New Mechanism Of Interaction Research Articles

Biological oxidation of As(III) and Sb(III) by a novel bacterium with Sb(III) oxidase rather than As(III) oxidase under anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Sb and As are chemically similar, but the sequences and structures of Sb(III) and As(III) oxidase are totally distinct. It is thus interesting to explore whether Sb(III) oxidase oxidizes As(III), and if so, how microbial oxidations of Sb(III) and As(III) influence one another. Previous investigations have yielded ambiguous or even erroneous conclusions. This study aimed to clarify this issue. Firstly, we prepared a consortium of Sb(III)-oxidizing prokaryotes (SOPs) by enrichment cultivation. Metagenomic analysis reveals that SOPs with the Sb(III) oxidase gene, but lacking the As(III) oxidase gene are predominant in the SOP community. Despite this, SOPs exhibit comparable Sb(III) and As(III)-oxidizing activities in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, indicating that at the microbial community level, Sb(III) oxidase can oxidize As(III). Secondly, we isolated a representative cultivable SOP, Ralstonia sp. SbOX with Sb(III) oxidase gene but without As(III) oxidase gene. Genomic analysis of SbOX reveals that this SOP strain has a complete Sb(III) oxidase (AnoA) gene, but lacks As(III) oxidase (AioAB or ArxAB) gene. It is interesting to discover that, besides its Sb(III) oxidation activities, SbOX also exhibits significant capabilities in oxidizing As(III) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Moreover, under aerobic conditions and in the presence of both Sb(III) and As(III), SbOX exhibited a preference for oxidizing Sb(III). Only after the near complete oxidation of Sb(III) did SbOX initiate rapid oxidation of As(III). In contrast, under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of both Sb(III) and As(III), Sb(III) oxidation notably inhibited the As(III) oxidation pathway in SbOX, while As(III) exhibited minimal effects on the Sb(III) oxidation. These findings suggest that SOPs can oxidize As(III) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, exhibiting a strong preference for Sb(III) over As(III) oxidation in the presence of both. This study unveils a novel mechanism of interaction within the Sb and As biogeochemical cycles.

Current state and prospects for the development of international wholesale trade in the e–commerce market under the influence of large retailers

International wholesale trade has significant development potential when organizing new mechanisms of interaction using e–commerce. E–commerce is becoming a tool for reducing costs for cross–border trade operations, providing enormous opportunities for organizing trade activities in the B2B sector. In particular, e–commerce at the international level makes it possible to overcome traditional barriers to cross–border trade, increase the manageability of business processes and change approaches to the formation of value chains. The article highlights that the activities of large retailers in the above direction have an accumulating influence and, with a targeted systemic organization, will create a unified business infrastructure for the functioning of e–commerce at the B2B segment level. It is emphasized that in the long term, these processes can have a significant impact on the state of trade in the country as a whole, stimulating activity and the reproductive effect.

Genesis of Organic 3.0 agro-technologies to increase regional sustainability

Organic 3.0 agro-technologies have been gaining popularity over the last decades in light of the search for solutions for sustainable environmental management and sustainable development of territories. The International Sustainable Development Goals recommend the transfer and search for new agro-technologies of gentle impact on the environment in order to maximize resource conservation and minimize anthropogenic impact on nature for future generations. The trend of transition of many countries to organic production requires additional investment and building new mechanisms of interaction in the sphere of agro-industrial complex. The paper studies the established market of organic products, assesses its structure and makes a forecast of its future expansion. Climate change and the reduction of areas suitable for the production of food raw materials impose an additional burden on agricultural production, which should use more effective methods and technologies to increase productivity in the current conditions. The conclusions are drawn about the key role of Russia in the development of the organic trend of agro-industrial complex as a country with vast agrarian territories and resources.

Formation of the ethnic symbolic politics as the mechanism of interaction between society and the political elite: Impact of information technologies

The purpose of the article was to examine the role of information technologies in the formation of symbolic politics through the prism of mass media, communications and new Internet technologies. The methodological basis of the study is formed by legislation and historical literature, using dialectical and comparative methods, as well as general methods of scientific analysis. Symbolic politics is one of the mechanisms of information interaction between society and the political elite; in a new form, it allows solving social and socio-political problems. It has been established that full communication between the political elite and the population is impossible without elements of symbolic politics, such as public relations agencies, Internet blogs and social networks, etc., whose purpose is not only to form a positive image of politics and leaders, but also, it serves to establish an agreement of understanding in society. The authors conclude that new mechanisms of interaction between the elite and society, such as e-receptions, destination portals and digital government, lead to greater government transparency and increased efficiency of its activities.

АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ РИНКУ МЕДИЧНОГО ОБЛАДНАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ АГРЕСІЇ

The study of the medical equipment market of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law is the basis for making management decisions regarding further processes of reforming the industry due to the introduction of management technologies and tools. The main issue regarding the purchase of medical equipment in Ukraine is the feasibility of costs, the quality of the equipment being purchased, as well as the need for specific equipment. In addition, the issue of decentralization and procurement by the National Health Service needs to be improved in order to save public funds during the procurement and delivery of quality and necessary equipment. The aim of the article is an analysis of the current state of development of the medical equipment market and the equipment procurement system in Ukraine. The article will use swot analysis methods for a strategic analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the medical equipment market in Ukraine. In addition, a detailed analysis of medical equipment purchases by suppliers and customers of medical equipment in Ukraine will be conducted. Of the place of the public and private sectors in the field of health care, their interaction and further partnership relations. In addition, the result is an analyzed medical equipment sales market by the main suppliers on the medical equipment market in Ukraine. Conclusion. After analyzing the market of medical equipment from the beginning of 2022, it becomes clear that the market is currently running and operating despite the military aggression from the Russian Federation. The mechanism that allows the industry to move and develop in full has not been created, but right now we have many opportunities to create and implement new mechanisms of interaction between public hospitals and patients. It is necessary to increase the functioning of partner organizations in the field of health care. This is necessary in order for the private sector to work qualitatively and serve patients at the level of public insti- tutions. And state health care institutions, in turn, were qualitatively financed to increase the quality of the provision of medical services. It is appropriate to create a financing mechanism between the state and the private sector, because this advantage in the industry will provide an opportunity to quickly rebuild the field after our victory. By improving the field of health care and implementing the ideas of public-private partnership between health care institutions, the country will achieve impressive results in this area. In addition, decentralization must be returned to the form it had at the beginning of its implementation. This will make it possible to quickly elevate such an important sphere of human social life as medicine. It should also be noted that at this time and after the victory of our country in the war with Russia, the field of medical services, for example, such as rehabilitation, will have a greater demand than supply. It is necessary to ensure the opportunity to undergo rehabilitation at the expense of the state to all who will need it.

Fibroblasts and macrophages cooperate to create a pro-tumorigenic and immune resistant environment via activation of TGF-β/IL-6 pathway in neuroblastoma

ABSTRACT Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and their precursor mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are often detected together in tumors, but how they cooperate is not well understood. Here, we show that TAM and CAF are the most abundant nonmalignant cells and are present together in untreated human neuroblastoma (NB) tumors that are also poorly infiltrated with T and natural killer (NK) cells. We then show that MSC and CAF-MSC harvested from NB tumors protected human monocytes (MN) from spontaneous apoptosis in an interleukin (IL)-6 dependent mechanism. The interactions of MN and MSC with NB cells resulted in a significant induction or increase in the expression of several pro-tumorigenic cytokines/chemokines (TGF-β1, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-4) but not of anti-tumorigenic cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12) by MN or MSC, while also inducing cytokine expression in quiescent NB cells. We then identified a TGF-β1/IL-6 pathway where TGF-β1 stimulated the expression of IL-6 in NB cells and MSC, promoting TAM survival. Evidence for the contribution of TAM and MSC to the activation of this pathway was then provided in xenotransplanted NB tumors and patients with primary tumors by demonstrating a direct correlation between the presence of CAF and p-SMAD2 and p-STAT3. The data highlight a new mechanism of interaction between TAM and CAF supporting their pro-tumorigenic function in cancer.

ADVOCACY OF COMPETITION IN THE WORLD AND UKRAINE: COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

Background: The advocacy of competition is a modern civilisational mechanism of cooperation, which balances private and public interests in economic activity and realises the functions of state management and control of economic activity, ensuring reasonable distribution of public goods. Competition is a fundamental driving force that determines the course of economic processes and contributes to the growth of economic prosperity and innovation in society. Its provision, protection, and development are among the main priorities of state economic policy in general and competition policy in particular. The purpose of this article is a comparative legal analysis of the advocacy of competition in different countries. This study will also identify the peculiarities of the use of advocacy tools in these places. Methods: In studying the proposed problem, the following methods were used: general philosophical and general scientific (dialectical, systemic, formal-logical, etc.); universal (induction, deduction); special-scientific (formal-legal, comparative law); interpretation of the rules, etc. One of the main methods used is the comparative method for researching the common and distinctive features of the advocacy of competition in the EU, USA, Mexico, the Republic of South Africa, and Ukraine. Results and Conclusions: The results show that countries with advanced economies have approached advocacy of competition gradually after more than a century of anti-monopoly competition legislation. In post-transformational economies, we see the formation of competitive policy principles activated after independence and the transition to market-based business practices. The globalisation of international trade relations leads to the need to implement complex competition advocacy programs and unify norms at the level of individual states and unions. Advocacy of competition remains important as a tool of self-regulation of economic activity. The European vector of Ukraine’s development caused the emergence of new mechanisms of interaction between the state, the individual, and society. Having chosen to strive for European integration, Ukraine began to build a new model of cooperation between all market participants, the introduction of which was based on the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the EU, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, using implementation mechanisms of both individual norms and entire institutions of public-private partnership. The implementation of competition advocacy mechanisms in Ukraine is applied using the mechanisms of the analogy of individual norms and tools of competition policy. The formation of new good competitive practices is connected with russia’s war.

Interaction between Bacteria and the Immune System for Cancer Immunotherapy: The α-GalCer Alliance.

Non-conventional T cells, such as γδ T and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, are emerging players in fighting cancer. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is used as an exogenous ligand to activate iNKT cells. Human cells don’t have a direct pathway producing α-GalCer, which, however, can be produced by bacteria. We searched the literature for bacteria strains that are able to produce α-GalCer and used available sequencing data to analyze their presence in human tumor tissues and their association with survival. The modulatory effect of antibiotics on the concentration of α-GalCer was analyzed in mice. The human gut bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Prevotella copri produce α-GalCer structures that are able to activate iNKT cells. In mice, α-GalCer was depleted upon treatment with vancomycin. The three species were detected in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectum adenocarcinoma tissues, and Prevotella copri was also detected in bone tumors and glioblastoma tissues. Bacteroides vulgatus in COAD tissues correlated with better survival. In conclusion, α-GalCer-producing bacteria are part of the human gut microbiome and can infiltrate tumor tissues. These results suggest a new mechanism of interaction between bacteria and immune cells: α-GalCer produced by bacteria may activate non-conventional T cells in tumor tissues, where they can exert a direct or indirect anti-tumor activity.

Mechanisms of interaction between employers and vocational educational organizations in a situation of uncertainty

In a situation of uncertainty, there is a rapid change of priorities, which is reflected both in the requirements for the level of professional training of specialists and in the requests of employers for new specialties. However, the list of specialties and areas of training of workers for the regional economy in the regional system of secondary vocational education is formed on the basis of applications from employers for a five-year perspective, but in a situation of uncertainty, no one can guarantee that in five years graduates of a particular specialty or profession will be in demand in the labor market. To achieve a balance in this problem, it is necessary to develop and implement new mechanisms for interaction between professional educational organizations and employers. The aim of this study is to determine the list of popular vocational education specialties, the description and identification of effective mechanisms of interaction between professional educational organizations and employers that affect the improvement of the quality of specialists training and the indicators of their employment according to their specialty based on the analysis of the indicators of the admission campaign and graduates employment of vocational education system of the Republic of Buryatia.

MODERN METHODS OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN THE FACE OF MARKET VOLATILITY

This paper examines modern methods and approaches to product development in the context of the volatility of the world market. To achieve maximum customer focus and successful delivery of their products, services and services, more and more companies are focusing on flexible approaches to product development. The changing business environment and the emergence of new mechanisms of interaction with customers lead to the need to create approaches such as "Lean Startup". Its core principle is a validation process in each product development process, which will increase the ability to create a better product and reduce the time spent on the path from development to market.

Integration Mechanisms of Universities and Real Economy Sector

In the modern world, the role of universities is changing dramatically and a new model of their participation in the economy is being formed. The essence of the new model is an immeasurably closer integration of universities with enterprises and organizations of the real sector of the economy. Universities that reject this model will no longer be able to be full participants in the higher education market. In this regard, many Russian universities are forced to look for new mechanisms of interaction with economic entities of the regional economy. The article summarizes and systematizes the most successful practices of Russian universities on the creation and use of integration mechanisms with companies, enterprises and departments of the regions. For this purpose, examples of such promising institutions are considered, such as research and educational centers and infrastructure initiatives; supporting universities and network initiatives; targeted training and practice-oriented programs; integration of production and education on the site of universities (training centers); partial integration of production and education on the site of enterprises (basic departments); full integration of production and education at the enterprise site (outsourcing); entrepreneurial universities and a model of global academic partnership; the institute of unique scientific collaborations and Collective Use Centers. The analysis of this experience allowed us to draw the general contours of a new model of a practice-oriented university.

Высшее образование и сфера труда в цифровой экономике: новый механизм взаимодействия

The article addresses a new mechanism of interaction of Russia’s higher education and the sphere of labor. New challenges facing modern higher education are predetermined by digital transformation in the sectors of the economy and changes in the structure of the labor market resulted from the development of digital technologies. The author shows how the application of modern digital technologies affects the transition to a new digital format of training, radically changing the paradigm of university development, scientific and educational activities, and also organizing the work to attract and retain young talents. Finally, the author provides valuable conclusions concerning specific development of digital educational environment in the sphere of higher education.

Высшее образование и сфера труда в цифровой экономике: новый механизм взаимодействия

The article addresses a new mechanism of interaction of Russia’s higher education and the sphere of labor. New challenges facing modern higher education are predetermined by digital transformation in the sectors of the economy and changes in the structure of the labor market resulted from the development of digital technologies. The author shows how the application of modern digital technologies affects the transition to a new digital format of training, radically changing the paradigm of university development, scientific and educational activities, and also organizing the work to attract and retain young talents. Finally, the author provides valuable conclusions concerning specific development of digital educational environment in the sphere of higher education.

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric protein profiling of THP-1 cells and their microvesicles

Extracellular vesicles that are shed from the plasma membranes take an active part in intercellular communication, transporting a wide range of molecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, being of great functional importance. One of the steps to better understanding of distant communications of cells and their regulatory mechanisms is a proteomic study of various extracellular vesicles, including microvesicles and exosomes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes and individual complement system components play a key role in their specific functioning. The aim of this work was to study proteomic composition of THP-1 monocyte-like cells and their microvesicles. The MALDI-mass spectrometric analysis of electrophoretic protein fractions of cell lysates and microvesicles allowed for identifying 107 proteins that perform various functions. Among 19 determined functional groups, the largest ones comprise transcription regulators and proteins with unknown functions. The smallest functional groups include regulators of cell differentiation and development, proteins participating in immune response and inflammation, cellular receptors and their regulators, transporter and transport regulatory proteins, as well as cell proteins mediating adhesion and matrix structures, processing regulators, proteins of ubiquitin-proteasome system, intracellular signaling, autophagy and exocytosis regulators, chromatin structural proteins, hemostatic regulators, and peptide hormones. An intermediate position is occupied by cytokines and growth factors, enzymes, cytoskeleton and motor proteins, as well as RNA processing and translation regulators. The subsequent DAVID Functional Annotation Clustering analysis allowed for identifying the most common groups distributed by their molecular function, biological processes, and cellular component. Separately, in the microvesicles derived from THP-1 monocyte-like cells, proteins of the immune response and inflammation, cytokines and growth factors, intracellular signaling proteins, cell differentiation regulators and developmental proteins, as well as cell adhesion and matrix proteins were identified among other protein molecules. The data obtained on the partial proteome of THP-1 monocyte-like cells and their microvesicles extend the existing knowledge on distant communications between the cells and suggest new mechanisms of interaction between monocytes/macrophages and their microenvironment.

Integrated analysis of lncRNA\u2013miRNA\u2013mRNA ceRNA network and the potential prognosis indicators in sarcomas

BackgroundCompetitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks have revealed a new mechanism of interaction between RNAs, and play crucial roles in multiple biological processes and development of neoplasms. They might serve as diagnostic and prognosis markers as well as therapeutic targets.MethodsIn this work, we identified differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs), lncRNAs (DELs) and miRNAs (DEMs) in sarcomas by comparing the gene expression profiles between sarcoma and normal muscle samples in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were applied to investigate the primary functions of the overlapped DEGs. Then, lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interactions were predicted, and the ceRNA regulatory network was constructed using Cytoscape software. In addition, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and survival analysis were performed.ResultsA total of 1296 DEGs were identified in sarcoma samples by combining the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, 338 DELs were discovered after the probes were reannotated, and 36 DEMs were ascertained through intersecting two different expression miRNAs sets. Further, through target gene prediction, a lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA ceRNA network that contained 113 mRNAs, 69 lncRNAs and 29 miRNAs was constructed. The PPI network identified the six most significant hub proteins. Survival analysis revealed that seven mRNAs, four miRNAs and one lncRNA were associated with overall survival of sarcoma patients.ConclusionsOverall, we constructed a ceRNA network in sarcomas, which might provide insights for further research on the molecular mechanism and potential prognosis biomarkers.

FFAT motif phosphorylation controls formation and lipid transfer function of inter‐organelle contacts

Organelles are physically connected by membrane contact sites. The endoplasmic reticulum possesses three major receptors, VAP‐A, VAP‐B, and MOSPD2, which interact with proteins at the surface of other organelles to build contacts. VAP‐A, VAP‐B, and MOSPD2 contain an MSP domain, which binds a motif named FFAT (two phenylalanines in an acidic tract). In this study, we identified a non‐conventional FFAT motif where a conserved acidic residue is replaced by a serine/threonine. We show that phosphorylation of this serine/threonine is critical for non‐conventional FFAT motifs (named Phospho‐FFAT) to be recognized by the MSP domain. Moreover, structural analyses of the MSP domain alone or in complex with conventional and Phospho‐FFAT peptides revealed new mechanisms of interaction. Based on these new insights, we produced a novel prediction algorithm, which expands the repertoire of candidate proteins with a Phospho‐FFAT that are able to form membrane contact sites. Using a prototypical tethering complex made by STARD3 and VAP, we showed that phosphorylation is instrumental for the formation of ER‐endosome contacts, and their sterol transfer function. This study reveals that phosphorylation acts as a general switch for inter‐organelle contacts.

The Tumor Microenvironment in Neuroblastoma: New Players, New Mechanisms of Interaction and New Perspectives.

Simple SummaryNeuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in children. Our understanding of the contribution of genetic factors (seed) that contribute to neuroblastoma progression has substantially improved in the last 2 decades but the contribution of the tumor microenvironment (TME, soil) is the subject of more recent attention. Here we highlight recent studies pointing to novel mechanisms by which the TME affects neuroblastoma progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are present in neuroblastoma tumors and contribute to escape from chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Extracellular vesicles and regulatory micro-RNAs they contain, serve as shuttle mechanisms between neuroblastoma cells and stromal cells. The TME landscape of neuroblastoma differs between MYCN amplified and MYCN-non amplified tumors with the former being “cold” and the latter “hot” and rich in inflammatory cells. These recent observations will have a significant impact on our ability to design precise clinical trials that integrate information on the neuroblastoma cells and on their TME.The contribution of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to cancer progression has been well recognized in recent decades. As cancer therapeutic strategies are increasingly precise and include immunotherapies, knowledge of the nature and function of the TME in a tumor becomes essential. Our understanding of the TME in neuroblastoma (NB), the second most common solid tumor in children, has significantly progressed from an initial focus on its Schwannian component to a better awareness of its complex nature, which includes not only immune but also non-immune cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the contribution of which to inflammation and interaction with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is now recognized. Recent studies on the TME landscape of NB tumors also suggest significant differences between MYCN-amplified (MYCN-A) and non-amplified (MYCN-NA) tumors, in their content in stromal and inflammatory cells and their immunosuppressive activity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells in the TME and microRNAs (miRs) present in their cargo could play important roles in the communication between NB cells and the TME. This review article discusses these new aspects of the TME in NB and the impact that information on the TME landscape in NB will have in the design of precise, biomarker-integrated clinical trials.

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric protein profiling of microvesicles produced by the NK-92 natural killer cell line

Extracellular vesicles that are shed from the plasma membrane contain a wide range of molecules, among which are proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and sugars. The cytotoxic proteins of natural killer cells play a key role in the implementation of their cytolytic functions. One of the important steps in understanding the distant communication of cells is the determination of the proteome of microvesicles. This study was aimed at the protein profiling of the microvesicles produced by the NK-92 natural killer cell line. 986 proteins with a variety of functions were identified in the lysate of microvesicles using the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis. With automated methods of functional analysis applied, it has been shown that the largest protein groups are hypothetical proteins, proteins with unknown functions, and domains. The most representative groups are also comprised by transcription regulators; intracellular signaling proteins; RNA translation, transcription, processing, and utilization regulators; receptors; protein processing and proteolysis regulators; amino acid metabolism enzymes, as well as transport proteins and transport regulators. Minor functional groups are represented by vitamins and mineral metabolism enzymes, membrane and microdomain-forming proteins, hormones, hemostatic regulators, regulators of sensory systems, specific mitochondrial and Golgi apparatus proteins, and extracellular signaling proteins. An intermediate position is occupied by various functional groups, including cytoskeleton and motor proteins; proteins of centrioles; ion channels and their regulators; proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation; lipid, steroid, and fatty acid metabolism enzymes; nucleic acid base and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, as well as energy metabolism enzymes and other proteins involved in intermediate metabolism; proteins of the immune response and inflammation; antigens and histocompatibility proteins; cytokines and growth factors; regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, endocytosis, and exocytosis; regulators of the cell cycle and division; regulators of proliferation, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis; regulators of cell adhesion and matrix metabolism; nuclear transport proteins; transposition proteins; DNA replication and repair proteins, as well as inactive proteins. The data obtained expand the existing knowledge of the distant communication of cells and indicate new mechanisms of interaction between natural killer and target cells.

Integrative analysis of ceRNA network and DNA methylation associated with gene expression in malignant pheochromocytomas: a study based on The Cancer Genome Atlas.

BackgroundCompetitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have revealed a new mechanism of interaction between RNAs. Epigenetic regulation in the gene expression dynamics has become increasingly important in malignant pheochromocytomas (PCCs). We performed an integrative analysis of ceRNA networks and DNA methylation to identify key biomarkers and contribute to the understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms of malignant PCCs.MethodsDifferentially expressed genes in malignant PCCs and controls were identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas database by using the Limma package in R (v3.4.4). An abnormal lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed for malignant PCCs, and function enrichment analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. For DNA methylation datasets, the methylation analysis package was used in identifying differential methylation genes, and potential prognostic genes were identified by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.ResultsA total of 447 lncRNAs, 26 miRNAs, and 1,607 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in malignant PCCs as compared with those in normal samples. We then constructed an abnormal lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network for malignant PCCs. The network consisted of 12 lncRNAs, 6 miRNAs, and 220 mRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed mRNAs were particularly enriched in the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Furthermore, four differentially expressed mRNAs from ceRNAs were identified through the cross-analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation profiles. LncRNA C9orf147 and 6 out of 220 mRNAs were indicated as prognostic biomarkers for patients with malignant PCCs (P<0.05).ConclusionsOur research increases the understanding of the pathogenesis of malignant PCCs and offers potential genes as underlying therapeutic targets or prognostic biomarkers.

Kinks bounded by fermions

We present and study new mechanism of interaction between the solitons based on the exchange interaction mediated by the localized fermion states. As particular examples, we consider solutions of simple 1+1 dimensional scalar field theories with self-interaction potentials, including sine-Gordon model and the polynomial $\phi^4$, $\phi^6$ models, coupled to the Dirac fermions with back-reaction. We discover that there is an additional fermion exchange interaction between the solitons, it leads to the formation of static multi-soliton bound states. Further, we argue that similar mechanisms of formation of stable coupled multi-soliton configurations can be observed for a wide class of physical systems.