New Method For Visualization Research Articles

HistoScanning<sup>TM</sup> vs. standard multifocal biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis: a comparison of diagnostic methods

Introduction. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant diseases. The prostate biopsy is the verification standard of PCa. The multifocal biopsy under ultrasound (US) guidance shows high rate of false negative results. As a result, the new diagnostic methods have been discovered. HistoscanningTM is the new method of visualization. HistoscanningTM is a new prostate tissue differentiation technology based on US backscatter analysis. The software analyses tissue density builds a 3D model of the prostate and indicates the localisation of PCa-suspect foci that are targeted for biopsy.Objective. To rate the diagnostic accuracy of HistoscanningTM and identify the benefits of targeted prostate biopsy compared to the multifocal biopsy.Matherials & methods. A prospective study conducted between Jan 2017 and May 2021 is presented. Ninety-hundred nine patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsy in Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1 were included. Control group A — 443 men after standard multifocal biopsy, comparison group B — 506 men after combined standard multifocal biopsy together with targeted biopsy using HistoscanningTM.Results. In the control group, prostate cancer was detected in 33.4% of patients, while in the group using the HistoscanningTM device it was found in 39.7%. ISUP 1 high-grade PCa were more frequent in group В — 71.1%, in group А— 52.7%. Isolated lesion of targeted biopsy specimens was found only in 9 patients (4.5%) of the group В. Combined lesion of standard and targeted biopsy specimens was more frequent and was detected in 121 patients. However, in 72 patients no atypical cells were detected in targeted biopsy specimens when prostate cancer was verified in standard biopsy specimens. The efficacy of HistoscanningTM was comparable to standard biopsy for prostate volumes > 60 cс.Conclusion. The use of HistoscanningTM improves the diagnosis of PCa, mainly due to the ISUP 1. Performing only targeted cores is impractical due to the high percentage of false negative results. Combined prostate biopsy with mandatory sampling of targeted biopsy cores along with standard biopsy specimens is indicated. The diagnostic accuracy of HistoscanningTM showed the best results with a prostate volume <60 cc.

X-rays and invisible sand: two new methods for designing burrowing behavioral experiments with juvenile unionoids

Unionoids are in global decline, which may be associated with their complex life cycle. Their juveniles are unique because while hidden (burrowed deeply in bottom sediments) they undergo critical anatomical changes (also developing a characteristic juvenile shell sculpture). Currently, the juveniles’ period of life is believed to be both the least known and one of the most vulnerable—thus the possibility of obtaining any biological knowledge is essential for establishing conservation strategies and addressing functional or evolutionary questions. I propose two new methods for visualization of the burrowing behavior of unionoid juveniles within deposits that are cheap and easy: (1) laminated deposits of quartz–aragonite sand for time-stepped X-ray images of bivalve traces, and (2) silica gel serving as 'invisible sand' for direct observations and video recording of behavior within sediments. Both deposits in a pilot study were accepted by the juvenile unionoids—they were stable enough and penetrable, with no observable signs of harmful effects on animals’ behavior during trials. In both, juveniles were clearly visible, settled within the top 1 cm layer of deposits. Both methods are promising tools for future in situ within the deposits research on the biology of this much unexplored and vulnerable unionoids' life stage.

BOOTSTRAP METHOD APPLICATION IN BEHAVIORAL DATA ANALYSIS AND THE DATA VISUALIZATION METHOD OF CHOICE FROM THREE OBJECTS

Both bootstrap analysis method and data presentation in behavioral tests are suggested to transcribe preference choice and/or multiple choices, the study of the Egyptian fruit bat pup (Rousettus aegyptiacus) preferences serving as an example. The use of the bootstrap method allows for the reliability of a given result from poor data to be evaluated. The new method of visualization proposed allows to clearly present data at a complex choice.

Mapping hyperbolic order in curved materials.

Nature employs an impressive range of topologically complex ordered nanostructures that occur in various forms in both natural and synthetic materials. A particular class of these exhibits negative curvature and forms periodic saddle-shaped surfaces in three dimensions. Unlike pattern formation on flat or positively curved surfaces like spherical systems, the understanding of patterning on such surfaces is highly complicated due to the structures being intrinsically intertwined in three dimensions. We present a new method for visualisation and analysis of patterns on triply periodic negatively curved surfaces by mapping to two-dimensional hyperbolic space analogous to spherical projections in cartography thus effectively creating a more accessible "hyperbolic map" of the pattern. Specifically, we exemplify the method via the simplest triply periodic minimal surfaces: the Primitive, Diamond, and Gyroid in their universal cover along with decorations from a soft materials, whose structures involve decorations of soft matter on negatively curved surfaces, not necessarily minimal.

A New Method of Visualization of the Brain Functional Activity Dynamics

Mankind is tirelessly working on improving existing devices, developing new devices for studying the brain, for assessing the cognitive and psycho-emotional state of a person. Currently, to study the functional activity of the brain, devices are used which combine the concepts of PET / CT, fMRT, fNIRS. These methods use X-rays, powerful magnetic fields, infrared rays, and visible light rays.

Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography in Pediatric Ophthalmological Practice (Review)

Data from sources of domestic and foreign literature for 2016–2019 is presented in the review of literature. This data concerned of applying the method of optical coherent tomography-angiography in pediatric ophthalmic practice. OCT-A is a non-invasive research method, without the use of fluorescent dyes. The procedure is performed relatively quickly, with the possibility of additional repetition. The method allows to conduct visualization of the vascular network of the retina layer-by-layer, perform its quantitative analysis: to evaluate the density of the microvascular bed and measure the area of non-perfusion zones. Having appeared as a result of a qualitative modernization of OCT, a new method of visualization of vessels OCT-A is actively used in the diagnosis of pathologies such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, post-thrombotic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, central serous chorioretinopathy, etc. In present time OCT-A being performed in adult medicine, it is actively used in various areas of pediatric ophthalmology. Presently, pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, amblyopia, retinal artery occlusion, and coats disease have been performed with OCT-A studies. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is required a special attention among children’s eye diseases. However, mentioning about OCT angiographic studies in patients with ROP are quite rare in the literature. Nevertheless, the available data indicate the enormous diagnostic potential of OCT-A in this severe vasoproliferative disease. The method give possibility for fully control the pathological process, to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and timely prevent the development of severe stages of ROP. Due to the information and diagnostic potential, it is necessary to continue research on the possibilities of the OCT-A method in the diagnosis, analysis of treatment results and prediction of ROP.

Abstract PO024: Organoids with modified tumor microenvironment architecture induces phenotypic changes in metastatic colorectal cancer

Abstract Introduction: It is now well understood that interactions between tumor cells, microenvironment-specific stromal cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for tumor growth and significantly affect drug response. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is not easily modeled in previously developed two-dimensional (2D) in vitro techniques; therefore, the consideration of new methods for visualization and manipulation has been investigated. Conventional 2D techniques are advantageous for their high-throughput capabilities and low cost; however, they lack the potential to mimic the complexity of the TME and are relatively limited in studying cancer metastasis and drug resistance mechanisms. Additionally, in vivo animal models are expensive and inefficient, influencing the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, such as spheroids, organoids, or microfluidics, to study the TME effect on cancer progression and chemotherapy response. 3D culture systems have also proven useful in studying cancer stem cells (CSC) due to its ability to maintain ECM density, hypoxia, and low nutrients. Our innovative organoid approach uses advanced biofabrication methods that mimic in vivo conditions in order to create a microenvironment similar to that of a colorectal tumor that has metastasized to the liver. We describe the utilization of our tumor organoid platform to analyze the interactions between an HSC cell line of the liver and metastatic CRC cell lines. In this study, we expose cancer cells to various HSC-produced ECM densities using TGF-β and determine macroscopic characteristics of the collagen remodeling and its effect on embedded cells. The overall goal of this research is to determine how structural/mechanical changes in the tumor microenvironment, specifically the ECM, impact tumor cell phenotype. Methods: We embedded a metastatic human colorectal cancer cell spheroid into an organoid consisting of an HSC cell line and collagen type 1. We activated the HSCs with TGF-ß causing excessive deposition and remodeling of collagen. The remodeled TME that resulted from TGF-ß-mediated activation was confirmed. IHC staining of the stromal and cancerous cells was used to determine the phenotypic changes of each cell line. Results: Our results showed that in a remodeled collaged environment created by the activated HSCs, reduced tumor proliferative, mesenchymal phenotype, and induced epithelial phenotype. Our results also revealed that the dense environment preserved the CSC population in the HCT-116 cells after 7 days in culture. Conclusions: Our CRC organoid platform enables us to study the interactions between tumor cells and the controllable surrounding ECM. We are able to identify changes in a low plasticity cell line, HCT-116, when changes in the ECM architecture occur that result in differing chemotherapy resistance and sensitivities. This system will allow us to begin investigating the effect ECM density has on tumor samples directly from patients to help better understand the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance through precision medicine. Citation Format: Anthony Dominijanni, Shay Soker. Organoids with modified tumor microenvironment architecture induces phenotypic changes in metastatic colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities; in association with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Working Group; 2021 Jan 11-12. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PO024.

A wireless endoscopy capsule suitable for imaging of the equine stomach and small intestine.

BackgroundCapsule endoscopy offers a new method for visualization of the gastrointestinal mucosa in horses where other imaging technologies have diagnostic limitations.ObjectivesTo (1) test the feasibility of using this novel endoscopy capsule to visualize intestinal mucosa in horses, including an objective assessment of image quality, (2) assess how changes in preadministration preparation affect the transit time and the amount of gastrointestinal mucosa visualized, and (3) describe intestinal mucosa lesions in healthy horses.AnimalsFive healthy adult horses.MethodsThree protocols were used in a crossover study design. Protocols varied in time fasted, amount of oral fluid administered, and exercise. Manure was radiographically inspected for capsule recovery. Percentage of visible gastrointestinal mucosa was objectively assessed.ResultsDetailed images of the gastrointestinal mucosa were recorded with all 3 protocols, including images of the pylorus, major duodenal papilla, individual villi, and ileocecal junction. Visualization of large intestinal mucosa was poor. Interobserver agreement on image quality was excellent. Capsule administration after feed withholding for 24 hours provided the greatest percentage of visible mucosa in the stomach and small intestine. Total transit time to capsule excretion was 6.5 (3‐8.75) days. Of 15 capsules administered, 3 were not recovered. Lesions visualized included mucosal erosion, ulceration and hemorrhage, areas of thickened mucosa, and evidence of parasitism.ConclusionsThis novel endoscopic capsule appears safe, practical, and noninvasive in horses; however, variability in capsule excretion time must be taken into account for clinical application.

VR-TECHNOLOGY AS A MODERN ARCHITECTURE TOOL

Visualization tools like CAD help architects to develop their projects, but they’re not always successful in doing that. For one, the tools are too complex and the digital drawings and models produced are still 2D screen bounded, which makes it difficult – for collaborators and clients as well as the architects – to get a real, accurate sense of how design will look like, function, and take up space in the reality. According to the current way how CAD works for both visualization and prototyping – it has tremendous limitations. Every architect using CAD face problem of limitations resulting in misunderstanding between person who look at the visualization and own architects spatial view. 3D simulation on the 2D screen causes difficulties in experiencing scale, contextual elements and depth. However it is not proved that CAD representation results in wrong perception, since each individual human spatial perception has ability to intuitively compensate scale and depth issues individually that may differ from architects one. Thus, VR has the possibility to avoid pitfalls and provide natural and perception-friendly visualization. The epoch of CAD is ending – Virtual reality (VR) will be next digital visualization standard [1; 2]. This article explore the way and experience how architects will use the new methods of visualization using modern VR approach and expanding from this – investigation of the VR relationship and possibility to integrate into the architectural workflow. Article evaluates how differently CAD and VR affection results in the final space design and proves the CADs insufficiency in spatial visualization.

Digital Trade Feature Map: A New Method for Visualization and Analysis of Spatial Patterns in Bilateral Trade

Product bilateral trade features can be organized and expressed in the Cartesian coordinate system by taking imports and exports as X and Y, which is similar to spatial visualization. Hence, geospatial expression and analysis methodologies can be applied in bilateral trade studies. In this paper, we propose a new digital trade feature map (DTFM) method for the visualization of bilateral trade features from a spatial perspective. The implementation process of DTFM can be summarized as feature extraction, visualization, and analysis. China–US bilateral trade data were used in several case studies. As the case studies show, the DTFM has the advantages of clear expression, easy operationalization and is highly extensible. Moreover, this method can provide a broader perspective for the understanding of trade features, i.e., in comprehensively considering the features of a specific product type and its neighbors. Furthermore, we propose an extensible DTFM application framework into which different trade features, different grid generation modes, and numerous spatial analysis models can be readily integrated.

Biotribology of Synovial Cartilage: A New Method for Visualization of Lubricating Film and Simultaneous Measurement of the Friction Coefficient

A healthy natural synovial joint is very important for painless active movement of the natural musculoskeletal system. The right functioning of natural synovial joints ensures well lubricated contact surfaces with a very low friction coefficient and wear of cartilage tissue. The present paper deals with a new method for visualization of lubricating film with simultaneous measurements of the friction coefficient. This can contribute to better understanding of lubricating film formation in a natural synovial joint. A newly developed device, a reciprocating tribometer, is used to allow for simultaneous measurement of friction forces with contact visualization by fluorescence microscopy. The software allowing for snaps processing and subsequent evaluation of fluorescence records is developed. The evaluation software and the follow-up evaluation procedure are also described. The experiments with cartilage samples and model synovial fluid are carried out, and the new software is applied to provide their evaluation. The primary results explaining a connection between lubrication and friction are presented. The results show a more significant impact of albumin proteins on the lubrication process, whereas its clusters create a more stable lubrication layer. A decreasing trend of protein cluster count, which corresponds to a decrease in the thickness of the lubrication film, is found in all experiments. The results highlight a deeper connection between the cartilage friction and the lubrication film formation, which allows for better understanding of the cartilage lubrication mechanism.

Display of low hydraulic resistance channels along Conception Vessel by in vivo fluorography in rats

To display the low hydraulic resistance channel along the running course of the Conception Vessel (CV) by using in vivo fluorography, so as to provide evidence for the existence of meridians of traditional Chinese medicine from the aspect of interstitial fluid channel. A total of 24 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely CV-low impedance spots (CV-LIS), CV-low hydraulic resistance points (CV-LHRP) and non-meridian points (NMP) groups (n＝8 in each group). The CV-LIS (the imaged line between the xiphoid process and symphysis pubis), CV-LHRP (lateral and parallel to LIS) and NMP (lateral and parallel to CV-LHRP) were detected by using meridian detector and biofluid resistance meter, respectively. Sodium fluorescein solution (1%) was injected into the spot (A-spot, upper 1/5 of the CV-LIS), and one of the NMP (about 1 cm lateral and parallel to the A-spot, and the mid-point between the Kidney and Stomach meridian running courses) by using a microsyringe for observing the migration trace of sodium fluorescein. After injection of fluorescein, the migration trace of fluorescein appeared along the CV-LIS and CV-LHRP lines, and only local diffusion was found in the NMP group. The migration trace lengths along the CV-LIS and CV-LHRP were significantly longer than that of the NMP group (P<0.01), and the migration width of CV-LIS and CV-LHRP groups was significantly smaller than that of the NMP group (P<0.01). The migration speed of CV-LIS and CV-LHRP groups was significantly higher than that of the NMP group (P<0.01). Fluorography is able to be used to display the running course of CV, possibly supporting the existence of meridians from the interstitial fluid channel and providing a new method for visualization of meridians.

Velocity-Field Measurements in a Fluid Boundary Layer Based on High-Speed Thermography

A new method of visualization of the flow-velocity fields within a boundary layer of a nonisothermal fluid using seedless velocimetry is proposed. The method is based on the high-speed thermographic detection of the dynamics of temperature inhomogeneities acting as a passive flow tracer through an infrared-transparent wall. As a result of thermal image post-processing using a cross-correlation algorithm, the fields of velocity of near-wall flow formed in the region of interaction between the submerged impinging water jet and the impinged surface are investigated in the range from 0 to 1 m/s, and the location of the laminar–turbulent transition inside the boundary layer are determined.

Non-сoronary myocardial diseases (myocardial bridging, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, secondary ischemia) – right to existence

The purpose of the study — to analyze the clinical case of the patient with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome taking into account clinical, laboratory and instrumental investigations. Material and methods. We investigate the clinical case of the patient who was conducted with acute coronary syndrome, but myocardial bridging was observed during the diagnostic manipulations. Results. Most frequently, myocardial bridging occurs at the level of mid-segment of anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery. There are symptoms which can instigate ischemia such as spasm of coronary artery, tachycardia, myocardial hypertrophy caused by iatrogenic factors or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Сoronaroventriculography is the “golden criterion” of diagnostics, other methods of diagnostics are new methods of visualization and provocation tests. The opportunities of conservative and interventional treatment were assessed. Conclusion. Myocardial bridging can be a cause of ischemia of myocardium among the patients without markers of atherosclerosis but with factors of haemodynamic risk such as tachycardia, spasm of coronary artery or myocardial hypertrophy. Most frequently symptoms of acute coronary syndrome occur when myocardial bridging is located in the mid-segment of anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery. It is caused because of the perpendicular position of muscle fiber to coronary artery which increases systolic compression. Diastolic function and blood filling can be enhanced by medical treatment with β-blockers, which are the first-line agents for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Midfacial Advancement Line—A Comparative Evaluation of a New Measurement Method in Orthognathic Surgery

In planning intraoral quadrangular Le Fort II osteotomy (IQLFIIO), simulation of hard and soft tissue changes will be important at the infraorbital, Le Fort I, and incisor level. The aim of our study was to evaluate a new method for visualization and quantification. Three different methods of quantification were compared: the point-to-point (PTP) measurement, which has been viewed as the reference standard; part comparison analysis (PCA); and a new method, the midfacial advancement line (MFAL) measurement. We performed a measurement comparison study using the Bland-Altman method to measure agreement and enrolled patients with midfacial deficiency and Class III malocclusion who had undergone IQLFIIO. The primary predictor variable was the method of measurement. The primary outcome variable was the amount of midfacial advancement. We also investigated the time required, visualization quality, and interobserver agreement. The sample included 12 subjects with a mean age of 21.6years; 7 patients were male. The PTP and MFAL showed no significant observer dependence. The advancement measured with PTP and MFAL showed no significant differences. However, the advancement measured using MFAL and PCA showed a significant difference. The highest rating of visualization was found for MFAL. The time requirements were similar for all 3 methods. Our results have shown that the MFAL is a suitable method for visualization and quantification of soft and hard tissue changes at all 3 face levels in 1 image. It could be a valuable tool for virtual planning of midfacial advancement surgery.

Visualization of gold fiducial markers in the prostate using phase-cycled bSSFP imaging for MRI-only radiotherapy

In this work, we present a new method for visualization of fiducial markers (FMs) in the prostate for MRI-only radiotherapy with a positive contrast directly at the MR console. The method is based on high bandwidth phase-cycled balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence, which is available on many clinical scanners, does not require any additional post-processing or software, and has a higher signal-to-noise (SNR) compared to conventional gradient-echo (GE) imaging. Complex phase-cycled bSSFP data is acquired with different RF phase increment settings such that the manifestation of the artifacts around FMs in the acquired complex images is different for each dynamic acquisition and depends on the RF phase increment used.First, we performed numerical simulations to investigate the complex-valued phase-cycled bSSFP signal in the presence of a gold FM, and to investigate the relation of the true physical location of the FM with the geometrical manifestation of the artifacts. Next, to validate the simulations, we performed phantoms and in vivo studies and compared the experimentally obtained artifacts with those predicted in simulations. The accuracy of the method was assessed by comparing the distances between the FM’s centers and the center of mass of FMs system measured using phase-cycled bSSFP MR images and using reference CT (or MRI-only) images.The results show accurate (within 1 mm) matching of FMs localization between CT and MR images on five patients, proving the feasibility of in vivo FMs detection on MR images only. The FMs show a positive contrast with respect to the prostate background on real/imaginary phase-cycled bSSFP images, which was confirmed by simulations.The proposed method facilitates robust FMs visualization with positive contrast directly at the MR console, allowing RT technicians to obtain immediate feedback on the anticipated feasibility of accurate FMs localization while the patient is being scanned.

Visualizing hydrogen diffusion in magnetic film through magneto-optical Kerr effect

The kinematics of hydrogen diffusion in nontransparent metallic materials is crucial to the hydrogen-sensing and -storage technology and remains a challenge. Alongside the conventional optical investigations, the hydrogen absorption-induced reversible changes of magnetic properties in ferromagnetic thin films provides a new method for visualization of hydrogen in solids. Here we monitor real-time hydrogen diffusion in a cobalt-palladium alloy (Co25Pd75) film using a magneto-optical Kerr microscope. The spatially resolved magneto-optical contrasted images provide a noninvasive method of monitoring hydrogen movement. Hydrogen diffusion follows Fick’s diffusion law, and a diffusion coefficient of 3 ± 2 × 10−12 m2/s is obtained. The diffusion velocity of the 2–4% hydrogen concentration fronts reaches 30 ± 15 nm/s in the uniform film area and increases to 50 ± 20 nm/s near a defect site. These results can be applied in detecting hydrogen diffusion in other spintronic materials, such as magnetic palladium-alloy thin films.

Possibilities of multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in complex diagnostics of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy

To evaluate the informative value of multicolor SLO in a complex examination of patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). A total of 46 patients (62 eyes) aged 19 to 75 years with severe PDR was examined. All patients had massive growth of proliferative tissue on the eye fundus, which caused traction deformation and/or retinal detachment in the posterior pole. Optical mediums of the eyes were sufficiently transparent to obtain high quality images. All patients underwent color photo-registration of the fundus, fluorescein angiography (FA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multicolor SLO under drug-induced mydriasis. Pseudo-volumetric images obtained with multicolor SLO allow visualization of of preretinal proliferative membranes and their structure, the degree of their vascularization, the anatomical features of their attachment to retina, and the occluded vessels on fundus periphery. Being an additional option on scanning laser ophthalmoscope, the technique does not require special equipment, which enables several separate examinations, including OCT and FA, to be performed on a single device. Multicolor SLO is a promising new method of visualizing structures of the eye fundus and can be successfully used in complex diagnostics, monitoring and preoperative preparation of patients with severe PDR.

Outer electronic shell visualization by NMR chemical shift laplacian of a helium probe.

A new method of visualization of lone pairs is proposed using fluorine atoms in fluoroacetylene, trifluoroethylene, and fluoroform (sp, sp2 , and sp3 hybridized carbons) as an example. The space around fluorines was probed by a helium atom and at each point 3 He NMR chemical shift δHe and its Laplacian ∇2 δHe were calculated. The ∇2 δHe isosurfaces have symmetrical toroidal shapes along CF axes; the maximum values of ∇2 δHe are reached at about 1.5 Å from fluorine atom center in the direction roughly coinciding with the lone pair localization. The absolute values of the ∇2 δHe could be used to quantify the electron-rich regions of lone pairs. The results are compared with more common visualization methods-3D maps of the molecular electrostatic potential and the electron localization function. We show that a helium atom could be used for evaluation of fine features of molecular electronic shell, since 3 He NMR spectral characteristics remain sensitive at relatively large distances. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ANTIMICROBIC MECHANISMS OF NEUTROPHILES AS PERSPECTIVE TARGETS FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF NON-SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF THE ORGANISM

Key roles in nonspecific protection of the macroorganism are played by neutrophils — the most numerous pool of leukocytes. During the development of infection these cells phagocytose of microorganisms and also secrete proteolytic enzymes that destroy extracellular pathogens. In addition, they form structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). But in response, microorganisms have developed a number of mechanisms that allow them to evade neutrophilic attacks, including developing in the form of biofilms in the host organism. In this case, biofilms introduce negative properties into the infectious process: a recurring course, a tendency to chronization, resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents, which can also indicate the inaccessibility of biofilm for cells of the immune system. The purpose of the review: in connection with the development of molecular research and the appearance in science of new methods of visualization, it is necessary to characterize the known antimicrobial mechanisms of neutrophils. In conditions of increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotic drugs, antimicrobial mechanisms are promising targets for pharmacological modulation of nonspecific defense of the body.