New Type Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Molecular Photoswitching Unlocks Glucose Oxidase for Synergistically Reinforcing Fenton Reactions for Antitumor Chemodynamic Therapy.

We have developed a new type of nanoparticles with potent antitumor activity photoactivatable via the combination of molecular photoswitching of spiropyran (SP) and enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase (GOx). As two key processes involved therein, Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) photoreduction in Fe(III) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) brings about the release of free Fe2+/Fe3+ while the photoswitching of SP to merocyanine (MC) unlocks the enzymatic activity of GOx that was pre-passivated by SP. The release of free Fe3+ boosts its hydrolysis and therefore enables the acidification of microenvironment, which is further reinforced by one of the products of the GOx-mediated glucose oxidation reaction, gluconic acid (GlcA). Based on the generation of Fe2+ and acidic milieu together with another product of the oxidation reaction, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), these two processes jointly present triple enabling factors for generating lethal hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) species via Fenton reactions and therefore oxidative stress capable of inhibiting tumor. The antitumor potency of such nanoparticle is verified in tumor-bearing model mice in vivo, proclaiming its potential as a potent and safe agent based on the unique mechanism of optically manipulating enzyme activity for synergistic antitumor therapeutics with high spatial precision, enhanced efficacy and minimized side effects.

Photosensitizing metal–organic framework nanoparticles combined with tumor-sensitization strategies can enhance the phototherapeutic effect upon medullary thyroid carcinoma

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has developed as a new and efficacious treatment for malignant tumors located on the surface of the human body. In order to achieve more effective PDT treatment outcomes, the traditional method has been to increase the intensity of the laser irradiation, but this approach can easily lead to tissue burns. In this study, we developed a new type of nanoparticle, F68-PKI@PCN224, aims to achieve effective PDT upon medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) which is an uncommon form of thyroid cancer that originates in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid and the therapeutic outlook for patients with MTC remains unsatisfactory. F68-PKI@PCN224 combines the antitumor features of PDT with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor PKI-587 (PKI). The tumor sensitization, slow release, and pH response features of F68-PKI@PCN224 was demonstrated by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments / assays. F68-PKI@PCN224 achieved the long-term activation and slow releasing of PKI and TCPP in MTC tumor tissues. During the process of generating PDT effects, F68-PKI@PCN224 enhanced the tumor's sensitivity to PDT, direct laser irradiation of MTC cells or subcutaneous tumor tissues. As a result, low-dose phototherapy achieves a higher anti-tumor effect upon F68-PKI@PCN224 compared with TCPP. This study reveals the synergistic effect between tumor sensitization by mTOR inhibitor and PDT and initially unveils the mechanism of action of these nanoparticles.

Skin-permeable gold nanoparticles with modifications azelamide monoethanolamine ameliorate inflammatory skin diseases

BackgroundTraditional topical drug delivery for treating inflammatory skin diseases suffers from poor skin penetration and long-term side effects. Metal nanoparticles show promising application in topical drug delivery for inflammatory skin diseases.MethodsHere, we synthesized a new type of nanoparticles, azelamide monoethanolamine-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au-MEA NPs), based on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (Au-CA NPs) via the ligand exchange method. The physical and chemical properties of Au-CA NPs and Au-MEA NPs were characterized. In vivo studies were performed using imiquimod-induced psoriasis and LL37-induced rosacea animal models, respectively. For in vitro studies, a model of cellular inflammation was established using HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α. In addition, proteomics, gelatin zymography, and other techniques were used to investigate the possible therapeutic mechanisms of the Au-MEA NPs.ResultsWe found that Au-MEA NPs exhibited better stability and permeation properties compared to conventional Au-CA NPs. Transcutaneously administered Au-MEA NPs exerted potent therapeutic efficacy against both rosacea-like and psoriasiform skin dermatitis in vivo without overt signs of toxicity. Mechanistically, Au-MEA NPs reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes by promoting SOD activity and inhibiting the activity of MMP9.ConclusionAu-MEA NPs have the potential to be a topical nanomedicine for the effective and safe treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Upconversion/Downshifting Circularly Polarized Luminescence over 1200 nm in a Single Nanoparticle for Optical Anticounterfeiting and Information Encryption.

Multimodal upconversion and downshifting circularly polarized luminescent materials hold significant potential for optical anticounterfeiting applications due to their exceptional chiroptical properties. However, constructing these materials within a single emitter remains challenging. In this study, a conceptual model of multimodal up-conversion/downshifting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is realized within a single nanoparticle. A new type of nanoparticles with multilayer core-shell architecture is fabricated, capable of delivering upconversion/downshifting luminescence, when excited by a 980 nm laser. Utilizing a co-assembly strategy, multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL emission, covering a broad emission range from ultraviolet (UV) to the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region, can be realized at the supramolecular level. These chiroptical properties closely follow the chirality of host matrix and are strongly dependent on the distribution mode of nanoparticles within the matrix films. The multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL behavior enabled cutting-edge encryption applications including optical anticounterfeiting and information encryption. This work introduces a novel approach to designing multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL materials and opens new avenues for the development of chiroptical functional materials.

Upconversion/Downshifting Circularly Polarized Luminescence over 1200 nm in a Single Nanoparticle for Optical Anticounterfeiting and Information Encryption

Multimodal upconversion and downshifting circularly polarized luminescent materials hold significant potential for optical anticounterfeiting applications due to their exceptional chiroptical properties. However, constructing these materials within a single emitter remains challenging. In this study, a conceptual model of multimodal up‐conversion/downshifting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is realized within a single nanoparticle. A new type of nanoparticles with multilayer core‐shell architecture is fabricated, capable of delivering upconversion/downshifting luminescence, when excited by a 980 nm laser. Utilizing a co‐assembly strategy, multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL emission, covering a broad emission range from ultraviolet (UV) to the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) region, can be realized at the supramolecular level. These chiroptical properties closely follow the chirality of host matrix and are strongly dependent on the distribution mode of nanoparticles within the matrix films. The multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL behavior enabled cutting‐edge encryption applications including optical anticounterfeiting and information encryption. This work introduces a novel approach to designing multimodal upconversion/downshifting CPL materials and opens new avenues for the development of chiroptical functional materials.

Investigation of performance and emission values of new type of fuels obtained by adding MgO nanoparticles to biodiesel fuels produced from waste sunflower and cotton oil

Biodiesel was produced using the transesterification method from waste sunflower and cotton oil. As a result of the analysis of the new type of nanoparticle-added biodiesel fuels we produce, the parameters with a decrease in emissions are CO, HC, and smoke emissions. There is a partial increase in NOx emissions. In addition, nanoparticle addition made a positive contribution by increasing thermal efficiency. The produced MgO nanoparticle-doped biodiesel fuel samples were compared with diesel fuel. As seen in these comparisons, nanoparticle additives contributed positively to reducing emission values. These improvements were observed as a 31.25 % reduction in CO in the WSOB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample, 41.6 % reduction in HC in the COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample and 36.92 % reduction in smoke (soot) in COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. A comparison was made between the fuel samples in our study, biodiesel produced from waste sunflower and cotton, and fuels produced with nanoparticle additives of 50, 75, and 100 ppm. It was observed that the most efficient fuel sample in terms of emission values and performance was COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additive fuel. The biodiesel fuel sample produced with COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additives provided a 3.25 % improvement in thermal efficiency compared to biodiesel without additives. A positive effect on the heat transfer coefficient was observed as a result of the data on the new type of nanoparticle doped biodiesel. With the impact of this contribution, parameters such as positive contribution to in-cylinder temperature, ignition delay, and combustion time were positively affected in the same direction. Another positive effect of nanoparticle additive to biodiesel, thermal efficiency, increased by 1.1 % in the COB5 + 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. Depending on the decrease in emission rate, it was concluded that the nanoparticle additive added to the fuel greatly benefits the environment.

Polymersomes for Sustained Delivery of a Chalcone Derivative Targeting Glioblastoma Cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system responsible for the most deaths among patients with primary brain tumors. Current therapies for GBM are not effective, with the average survival of GBM patients after diagnosis being limited to a few months. Chemotherapy is difficult in this case due to the heterogeneity of GBM and the high efficacy of the blood-brain barrier, which makes drug absorption into the brain extremely difficult. In a previous study, 3',4',3,4,5-trimethoxychalcone (MB) showed antiproliferative and anti-invasion activities toward GBM cells. Polymersomes (PMs) are an attractive, new type of nanoparticle for drug administration, due to their high stability, enhanced circulation time, biodegradability, and sustained drug release. In the present study, different MB formulations, PEG2000-PCL and PEG5000-PCL, were synthesized, characterized, and compared in terms of 14-day stability and in vitro cytotoxicity (hCMEC/D3 and U-373 MG).

A Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Controlled Dual‐Drug Delivery System with Short Hairpin RNA and Simvastatin for Ferroptosis in Colorectal Cancer

AbstractColorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Ferroptosis is a non‐apoptotic form of regulated cell death that can be triggered by excessive lipid peroxidation and provides an alternative cancer treatment option. To design ferroptosis‐targeted nanomedicine, a new type of nanoparticle is synthesized. The antineoplastic agent simvastatin (SIM) and specifically designed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) are co‐loaded into zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles coated with poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA). The constructed shRNA/ZIF‐8@PCBMA‐SIM nanoparticles effectively eliminate human colorectal carcinoma cells in vivo, showing superior cytotoxicity against tumors owing to their improved targeting ability and the high retention of antineoplastic agents delivered at tumor sites. Furthermore, SIM and shRNA downregulate the expression of ferroptosis‐related enzymes 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase and glutathione peroxidase 4, thus, triggering ferroptosis in cancer cells. Given that SIM is already approved for clinical use, and shRNA offers high potency to downregulate the cystine/glutamate antiporter (x‐CT) system protein (subunit SLC7A11), shRNA/ZIF‐8@PCBMA‐SIM nanoparticles show great clinical potential to treat colorectal cancer via ferroptosis. This presents an alternative therapy that addresses the limitations of chemotherapy.

Durable superhydrophobic coatings based on CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids for anti-corrosion and thermal insulation

When steel structure buildings appear more frequently in our lives, the anti-corrosion and thermal insulation capacity of steel as the substrate is an inevitable difficult problem. To solve this problem, we propose a carbon nanotube silica aerogel hybrid (CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids), which is a new type of nanoparticle obtained by grafting the modified silica aerogel onto carbon nanotubes. After that, the superhydrophobic coating was prepared on Q235 steel by simple one-step spraying. The prepared superhydrophobic coating has a stable micro nanolayered structure and excellent hydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 168.7 ± 1°and a sliding angle of 4.5 ± 0.4°. The superhydrophobic coating can withstand various mechanical and chemical durability tests and maintained good superhydrophobic properties. The electrochemical experimental analysis shows that the corrosion current density of CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids superhydrophobic coating is 1.55 × 10−7 A/cm2 is three orders of magnitude lower than steel plate (1.07 × 10−4 A/cm2), indicating that CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids have excellent corrosion resistance. CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids superhydrophobic coating has achieved certain thermal insulation performance compared with ordinary CNTs-SiO2 coating. CNTs-SiO2gel hybrids superhydrophobic coating, which has both anti-corrosion and thermal insulation capabilities, will certainly expand the practical application of superhydrophobic coating.

Comparing the toxicity of tungsten and vanadium oxide nanoparticles on Spirulina platensis.

The production and release of nanoparticles and their impacts on living organisms are among the most important concerns in the world. Spirulina platensis was chosen because of its ability to absorb more elements than other algae. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to improve the product quality of spirulina exposed to new type of nanoparticles. In this experiment, vanadium oxide nanoparticles (VNPs) and tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WNPs) were used at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.017, and 0.05g/l. The measured indices such as protein percentage and concentrations of phycobiliproteins and carbohydrates were the most important parameters of spirulina. Results showed that the concentration of 0.001g/l of VNPs significantly affected the amounts of protein and phycocyanin. It has also been observed that 0.001g/l of WNPs significantly influenced the amounts of protein (5.3%) and phycocyanin (90%); however, WNPs at all concentrations increased the concentrations of protein and phycocyanin. A concentration of 0.05g/l of WNPs increased phycocyanin content by 83% over the control. The examination of nanoparticles by spirulina showed that VNPs were more adsorbed by spirulina than WNPs. In general, VNPs were toxic to algae at concentrations of 0.017 and 0.05g/l, but WNPs did not show any fatal toxicity.

The heat transfer behavior of MHD micro-polar MWCNT-Fe3O4/Water Hybrid Nano-fluid in an inclined ⊥ shaped cavity with semi-circular heat source inside

Multi Wall Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNT's) are new types of nanoparticles which enhance thermal behavior of the base fluids. These are applicable in automotive engineering. Besides, Micro-polar Nano-fluids are another type of Nano-fluid in which the micro-rotation of the nanoparticles is considered when solving the governing equations. In this study, the natural convection and entropy generation of a Micro-polar MWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 /Water Hybrid Nano-fluid is investigated. The governing equations which consider the Non-Newtonian behavior of this type of Nano-fluid are solved by FEM. The effcacy of micro-rotation parameter (0–2), Hartmann number (0-20), Rayleigh number (10 4 -10 6 ), and inclination angle of the cavity (0°–90°) on the Nusselt number and S is investigated. The findings disclose that both micro-rotation parameter and Hartmann number reduce NC and Nu avg of hybrid nanofluid. Besides, Be number will increase by reducing Ra number. Moreover, the average of Be number will enhance up to 19% and the Nu avg will be weakened by 24% by changing the φ from 0° to 90°. Plus, Nu avg will descend by 27% when the micro-rotation parameter is increased from 0 to 2. This study is mostly applicable in solar collectors, heat exchangers, and biomedical engineering such as blood flow in which the micro-polar flow is present.

Literature Review of Nanotechnology in the Enhanced Oil Recovery.

In recent studies, there has been an increasing focus on Nanoparticles Enhanced Oil Recovery (NPEOR). NPEOR is a method that was initially developed to improve microscopic and macroscopic displacement efficiency. In some recent applications NP have been assisted the conventional EOR methods such as a polymer, surfactant, and Co2 flooding, with the purpose of increasing the oil recovery. In this literature, the abilities to use NP in EOR are investigated. The function of different types of NP, different types of Dispersing agents, availability of nanomaterials in the lab, the effect of nanoparticles to change the properties, future challenges and concerns about the NP, are reviewed. However, the stability of suspensions of NP is still the most barrier to use NP in EOR. Upcoming studies are necessary to focus on the outcome of the appropriate techniques of NP to improve their stability under the worst conditions of reservoirs and investigate new types of nanoparticles.

Biodiesel Fuels Produced from Poppy and Canola Oils, Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emission Values of the Samples Obtained by Adding New Types of Nanoparticles

Biodiesel Fuels Produced from Poppy and Canola Oils, Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emission Values of the Samples Obtained by Adding New Types of Nanoparticles

New radiation therapy for cancer using monochromatic X-rays and nanoparticles

There are longstanding research efforts to improve treatments for cancers. Two treatment options are chemotherapy and radiation therapy but there is room for improvement and researchers at the Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Japan, have developed a new method that could lead to the development of a new type of cancer radiation therapy and save lives. The research team is led by Professor Fuyuhiko Tamanoi who is principal investigator at the Tamanoi Laboratory at Kyoto University and leader of the Quantum Nano Medicine Research Center. The method involves generating a cloud of electrons inside a cancer cell that causes DNA breaks, which has potential to eliminate cancer cells. This approach is built on the Auger effect which postulates that when high Z elements are irradiated with monochromatic X-rays, the energy from the X-rays are absorbed by the K-shell electron, which leads to the release of multiple electrons, which have the capability to produce DNA double strand breaks. To achieve the necessary conditions, the team used nanoparticle design combined with state-of-the-art X-ray technology. The team is also developing a new type of nanoparticle called Biodegradable periodic mesoporous organosilica (BPMO), which is a type of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).

Searching for high similarity of longitudinal local surface plasmon resonance in gold and silver nanobipyramids

Metal nanobipyramids is a new type of nanoparticle, that has been widely studied due to their remarkable LSPR properties. In this paper, gold and silver nanobipyramids were simulated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The results show that the longitudinal optical properties and electric field enhancement of gold and silver nanobipyramids are almost the same under a specific aspect ratio. The above results are verified by the core-shell structure. The research results of the two extreme states of absolute sharpness and non-sharpness of nanobipyramids show that the gold and silver nanobipyramids with different sharpness can achieve high similarity of longitudinal local surface plasmon resonance by changing their aspect ratio. The possible reasons for the high similarity of the electric field enhancement effect and extinction phenomenon of gold and silver nanobipyramids under a specific aspect ratio are analyzed by the plasmon resonance mechanism and Gans theory. These results have a great reference significance for the study of gold and silver nanoparticles, including their related properties and applications.

Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Carbon Dots in the Detection, Degradation, and Enhancement of Drugs

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) are new types of nanoparticles with sizes less than 10 nm in diameter. CDs with their unique properties can detect, degrade, and surprisingly enhance drugs. This review focuses on three major aspects of CD‐drug interactions: detection, degradation, and enhancement of drugs using CDs. The review begins with a brief account of the significant development milestones, the synthetic approaches adopted, and modification methods. The detection section of the review moves on to a classified presentation of modified and unmodified CDs in drug detection, as well as an examination of the tactics and background hypotheses required to confirm the mechanism. Following that, specific attention is paid to the structural and optical features of CD/photocatalytic systems, as well as a summary of CD's role in photocatalytic degradation. A thorough examination of the changes in photocatalyst properties when they are composited with CDs, is also carried out, as well as the characterization techniques used to confirm the presence of CDs. Even though the enhancement section is still in its infancy, special attention is paid to pique readers’ interest in further research in that field. Finally, new paths are proposed based on the gaps, challenges, and future perspectives.

Packaging of DNA origami in viral capsids: towards synthetic viruses.

We report a new type of nanoparticle, consisting of a nucleic acid core (>7500 nt) folded into a 35 nm DNA origami sphere, encapsulated by a capsid composed of all three SV40 virus capsid proteins. Compared to the prototype reported previously, whose capsid consists of VP1 only, the new nanoparticle closely adopts the unique intracellular pathway of the native SV40, suggesting that the proteins of the synthetic capsid retain their native viral functionality. Some of the challenges in the design of such near-future composite drugs destined for gene delivery are discussed.

Novel glucose-responsive nanoparticles based on p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid reduce blood glucose and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy.

An insulin delivery system that self-regulates blood sugar levels, mimicking the human pancreas, can improve hyperglycaemia. At present, a glucose-responsive insulin delivery system combining AAPBA with long-acting slow release biomaterials has been developed. However, the safety of sustained-release materials and the challenges of preventing diabetic complications remain. In this study, we developed a novel polymer slow release material using a plant extract—p-hydroxyphenylethyl anisate (HPA). After block copolymerisation with AAPBA, the prepared nanoparticles had good pH sensitivity, glucose sensitivity, insulin loading rate and stability under physiological conditions and had high biocompatibility. The analysis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) mouse model showed that the insulin-loaded injection of nanoparticles stably regulated the blood glucose levels of DN mice within 48 ​h. Importantly, with the degradation of the slow release material HPA in vivo, the renal function improved, the inflammatory response reduced, and antioxidation levels in DN mice improved. This new type of nanoparticles provides a new idea for hypoglycaemic nano-drug delivery system and may have potential in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.

Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field on the Entropy Generation in an Annulus Filled with NEPCM Suspension

The encapsulation technique of phase change materials in the nanodimension is an innovative approach to improve the heat transfer capability and solve the issues of corrosion during the melting process. This new type of nanoparticle is suspended in base fluids call NEPCMs, nanoencapsulated phase change materials. The goal of this work is to analyze the impacts of pertinent parameters on the free convection and entropy generation in an elliptical-shaped enclosure filled with NEPCMs by considering the effect of an inclined magnetic field. To reach the goal, the governing equations (energy, momentum, and mass conservation) are solved numerically by CVFEM. Currently, to overcome the low heat transfer problem of phase change material, the NEPCM suspension is used for industrial applications. Validation of results shows that they are acceptable. The results reveal that the values of N u ave descend with ascending Ha while N gen has a maximum at Ha = 16 . Also, the value of N T , MF increases with ascending Ha . The values of N u ave and N gen depend on nondimensional fusion temperature where good performance is seen in the range of 0.35 < θ f < 0.6 . Also, Nu ave increases 19.9% and ECOP increases 28.8% whereas N gen descends 6.9% when ϕ ascends from 0 to 0.06 at θ f = 0.5 . Nu ave decreases 4.95% while N gen increases by 8.65% when Ste increases from 0.2 to 0.7 at θ f = 0.35 .

Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Triggered by Carbon Black Nanoparticle in the LA-9 Fibroblast.

A new type of nanoparticle, called NP CB-EDA (Black Carbon modified with ethylenediamine), is commonly used in the oil industry. In the literature, few studies are found in biological models, making NP-EDA potential cytotoxicity in organisms unclear. As its large surface area is capable of interacting with the biological system, that interaction could lead to factors harmful to health. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of NP CB-EDA on fibroblasts LA-9 at 24 and 48 hours, at different concentrations of the nanoparticle (1, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml). NP CB-EDA was characterized by TEM microscopy and its effect on cell viability (MTT method), cell morphology (optical microscopy), cell membrane (lactate dehydrogenase release - LDH), oxidative stress pathways (species levels reactive oxygen, ROS and nitrogen, NOS) and apoptosis/necrosis (flow cytometry) were evaluated. The results show that NP CB-EDA at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg/ml form clusters. The nanoparticle can be absorbed by cells decreasing cell viability. There was damage to the cell membrane of fibroblasts LA 9, an increase in the production of ROS, NOS and pro-inflammatory interleukins TNF-α and IL-6; it was also observed an increase in % of cells in the state of apoptosis in the two periods analyzed, being this response more significant in 24 hours, and concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml presenting higher cytotoxicity. The data suggest that NP CB-EDA in fibroblasts LA9 presents cytotoxic potential, which is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis.