New Kind Of Threat Research Articles

Climate Change and Revisiting Security from Traditional State-Centric to Human Security and Beyond

Traditional security premised on state and its military apparatus has got itself emasculated in the face of continuing emergence of new kind of threats from the non-traditional and nonstate centric sources. Climate change and deepening environmental crisis along with other crises like demographic change, incidence of poverty, and rise of fatal and dangerous diseases have already thrown down the gauntlet to the realist paradigm of security built on state. Out of all these what stands out as the greatest threat to entire humankind is the climate change with all its devastating consequences like global warming, sea level rise, floods, cyclones and storms not only killing and uprooting poor people from their homeland etc. but also dragging people into an unsafe, insecure and sepulchral uncertainty of life. The answer to the fundamental question of survival and security and of providing a dignified way of life to the individuals was tried to be found out in various world summits on climate change from Kyoto to Paris summit but it was not sufficient to keep the temperature of the earth down at 1.5 degree Celsius at the pre industrial level by reducing emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as agreed to by the world leaders. Climate change inextricably connected with security and development based on fossil fuels necessitates a rethinking that urges upon all to view the earth, both animate and inanimate not mechanically as mere instruments to redound to human wellbeing, security and primrose way of life but they are co-constitutive of each other’s life tied in the web of togetherness or being together as propounded by the proponents of worldly security.

Coming off the tracks: the cyberthreats facing rail operators

The rail industry has always been committed to ensuring safe and reliable journeys for passengers. It is an industry made up of a host of different organisations that all have specific safety responsibilities and defined safety duties, as detailed in regulations and standards. However, as trains have gone through a digital transformation and adopted new connectivity and devices, the risk of a new kind of threat has emerged – that of a cyber security attack. So let's take a look at how the risk has manifested and what railway operators, train manufacturers and other industry parties can do to address this.

Defending Weapons Inspections from the Effects of Disinformation

The intentional spread of disinformation is not a new challenge for the scientific world. We have seen it perpetuate the idea of a flat earth, convince communities that vaccines are more dangerous than helpful, and even suggest a connection between the “5G” communication infrastructure and COVID-19. Nor is disinformation a new phenomenon in the weapons inspection arena. Weapons inspectors themselves are often forced to sift through alternative narratives of events and inconsistent reporting, and they regularly see their credibility and conclusions questioned in the face of government politics or public biases. But certain recent disinformation campaigns have become so overwhelmingly comprehensive and effective that they constitute a new kind of threat. By preventing accountability for clear violations of international law, these campaigns have created a challenge to the survival of arms control treaties themselves. If weapons inspectors cannot regain the trust of the international community in the face of this challenge, it will be increasingly difficult to ensure compliance with arms control and disarmament treaties going forward. In this essay, I will briefly discuss one of the most comprehensive disinformation efforts of the past decade: the disinformation campaign used to prevent accountability for Syria's repeated use of chemical weapons. After this discussion, I will propose one possible approach to help protect the credibility of disarmament experts and weapons inspectors in the face of pervasive disinformation. This approach will require a concerted effort to connect and support compliance experts and to understand and explain their expertise across cultural, political, national, economic, and religious divides.

Hybrid threat phenomenon as a newest threat to national security

In today's world, military force is no longer sufficient to guarantee the state security. Nowadays, Ukraine serves as a low-cost platform to protect the interests of some of the strongest EU and US states. This situation creates additional risks for the existence of the state, in particular, due to hybrid wars, because Ukraine cannot be considered as full-fledged partner of these states. National security is now closely linked to human capital, and the strength or weakness of the latter is determined by the state of education and science of the state that the Republic of Singapore has successfully proven. Hybrid war is distinguished by such concepts as information terrorism, the economic genocide of the state from the outside, and the health of the nation. The purpose of the given article is to characterize the newest kind of threats to the national security of Ukraine in modern conditions, namely hybrid wars; to consider the phenomenon of hybrid threats, and to make suggestions as for strengthening the protection of Ukraine against such threats. Today, most areas of public life are at stake in Ukraine, including economic, political, information, education, science, healthcare, history, and national identity. Ukraine has made certain strides to counter information threats. However, this does not guarantee the protection of Ukraine's national interests from the manifestation of information aggression by other states, which take precedence in the means of conducting information warfare. Winning a hybrid war requires effective public administration, including all aspects of national security, not just the military one. In the next five years, we should expect further strengthening of the role of non-traditional military forces (cybernetic, information, biological, chemical) in resolving internal and inter-state conflicts, as well as such non-threatening means of influence as economic sanctions, political and diplomatic arrangements, which now have significant advantages over armed means. The phenomenon of hybrid threats is that the states which are not well prepared for this kind of warfare have the illusion that such war does not exist, although in reality this situation is a new kind of threat to national security, namely a hybrid war. In order to strengthen the protection of the state against hybrid threats, the following high-priority steps should be taken in Ukraine: — development and adoption of a new operational national Concept for combating hybrid warfare; — development and adoption of the State Program for Combating Organized Crime on the basis of scientific developments; — establishment of a central coordinating body that will manage the macro-system of combating organized crime as an organizational and functional system; — improving the Doctrine of Information Security, specifying measures for information policy and cyber security; — increasing the efficiency of using public diplomacy tools; — strengthening the cybernetic protection of state objects and increasing the effectiveness of cyber-counteraction in Ukraine; — providing explanations to citizens and public associations about the possibilities of their influence on political and administrative decision-making; — developing measures to train highly qualified personnel to ensure national security; — developing tools together with NATO partners to consolidate efforts to counter military, political and economic threats posed by Russia; — restoration of the nuclear status of Ukraine. Key words: phenomenon, illusion, hybrid threats, war, national security, inter-state conflicts.

Privacy and Proportionality: Examining Mass Electronic Surveillance under Article 8 and the Fourth Amendment

Summary An individual citizen’s right to privacy has found extensive protection in the modern democratic state. However, with the increase of technological innovation and new kinds of threats, democratic states must grapple with balancing a problem that can never be wholly solved—governments seeking to create the optimal degree of security inevitably conflicts with citizens’ optimal degree of privacy. This article examines one vehicle through which governments have prioritized national security at the expense of individual privacy: mass electronic surveillance. Employing the case study method, this article compares three cases where mass electronic surveillance measures were challenged before the European Court of Human Rights under Article 8 against four cases where such measures were challenged in the U.S. judicial system under the Fourth Amendment. This article seeks to determine how the treatment of privacy infringements created by mass electronic surveillance differs when examined in these two different privacy regimes. I argue the Strasbourg Court’s use of what is known in the literature as the “proportionality analysis” provoked by Article 8(2) allows for more substantial protections of privacy rights in Europe than under the Fourth Amendment in the U.S..

Efficient key Management System using Channel Response in Wireless Sensor Network

There are challenges abound for key management in wireless sensor networks. The importance of key management gets highlighted when the network gets scaled up without the availability of enough resources and new kind of threats in the form of node capture emerge. The economic viability of such schemes are usually high as the increase in security is directly proportional to the computational complexity, thus attributing to the high cost. In the wireless sensor infrastructure, nodes get connected with each other in wireless medium and can enter and exit the network at their will. Such aspect of entering and exiting paves the way for malicious nodes too to enter in to the network, making the entire network vulnerable to several types of attacks. One of the prominent attack is network jamming where the transmission lines gets jammed blocking the free flow of data as well as corrupting it. Such attacks on node and data transmissions can be avoided by increasing the security afforded to the entire WSN. In this regard, a novel key generation algorithm has been proposed in this paper using channel response technique, where the data hops from one channel to another in its transit from the source node to the destination node securing it from attacks. The Leap and Stop algorithm has been applied for channel hopping thus ensuring that the data traverses only for a small duration in each channel before hopping to the other channel. The channel hopping technique minimizes the probability of attack since before an active channel could be successfully predicted by the attacker, it becomes inactive and another channel gets activated. This channel hopping process continues till data reaches the destination safely without getting corrupted. The proposed approach had been compared for its efficiency and performance with Secure Key Generation using Frequency Selective Channels (SKGFSC) protocol and the results had been shown therewith.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Group hash function-based enhancing network security for network service providence

Providing security becomes a more important task due to the increase in network users and cost of network resources. So, consider this issue to propose a new group hash function-based enhanced and maintain integrity and security of entire network. The hash function maintains various rule sets, which contain set of rules with user details, IP address, public and private key, the signature for every user of the network. It manages trust node for various resources to provide security and integrity. The service providence uses a hash function to compute the signature of the network user using the details of users. The user can access any service only by registering in particular trust node which is maintained by the network. When the service request raised is by the user, he will be requested for the public and private key; then, the signature will be computed using a hash function. The user will be allowed to access the network resource, only after succeeding with the signature computed at request time and the signature generated at the time of registration process. The network generates new rules, which will be used to identify new kinds of threats. The proposed system will give security very efficiently and work as a learning system.

Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation

Contemporary infectious disease surveillance systems aim to employ the speed and scope of big data in an attempt to provide global health security. Both shifts - the perception of health problems through the framework of global health security and the corresponding technological approaches – imply epistemological changes, methodological ambivalences as well as manifold societal effects. Bringing current findings from social sciences and public health praxis into a dialogue, this conversation style contribution points out several broader implications of changing disease surveillance. The conversation covers epidemiological issues such as the shift from expert knowledge to algorithmic knowledge, the securitization of global health, and the construction of new kinds of threats. Those developments are detailed and discussed in their impacts for health provision in a broader sense.

Mutating Bodies: Reproductive Surgeries and Popular Fiction in Nineteenth-Century France

This article reads Jane de La Vaudère’s 1897 novel Les Demi-Sexes within the context of the historical trial that allegedly inspired it and debates surrounding surgery and sterility at the fin-de-siècle. The novel exploits contemporary fears that modern surgery posed a new kind of threat to binary sex in ways that challenge distinctions often made in the history of sexuality between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Leakage-Resilient Certificateless Signature Under Continual Leakage Model

In the past, the security notions of cryptography were modeled under the assumption that private (or secret) keys are completely hidden to adversaries. Nowadays, these security notions could be insufficient due to a new kind of threat, called “side-channel attacks”, by which an adversary obtains partial information of private (or secret) keys via employing specific properties resulting from physical implementations of cryptographic schemes. In order to resist such side-channel attacks, numerous leakage-resilient cryptographic schemes have been proposed. However, there is little work on studying leakage-resilient certificateless cryptographic schemes. In this article, we propose the first leakage-resilient certificateless signature (LR-CLS) scheme under the continual leakage model. In the generic bilinear group model, we demonstrate that our scheme possesses existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen-message attacks for both Type I and Type II adversaries. Finally, performance analysis is made to demonstrate that the proposed LR-CLS scheme is suitable for resource-constrained devices.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.47.2.17847

Forecasting and neutralization of negative consequences of use of informational technologies in life of the person and society

In modern society the special role belongs to information and knowledge. Today class of new kinds of threats and dangers is accurately designated and it is connected to application of new technological means which have variety of its demonstration: perversion of information, falsification of reality by virtual world, manipulation of people’s consciousness, change goals and way of living by imposed standards. All listed processes and many others first of all are stipulated by social aspects of informational interaction. Understanding of aggregate of informational processes concerning provision of their safety take a huge place for society. Qualitatively new approach, considering informational security not only in applied aspects but also as internal condition of the whole system, is a perspective direction in studying of problems of such area, providing effective functioning and successful development for both informational sphere and society as a whole. For today existing system of Ukraine’s security must organize security of basic rights and liberties, guaranteed equal participation of all subjects of informational interaction in system of global security.

Saving Lake Tahoe: an environmental history of a national treasure

The history of Lake Tahoe begins with the Washoe Indians who managed its resources for thousands of years, selectively utilising its bounty. The relatively brief Euro-American history at Lake Tahoe began in the mid-nineteenth century. Though awestruck by the lake's beauty, the new arrivals were also intent on harvesting its abundant resources. In a mere half century, the basin's forests and fisheries were destroyed, the lake's pristine clarity dramatically reduced. Left alone, nature healed itself, and by the 1960s mature forests once again surrounded the lake. Its water clarity improved, to a visibility more than one hundred feet deep. However, Tahoe's wonders brought a new kind of threat: millions of annual visitors and incessant development, including ski resorts and casinos. Saving Lake Tahoe looks at the interaction through the years between human activities and Tahoe's natural ecosystems. It is a dramatic story of ecological disasters and near misses, political successes and failures. Utilising primary sources and interviews with key figures, Makley provides a meticulously researched account of the battles surrounding the management of the Tahoe basin. Makley takes the story up to the present, describing the formation and evolution of a new type of governing body, the bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, and groundbreaking efforts to utilise science in establishing policy. He depicts the passionate fights between those who seek to preserve the environment and advocates of individual property rights. Although Tahoe remains unique in its splendor, readers will understand why, with continued pressure for development, reversing environmental deterioration and improving the lake water's clarity remain elusive goals.

Mapping Real-World to Online Vulnerability in Young People with Developmental Disorders: Illustrations from Autism and Williams Syndrome

The Internet poses a new kind of threat, especially for those individuals already vulnerable in society. The current paper draws on the social phenotypes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS) to propose that individuals with some developmental disorders face an elevated level of risk whilst online. Many individuals with ASD struggle to maintain social relations and are frequent users of screen-based technology, using the Internet to seek out social connections. Similarly, individuals with WS harbour an extreme pro-social drive to interact with others, both familiar and unfamiliar, and experience difficulties understanding the subtle nuances of social behaviour. Specific risk factors such as these are used to illustrate the case for online vulnerability in developmental disorders.

Securing Patient Privacy in E-Health Cloud Using Homomorphic Encryption and Access Control

Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a digital record shared across different healthcare settings, by network-connected enterprise-wide information systems called EHR systems. Electronic form of personal health records opens new kind of threats to information leakage because electronic data are easy to copy, especially when the records are online. Cloud computing paradigm is one of the popular Health information Technology infrastructures for facilitating Electronic Health Record (EHR) sharing and EHR integration. Healthcare clouds offer new possibilities such as easy and ubiquitous access to medical data, and opportunities for new business models. However, they also bear new risks and raise challenges with respect to security and privacy aspects. Ensuring the security and privacy is a major factor in the cloud computing environment. A secured Cloud based aided medical system is a program designed to aid standard and effective use and access of patient records anytime it is required by medical practitioners. In this work, a system called Secured e-Health in the cloud using Homomorphic Encryption and Access Control (SECHA) was designed. SECHA comprises of five basic component namely; patient, PHR/Object, Access Control Module, User/Subject and Cloud. This system ensure the security of electronic health records stored in the cloud using Homomorphic encryption to secure patient medical records and Bilayer Access Control (BLAC) to give access right to the records. The implemented was carried out using Netbeans IDE. The result obtained also shows that the practice of electronic health record in the cloud will be easily accessible and well secured.

Detection of TCP covert channel based on Markov model

Network covert channel is a covert communication method by hiding covert messages into overt network packets. In recent years, with the development of various hiding methods, network covert channel has become a new kind of threat for network security. The covert channel that uses the redundancies existing in TCP protocol to make hiding is called TCP covert channel. In this paper, the behaviors of TCP flows are modeled by the Markov chain composed of the states of TCP packets. And the abnormality caused by TCP covert channel is described by the difference between the overt and covert TCP transition probability matrix. The detection method based on MAP is proposed to detect the covert communication hidden in TCP flows under various applications such as HTTP, FTP, TELNET, SSH and SMTP. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm achieves better detection performance than the existing methods.

Indonesia’s Relations with China: Productive and Pragmatic, but not yet a Strategic Partnership

This article looks into the recent development of Indonesia’s relations with China. Notable progress can be seen in political and security relations, despite the fact that this dimension was at the core of their contentions during the 1970s and caused a freeze in diplomatic relations until the early 1990s. Economic relations, on the other hand, have long been the backbone of relations even before normalisation, but after Reformasi, economic relations have gradually been depicted as a new kind of threat even as they flourish. A unique factor contributing to this relationship is the distinctive role of Chinese Indonesians. This article also considers participation in multilateral diplomacy as an important aspect and strategy that affect bilateral relations. Under democracy, Indonesia is able to formulate a more productive and pragmatic China policy. However, since productive and pragmatic relations are not sufficiently strategic, Indonesia needs to formulate a long-term strategy to engage China and substantiate the so-called strategic partnership.

Computer security: Is this the start of cyberwarfare?

Last year's Stuxnet virus attack represented a new kind of threat to critical infrastructure.

Groupthink, Iraq, and the War on Terror: Explaining US Policy Shift toward Iraq

Existing scholarship on the Iraq War decision-making process generally treats the event as a logical extension of pre-existing ideas and policies. This paper considers the Bush administration’s decision to absorb Iraq into the broader War on Terror as a deviation from long-held views of Saddam Hussein. I argue that the decision to incorporate Iraq into the wider post 9 ⁄ 11 mission was pathologically driven by groupthink, which caused a shift in the administration’s view of Saddam from a troubling dictator to an existential threat to US security. Therefore, groupthink can simultaneously explain the defects in the decision-making process and the shift from cautious restraint to accelerated urgency with respect to US relations with Iraq. A wealth of literature has emerged claiming that the US invasion of Iraq was a logical extension of ideas and policies that predated 9 ⁄ 11. Cognitive and psychological explanations attribute the decision to personality profiles or individual and group level pathologies (Houghton 2008). Shannon and Keller (2007) examine Bush’s leadership style as a potential explanation for the US’ violation of international norms. For Kaufmann (2004), structural faults undermined the ‘‘marketplace of ideas,’’ allowing the administration to inflate the Iraqi threat. The international relations discipline also took up the question of the Iraq War, viewing it from the perspective of imperialism and hegemonic stability. For Cox (2004), the Bush Doctrine and the policies that followed cemented the neoconservative drive toward American domination in the post-Cold War world. Layne (2006) describes the post-9 ⁄ 11 grand strategy as one that finds it roots in American hegemony since the 1940s. While the academy generally explained the decision to invade Iraq in somewhat path dependent terms, an abundance of atheoretical literature emerged from journalists, commentators, and, later, key members of the decision-making team that shed light on the intricacies of the decision-making process. For example, Gellman (2009) argues that the administration, in particular Bush and Cheney, began viewing Saddam Hussein as a new kind of threat in the days that followed September 11, 2001. Instead of considering Hussein a troubling dictator––as they had in the past––the Iraqi leader came to represent a new type of threat in the 9 ⁄ 11 milieu. Yet, scholars, journalists, and pundits alike remain fixated on explaining the decision to remove Saddam Hussein from power, rather than the decision to incorporate Iraq into the War on Terror. This paper takes the latter approach. I argue that the decision to conflate Iraq with the threat of terrorism represented a significant departure from long-held images of that state and strategies for dealing with Saddam Hussein as advocated by members of the Bush administration

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat

Over the last decade, increased attention has been paid to terrorism, particularly to the new wave of terrorist groups, fundamentalist movements, and extremist organisations such as Al-Qaeda. September 11 marked the beginning of a turbulent phase in which states face a new kind of threat made up of a complex network of insidious revolutionary and nationalist forces. Such transformations have given rise to an unprecedented number of publications. However, both political violence and terrorism remain sources of endless disputes and controversies because of their political implications. At the same time, in the scientific community, terrorism studies lack conceptual and methodological uniformity. In his article, Domenico Tosini synthesises and discusses some major findings from this research. Courses using such a review will be confronted with the four major topics that any analysis of terrorism, to be comprehensive, should take into account: the definition of terrorism; its history and classification; its explanations; and an assessment of the consequences of counterterrorism policies.

Analysis of Policies in Activating the Infectious Disease Specialist Network (IDSN) for Bioterrorism Events

Bioterrorism events have worldwide impacts, not only in terms of security and public health policy, but also in other related sectors. Many countries, including Korea, have set up new administrative and operational structures and adapted their preparedness and response plans in order to deal with new kinds of threats. Korea has dual surveillance systems for the early detection of bioterrorism. The first is syndromic surveillance that typically monitors non-specific clinical information that may indicate possible bioterrorism-associated diseases before specific diagnoses are made. The other is infectious disease specialist network that diagnoses and responds to specific illnesses caused by intentional release of biologic agents. Infectious disease physicians, clinical microbiologists, and infection control professionals play critical and complementary roles in these networks. Infectious disease specialists should develop practical and realistic response plans for their institutions in partnership with local and state health departments, in preparation for a real or suspected bioterrorism attack.