New Kind Of Composite Material Research Articles

(Digital Presentation) Efficient Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductor (MIECs) for Conventional SOFC

A new kind of composite material has been developed to use for electrochemical conversion in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and semi-ionic fuel cells (SIFCs). The developed composite material based on Ni0.1Cu0.1Ce0.8, NiCuCeO with different ratios exhibited the exceptional properties of MIECs. Here the material 8NC2C employed in SOFC showed good electronic, ionic conductivity and total conductivity 1.480, 0.098 and 1.578 S/cm respectively. However, by comparison material composition 8NC2C rendered the open circuit voltage (OCV) 1.097 V and fuel cell performance 765.099mW/cm2at 550°C for SOFC and reasonably good value of good fuel cell performance of 678.659 mW/cm2 at 550°C was observed by SIFC 4NC6C composition. The comparative study showed that total conductivity, fuel cell performance and polarization resistance of SOFC exhibited better results than SIFC nevertheless 4NC6C composition polarization resistance Rp was lower in SIFC over SOFC which establish the SIFC as a good candidate for fuel cell application.

Analysis on The Performance of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete in Cold Region

Carbon fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC) is a new kind of composite material which is made by adding appropriate amount of shear carbon fibre into ordinary concrete. Compared with ordinary concrete, carbon fibre can better adapt to the harsh environment in cold regions and overcome adverse conditions. As a result, it can be widely used in infrastructure construction along the “Belt and Road” in China. In this paper, through analysing many experiments, charts, and theoretical analyses, the frost resistance, crack resistance, and compressive resistance of CFRC have been analyzed and introduced and verified its excellent performance of CFRC. On this basis, the feasibility of CFRC's application in cold regions is discussed. The results show that compared with ordinary materials, it is stronger in adapting to the harsh environment in the cold zone and has a broad development prospect and considerable potential in the future cold zone engineering construction.

Analysis and Study on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Tubes

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is a new kind of composite material, which combines the advantages of steel bar and concrete, and has the advantages of high strength, strong corrosion resistance and anti-fatigue, etc. In recent years, it has been more and more applied in civil engineering, port, channel and coastal engineering, bridge engineering and other special structures. GFRP material can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of concrete material, and solve the problem that concrete material is prone to corrosion and lead to structure failure in complex environment. At present, the technology is developing rapidly at home and abroad, but in our country, to really apply it widely in engineering construction, we need to further study and analyze the properties of GFRP pipe - concrete composite structure. In this paper, it is concluded that with the increase of eccentricity, the bias bearing capacity of the specimen decreases gradually. With the increase of concrete strength grade, the ultimate bearing capacity is improved. The concrete grade has a great influence on the performance of the specimen. The higher the concrete strength, the stronger the bearing capacity of the structure. The bending performance of GFRP tube composite structure is good.

Effects of different ammonium lignosulfonate contents on the crystallization, rheological behaviors, and thermal and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/polypropylene/ammonium lignosulfonate composites

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and poly-propylene (PP) based on reactive blending, has an excellent processing performance and characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, there are currently no reports in the literature regarding the usage of TPE in making composite boards. In this paper, EPDM, PP, and ammonium lignosulfonate (AL) were used as the raw materials, poly-ethylene wax was used as the plasticizer, and a dicumyl peroxide vulcanization system with dynamic vulcanization was used to make a new kind of composite material. This research studied the influences of the AL contents on the crystallization behaviors, rheological properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the AL content had a noticeable impact on the performance of the composite board. Accordingly, this kind of composite material can be used as an elastomer material for the core layer of laminated flooring.

Mechanical analysis of medical waste reinforced polymer composite

Abstract Medical waste poses many health problems when burnt in landfills and several precautions are required while decomposing. Medical waste is classified as risky waste and non risky waste. Around 75% of medical waste generated is considered as non risky waste. In this work, non-risky medical waste obtained from crushing used tablet covers has been taken as reinforcement material. It was mixed up with epoxy resin for fabricating a new kind of composite material for enhancing mechanical properties. Six different composites with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% volume fractions of medical wastes were fabricated using the hand lay-up process. Then the composite test samples were evaluated for mechanical properties, namely tensile, flexural and impact strength. The effect of medical waste filler volume fraction on the mechanical properties was investigated. The test results obtained confirmed yield of good mechanical properties for 10% volume fraction composite.

Effect of wood flour and naphthenic oil on morphology, rheological and mechanical properties of EPDM/PP/AL composite

Abstract Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) base on reactive blending, has an excellent processing performance and characteristics and a wide range of applications. In this paper, EPDM, PP and ammonium lignosulfonate (AL) were selected as raw materials, wood flour (WF) of poplar tree was used as filler, naphthenic oil was used as plasticizer, DCP vulcanization system with dynamic vulcanization was carried, to make a new kind of composite material. This research studied the influences of wood flour and naphthenic oil content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and rheological properties of the composite material. The result showed: the content of wood flour and naphthenic oil has big impact on composite material. With the increase of the wood flour content, the mechanical properties are increased firstly and then decreased. The viscosity and modulus of the composite is improved with the increase of wood flour. With of the increase of the amount of naphthenic oil, the mechanical properties, viscosity and modulus of the composites decreased. When the content of wood flour is between 30–60 parts and the content of naphthenic oil is less than 20, the EPDM/PP/AL composite is suitable for using as the core layer elastic material of composite floor.

Effects of different polypropylene and ammonium lignosulfonate contents on the crystallization behavior, rheological behaviors, and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer/ polypropylene/ ammonium lignosulfonate composites

Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) based on reactive blending, has excellent processing performance and characteristics and a wide range of applications. However, there are currently no reports in the literature regarding the usage of TPE in making composite boards. In this paper, EPDM, PP, and ammonium lignosulfonate (AL) were used as the raw materials, polyethylene wax was used as the plasticizer, and a dicumyl peroxide vulcanization system with dynamic vulcanization was used to make a new kind of composite material. This research studied the influences of the PP and AL contents on the crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, and rheological properties of the composites. The results showed that the PP content had a noticeable impact on the performance of the composites. The AL content had a major impact on the modulus of elasticity of the composite board. Accordingly, this kind of composite material can be used as an elastomer material for the core layer of laminated flooring.

Synthesis of a novel three-dimensional Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 phase change material doped aerogel composite with high thermal resistance and latent heat

A novel Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 phase change material doped aerogel composite (PDAC) using the sol-gel technique is prepared. This new kind of composite material is composed of a core-shell structured Na2SO4@SiO2 phase change material (PCM) with high melting temperature and Al2O3-SiO2 aerogel with high thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity. The effects of PCM amounts and heat treatment temperatures on the physicochemical properties of Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 PDCA are investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that when the mass percentage of Na2SO4@SiO2 PCM powders increases to 36.7%, the peaks corresponding to Na2SO4 can be well observed. The boehmite phase within Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 PDAC can be transformed to γ-Al2O3 via structural adjustment after heat treatment at 600 °C. The pore size distribution doesn’t shift after 600 °C heat treatment, and the most probable pore diameter is at around 30 nm. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) shows that the Na2SO4@SiO2 PCM powders with diameters at around 500 nm can be effectively trapped and are homogeneously distributed within the aerogel matrix even after further heat treatment at 1000 °C, therefore, liquid leakage can be inhibited during melting process. The peak latent heat of Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 PDCA can be as high as 153.84 J/g with the PCM mass percentage at 36.7%. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area increases from 419.3 m2/g to 630.6 m2/g due to structural adjustment, and then decreases to 277.7 m2/g caused by volume shrinkage. Thermal simulation results show that the total melting time can be 254.8 s, and development of the temperature distribution keeps well with that of the liquid fraction. The velocity distribution of the liquid PCM keeps at 0 due to the constraint of aerogel matrix. This Na2SO4@SiO2@Al2O3-SiO2 PDAC can be a promising high temperature PCM in thermal energy storage applications.

Transversely Isotropic Hyperelastic Constitutive Model of Short Fiber Reinforced EPDM Based on Tensor Function

Short fiber reinforced EPDM is a new kind of composite material used in solid rocket motor winding and coating. It has relatively large deformation under the small stress condition, and the physical non-linear characteristic is obvious. Due to the addition of fiber in the specific direction of the rubber, the macroscopic mechanical properties are expressed as transversely isotropic properties. In order to describe the mechanical behavior under the impact and vibration, the transversely isotropic hyperelastic constitutive model based on tensor function is proposed. The symmetry of the transversely isotropic incompressible material limits the stress tensor ‘K’ to be characterized as a function of 5 tensor invariants and 4 scalar invariants. The third power constitutive equations of the model give 12 independent elastic constants of the transversely isotropic nonlinear elastic material. The experimental results show that the non-zero elastic constants are different in the fiber direction and at the different strain rate. Number and value of adiabatic layer and related products R & D has a reference value.

Preparation and application of black hollow carbon-doped titania composite spheres for electrophoretic displays

In this paper, hollow carbon-doped titania composite spheres were prepared through a template-assisted method. The hollow spheres were obtained via deposition of inorganic shell on the surface of polymer latex template with Ti(OBu)4 as precursor and then freeze-drying process was used to reduce breaking and fragments during calcinations. After calcinations in Ar atmosphere, carbon layer was coated onto the surface of hollow microspheres by adsorption to the resulting hollow black spheres with various crystalline structures at different calcination temperatures. The hollow spheres were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, thermo gravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet and visible absorption and electrophoresis apparatus. The results showed that the hollow TiO2/C spheres were monodisperse and average diameters were 220 nm approximately. Furthermore, the new kind of composite material was applied to electrophoretic display as black particles. The electrophoretic mobility and zeta value in Isopar-G were −2.60e−006 cm2 V−1 s−1 and −35.31 mV respectively, which illustrated its potential application prospect in development of electrophoretic ink.

Studies on the effect of shape-stabilized PCM filled aluminum honeycomb composite material on thermal control

A new kind of composite material combined the shape-stabilized phase change material with aluminum honeycomb used in thermal control was prepared and investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The shape-stabilized PCM prepared in this paper was experimentally validated to have stable phase change temperature, latent heat and thermal conductivity after several cycles of melting and solidification. The metal honeycomb structure could enhance the thermal conductivity and structural strength of organic PCM effectively with adding little weight to the system. The stress tolerance limit (STL) of the composite material was measured and compared with that of the shape-stabilized PCM. The results showed that the STL was promoted by 25.2%. A performance test experiment of the PCM thermal control unit was accomplished and a numerical model was established for further study. The temperature variations of the numerical model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Results showed that the addition of aluminum honeycomb structure could make the temperature variation of the heating source in a much smaller range, compared with the result that without aluminum honeycomb. The shape-stabilized PCM/aluminum honeycomb composite material showed the best combination properties of heat transfer and mechanical behavior.

Fluorescent boronic acid terminated polymer grafted silica particles synthesized via click chemistry for affinity separation of saccharides

Boronic acids are important for effective separation of biological active cis-diols. For the purpose of constructing a new type of saccharide-sensitive material which can not only provide convenient separation but also improve the access of boronic acid to guest molecules, the fluorogenic boronic acid terminated, thermo-sensitive polymers (BA-polyNIPAm) were grafted to an alkyne modified silica gel through the exploitation of click chemistry. The BA-polyNIPAm grafted silica gel (BA-polyNIPAm-SG) was characterized by FT-IR, fluorescence spectra, fluorescence microscopy, elemental analysis (EA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and so on. BA-polyNIPAm-SG displayed affinity binding ability for saccharides under physiological pH value and allowed saccharides to be conveniently separated from solution. The maximum binding capacities for fructose and glucose are 83.2μmol/g and 70.4μmol/g polymer, respectively. The intensity of fluorescence emission of BA-polyNIPAm-SG increased with the increasing of fructose concentration. The present study provides a new kind of composite material which contains moveable and flexible grippers for recognizing and binding guest molecules.

Modal Analysis of the New Composite Material for Automobile Brake Pads Based on Properties of Composite Materials

The present semi-metallic friction material reinforced by the steel fiber is still the main material of the domestic friction material industry, which is left far behind by the developed countries such as America and Japan. Therefore, based on its superior performance, a new kind of composite material used for the automobile brake pads has been developed by our team before. In order to verify its superiority, with the ANSYS software, comparative analysis of free and constraint mode was carried out on the semi-metallic brake and the new composite brake in this paper, and the modal parameters such as the natural frequency were obtained. What’s more, the modal testing was also conducted on both of them. In the end, the finite element analysis results and the experimental results were compared, which shows that compared with the traditional semi-metallic material brake, the new one with bigger damping coefficient and smaller natural frequency has better noise and vibration reduction performance.

Research on the Stressed Performance of Polypropylene Fibrous Concrete Ditch

Polypropylene fibrous concrete is a new kind of composite material. Polypropylene fiber leads to an increase in the resisting strength, cracking resistance performance, resistance to impact performance and permeability reducing performance of the concrete, thus reduces the shrinking and deformation of the concrete. This paper uses the method of numerical analysis, assisted by the software of finite element analysis, makes both static and dynamic analysis on the polypropylene fibrous concrete ditch with different volume mixing. It results in the stress and strain table of the head and base plates of the polypropylene fibrous concrete ditch in the case of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% volume mixing of polypropylene fibers. The paper provides technological basis for formation design of the polypropylene fibrous concrete materials, and laids technological foundation for the further developments of polypropylene fibrous concrete in hydraulic engineering.

Elaboration of copper hydroxide phase modified diatomite and their application in lead ions immobilization

A new kind of composite material made of diatomite and deviline (CaCu4(SO4)2OH6·3H2O) has been prepared by mixing diatomite and aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate at room temperature for 8 h. X-Ray powder diffraction shows evidence for the contribution of calcium carbonate initially present in the diatomite in the formation of deviline. The formation of deviline onto diatomite surface, as observed by EDX and SEM analysis, is suggested to occur by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the surface silanol groups and cupric species. Two mechanisms of formation of deviline are suggested. Remediation properties of diatom-Cu towards Pb(II) cations in aqueous solution were investigated. The materials have a noticeably higher Pb(II) sorption capacity (130 mg g−1) than the native diatomite (25 mg g−1). Such a performance is attributed to the mechanism of Pb(II) immobilization, characterized by the precipitation of the stable caledonite phase (Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(OH)6CO3) from the dissolution of deviline.

Large enhancement of GMI effect in polymer composites containing Co-based ferromagnetic microwires

A new kind of composite material consisting of parallel Co-based ferromagnetic microwires embedded in a polymer matrix was designed and produced for high-performance sensor applications. A great enhancement of the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and its field sensitivity was achieved in these composite materials. It was found that the GMI effect strongly increased with increasing number of ferromagnetic microwires. At a given frequency of 10 MHz, the GMI ratio and its field sensitivity reached the highest values of 450% and 45%/Oe for the composite containing four microwires when compared with those of 14% and 1%/Oe for that containing one microwire. This indicates that the newly developed composite material is very promising for high-performance GMI sensor applications. It was revealed that the increase of the GMI effect in the composite sample was attributed to the decrease of electrical resistance and the increase of effective permeability. An increase of GMI effect with reducing microwire length was also observed and attributed to decrease of the electrical resistance.

Preparation and characterization of aluminum borate whisker reinforced magnesium alloy composites by semi-solid process

To develop a new kind of composite material, 'graded morphology MMCs', a semi-solid magnesium alloy was squeeze-cast into an aluminum borate whisker preform. Currently, to increase the interfacial tensile/shear strength between MMCs and some metal parts, the joining processes have been studied. However, a suitable process has not yet been found. In this study, we first studied the optimum manufacturing condition to increase the preform compressive strength which should be necessary to prevent the preform from deformation in the squeeze cast process. The dependence of the binder types, which were the SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 sols, the binder content (0-5 mass% vs whisker amount), and the sintering temperature (1000- 1 160°C) of the preform were measured. We then examined the microstructure of the obtained material which was in situ joined with the semi-solid magnesium alloy (Mg-9 mass% Al-1 mass% Zn). The results were as follows: (1) The SiO2 sol was the most effective as a binder to increase the preform compressive strength. (2) During the squeeze cast process, the particles of the α-Mg solid phase in the semi-solid alloy were filtered by the preform and piled up in front of the preform/ semi-solid alloy interface. This causes a gradational distribution of the primary crystals in part of the obtained material.

A New Method for Fabrication of Functionally Gradient Materials

Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are a new kind of composite material, which were introduced as the thermal barrier materials of spacecraft, and have been found to be of great use as medical materials, electronic materials, nuclear energy materials, etc. Design and techniques of fabrication are the foundation of FGM and its applications. Up to now, a great many means have been developed to obtain functionally gradient materials [1, 2]: chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma spraying (PS), self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS), and powder metallurgy (PM). In these processes, the powder metallurgy has been researched by many investigators and is considered to be one of the promising methods for fabricating large size FGM samples. In current powder metallurgy processes, however, the gradient of composition and=or structure is formed by the stage ®lling. According to the composition gradient designed, mix the two powders used to prepare the sample of functionally gradient material into several compositions, and tier the powders in a compacting tool set, and then compact and sinter it to obtain the gradient material. It is clear that the distribution of composition in the samples prepared by the stage ®lling process is not continuous, and there are some interfaces of step change in composition in it. Therefore, the powder metallurgy method by stage ®lling is not only dif®cult for operation but also inadequate for thermal stress relief. This paper reports a new process, co-sedimentating method for fabrication of functionally gradient materials, by which the continuous distribution of composition can be formed, and the gradient layer of free size and free thickness can be prepared. It is well known that the sedimentating behavior of powder in a liquid can be discussed by the Stokes equation. The sedimentating velocity of a powder particle in a liquid medium is mainly dependent on the size and density of the particle. When a kind of powder sedimentates, the particles of larger size have greater velocities. When two (or more than two) kinds of powders sedimentate together, the particles of larger size or=and larger density sedimentate more quickly. Accordingly, a deposit layer with a continuous change in composition can be obtained by the co-sedimentation of two kinds of powders through conditioning the parameters of sedimentation (the density and viscidity of the liquid medium used for sedimentating, the sedimentating height, etc.), the size, and the size distribution of the powders. In this paper, a functionally gradient material of metal=ceramics is fabricated by the co-sedimentation of metal and ceramics powders in ethanol. The ceramics powder is the 3 mol % yttria partially stabilized ZrO2(3Y-PSZ) powder of particle size 0.3 im, which has been granulated into the particle size 30 im. The stainless steel powder is Japanese SUS 316 powder, whose particle size is 8 im. The concentrations of the 3Y-PSZ and SUS 316 in the ethanol are 45 3 10y3 g=ml and 90 3 10y3 g=ml, respectively. The sedimentation was carried out in a glass pipe of internal diameter 40 mm, and length 200 mm. After drying and compacting (150 MPa), the deposit layers were sintered at 1300 8C for 1 h in argon atmosphere to obtain the samples of SUS 316=3Y-PSZ gradient material. The optical microscope and the graphical analysis instrument were used to observe the microstructure and measure the distribution of composition. The samples of SUS 316=3Y-PSZ functionally gradient material prepared by the process described in this paper are disks of diameter 33 mm and thickness 2±5 mm. Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of the cross-section in a sample of thickness 3.5 mm (black PSZ, white stainless steel). The distribution curve of composition is shown in Fig. 2, which is measured by a graphical analysis instrument. It can be seen from Fig. 1 that a compactive structure and good interface binding between stainless steel and ceramics have been obtained after sintering. Both the microstructure and the distribution curve of composition show a continuous distribution of composition in the sample. It is important and necessary for thermal stress relief and property design that the composition distribution (gradient) in functionally gradient materials can be designed and conditioned. In the cosedimentating method, the composition distribution (gradient) can be controlled by the properties (particle sizes and distributions) of the two powders and the conditions for sedimentating (the density and viscidity of the liquid used as the sedimentating medium, the sedimentating height, and the contents of two powders, etc.). If the sedimentating behaviors of the two powders do not interfere together and a