surface tension and demulsification performance of these polyether surfactants were studied. It shows that the six dendritic polyethers behave like typical surfactants. The results reveal that these new types of surfactants show interesting demulsification properties towards the simulated emulsions used in our work. The structure of the polyethers can influence the demulsification performance, of which the main factor is the molecular block. The demulsification mechanism of these dendritic polyethers was studied using single-droplet protocol, and the dynamic data of drainage time, half life time, and rupture rate constant obtained are consistent with the demulsification law of the six dendritic polyethers.

Synthesis, Structural Properties and Applications of Gemini Surfactants: A Review

Abstract Gemini surfactants are most exciting new types of surfactants. They have two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic groups in a molecule separated by a spacer group. Nowadays different types of geminis have been synthesized. Geminis show some characteristic features like low cmc, high surface activity, high solubility in water, good foaming and wetting properties, as well as low Krafft temperature. Geminis imply low eye and skin irritation. These surfactants are widely used as antifoaming and antimicrobial agents. This review paper deals with synthesis, properties and applications of various gemini surfactants.

Micellar electrophoresis using ionic liquids

In this study, ionic liquid based cationic surfactants were evaluated as pseudo-stationary phases in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The aggregation behaviour of long-chain (C 12 and C 14) alkylimidazolium ionic liquids in water and aqueous phosphate buffer was investigated by spectrophotometry. The critical micelle concentrations of these salts were determined and compared to those of tetradecyl- and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, salts commonly used in capillary electrophoresis. The practical utilization of a new type of surfactant in MEKC was evaluated by introducing an ionic liquid into the running aqueous buffer to separate neutral analytes-methylresorcinol isomers and benzene derivatives.

Stabilizing Effect of Pseudo-Dendritic Polyethylenimine on Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon

A new type of surfactant with a hydrophile of dendritic polyethylenimine (C(12)(EI)(7)) was synthesized by a cationic polymerization of dodecylamine with aziridine and was used as a stabilizer to prepare Pt colloid, which is then used in situ to prepare carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles. The effects of supporting carbon, surfactant concentration, and calcination time on the nanoparticle size and catalytic performance were determined from the transmission electron microscopic analyses and cyclic voltammograms. In the presence of carbon, the Pt particle size increased slightly with lower C(12)(EI)(7) content, while those with higher C(12)(EI)(7) concentrations remained unchanged. For the heat-treated Pt/C catalyst, the molar ratio of C(12)(EI)(7) to H(2)PtCl(6) ([N]/[Pt] ratio) dominated the growth of Pt nanoparticles. The size decreased from 7.6 nm for a [N]/[Pt] ratio of 5 to 3.8 nm for a [N]/[Pt] ratio of 40. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that metallic Pt(0) (81.6%) predominated the Pt species in the heat-treated catalyst, which is more than the commercial E-TEK catalyst. The data show clearly that thermal treatment had successively removed the stabilizing shells; moreover, it did not cause serious aggregation of particles in the presence of C(12)(EI)(7) and thus enhanced the catalytic activity. The interaction between Pt and C(12)(EI)(7) were studied and were explained in terms of a mechanism of dual-functional stabilization both on carbon and in the thermal treatment.

Solubilization and Transfer Free Energy of Some Organic Compounds from Bulk Aqueous Phase to Micelle of a New Type of Surfactant

A new type of surfactant, 3‐alkoxyl‐2‐hydroxylpropyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CnH2n+1OCH2CH(OH)CH2N(CH3)3 +Br−, abbreviated as RnTAB, n=8, 12, 14, 16) was synthesized. The solubilization of n‐pentanol, n‐hexanol, n‐heptanol, benzyl alcohol, n‐hexane, benzene, toluene, heptane, and carbon tetrachloride in aqueous solutions of RnTAB, sodium dodecyl sulfonic(R12SO3Na), and in the mixed solution of R16TAB/R12SO3Na have been studied by the microtitration method. The experimental results show that the solubilized amounts of the organic compounds increase with the growing of the hydrocarbon chain of RnTAB, and the solubilizing ability of the binary system is lower for polar substances than for a mono‐surfactant aqueous solution. “V” isothermal curves of the solubilized amount of polar substances have been observed, and the minimum solubilized amount is at the molar ratio 1∶1 of R16TAB/R12SO3Na. However, the solubilizing ability of mixed surfactants for non polar substances is higher than that for a mono‐surfactant solution, the solubilizing isotherm curves present a “saddle” shape, and the maximum solubilized amount is at the molar ratio 1∶1 of R16TAB/R12SO3Na too. The length of hydrophobic chains of surfactant and the polarity of the organic compound affect the transfer free energy from aqueous to micelle phase. The longer the hydrophobic chain of RnTAB and the lower the polarity of the organic compound, the more easily will the compound transfer from aqueous phase to micelle phase.

CURRENT SURFACTANT USE IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Exogenous surfactant therapy has been a significant advance in the management of preterm infants with RDS. It has become established as a standard part of the management of such infants. Both natural and synthetic surfactants lead to clinical improvement and decreased mortality, with natural surfactants having additional advantages over currently available synthetic surfactants. The use of prophylactic surfactant administered after initial stabilization at birth to infants at risk for RDS has benefits compared with rescue surfactant given to treat infants with established RDS. In infants who do not receive prophylaxis, earlier treatment (before 2 hours) has benefits over later treatment. The use of multiple doses of surfactant is a superior strategy to the use of a single dose, whereas the use of a higher threshold for retreatment seems to be as effective as a low threshold. Adverse effects of surfactant therapy are infrequent and usually not serious. Long-term follow-up of infants treated with surfactant in the neonatal period is reassuring. In the future we are likely to see the development of new types of surfactants. Further research is required to determine the optimal use of surfactant in conjunction with other respiratory interventions.