New Generation Of Mobile Communications Research Articles

Towards green machine learning for resource allocation in beyond 5G RAN slicing

The new generation of mobile communications, 5G, has been rolled out. While basic features were successively implemented, more complex ones have been left aside for a new release. Such is the case of RAN slicing, which enables the division of a radio infrastructure into software-controlled logical networks. Among the technical difficulties is the radio resource allocation since slices can be attached to contract agreements with network performance targets, and the number of resources required to support the performance varies with the signal quality of the connected devices. Machine learning solutions can predict the number of radio resources needed based on the current state of the network. Our previous work, KPI-Converter, addressed this issue with densely connected neural networks. However, amid the current global energy crisis, we should focus on more green machine learning solutions that can achieve similar performance with much lower usage of computational resources. In this work, we present KPIC-Lite, a solution for resource allocation for RAN slicing that consumes 700 to 1000 times fewer resources than our previous work while performing similarly in most tested scenarios. We introduce a new asymmetric loss function that significantly boosts convergence compared to a-OMC, the state-of-the-art loss function for operator monetary costs. Another bonus compared to a-OMC is its ability to use second-order optimisers efficiently. The second-order optimiser used in our work reduced the computational resources of the solution.

Anomaly detection in multi-tiered cellular networks using LSTM and 1D CNN

Self-organizing networks (SONs) are considered as one of the key features for automation of network management in new generation of mobile communications. The upcoming fifth-generation mobile networks and beyond are likely to offer new advancements for SON solutions. In SON concept, self-healing is a prominent task which comes along with cell outage detection and cell outage compensation. Next-generation cellular networks are supposed to have ultra-dense deployments which make cell outage detection critical and harder for network maintenance. Therefore, by imitating the ultra-dense multi-tiered scenarios, this study scrutinizes femtocell outage detection with the help of long short-term memory and one-dimensional convolutional neural networks by using time sequences of key performance indicator parameters generated in user equipment. In both the proposed schemes, probable outage-related anomalies in femto access points (FAP) are detected and classified within predetermined time sequence intervals. Moreover, aggregation decision methods are also incorporated into the proposed framework for boosting cell outage detection procedure on FAP level. Our findings show that proposed deep learning approaches outperform existing feed-forward neural networks, and on the average, in more than 80% of the cases the outage states of the femtocells are correctly predicted among healthy and three anomalous states.

ЩИТОВИДНАЯ ЖЕЛЕЗА – НОВЫЙ КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОРГАН ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫХ ПОЛЕЙ МОБИЛЬНОЙ СВЯЗИ: ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНЫХ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ДЛЯ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ

This publication provides an analysis of the studies of Russian and foreign scientists dealing with the problem of studying the effect of electromagnetic fields on the state of the thyroid gland as a new critical organ directly experiencing this type of exposure when using a new generation of mobile communications – smartphones. The review includes an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion.
 In the section “Distribution of absorbed doses when using mobile phones” studies of the distribution and level of absorption of electromagnetic fields when using mobile communications, including the thyroid gland, are presented. The issues of modelling taking into account the size of the head and the properties of the tissues of children are discussed. “Epidemiological and statistical assessments of thyroid dysfunction” – this section summarizes the data on the incidence of the thyroid gland among the child population in Russia for the period 1990 – 2019. The section “Experimental studies” presents the experimental data of domestic and foreign scientists on morphological and hormonal changes in the thyroid gland of experimental animals when exposed to electromagnetic fields of cellular communication. Biomedical studies of the effects of their impact are described in the section “Changes in the functioning of the thyroid gland in mobile users”. The review is completed by the section “Possible long-term consequences of prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields on the thyroid gland in mobile communication users”.

The Economics of Shared Infrastructure in 5G Networks

5G, the new generation of mobile communications, has been designed to become the ultimate enabler for a digital revolution. Making possible a variety of new applications and business models, 5G is expected to drive a disruptive transformation of societies and economies. It promises to connect vehicles for more efficient, sustainable, and safer mobility; facilitate connected urban infrastructures for improved public services; revolutionize the health sector; and make factories and production processes smarter.

A survey on role of photonic technologies in 5G communication systems

A new generation of mobile communications has been evolving for every 10 years, keeping in mind the enormous data traffic, huge capacity requirements, excellent quality of service with minimal latency; there is a shift in paradigm toward the upcoming 5G technology which is expected to be rolled out by 2020 that promises to meet the requirements stated above. 5G is envisaged to be a merged framework of wide range of applications ranging from device-to-device communications, smart grid to Internet of Things and many more. In this survey paper, a brief discussion on the major pillars of 5G which are millimeter wave technology, massive MIMO, ultra-dense network, beamforming and full-duplex transmission are presented. This survey paper also focuses on the role of optics in 5G technology, sometimes commonly referred to as microwave photonics, an interdisciplinary research platform. Due to huge bandwidth and enormous capacity upgrade, optical fibers are considered to be ideal backhaul and fronthaul media rather than copper cables in order to support small cells and next-generation networks. These advantages of optical fiber technology enable integrated optical and wireless access technologies for 5G wireless communications an interdisciplinary area of research.

Indoor Corridor and Office Propagation Measurements and Channel Models at 8, 9, 10 and 11 GHz

Recent research into radio propagation and large-scale channel modeling shows that frequencies can be used above 6 GHz for the new generation of mobile communications (5G). This paper provides a detailed account of measurement campaigns that use directional horn antennas in co-polarization (V-V and H-H) and cross-polarization (V-H) in line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-line-of-sight situations between the transmitter and receptor; they were carried out in a corridor and computer laboratory located at the Federal University of Para (UFPA). The measurement data were used to adjust path loss prediction models of radio propagation, through the minimum mean square error (MMSE) method, for indoor environments in the frequencies of 8–11 GHz. The parameters for the models that were determined are as follows: path loss exponent, polarization exponent (co- and cross-polarization), effects of shadowing and path loss exponent for wall losses. Standard deviation and standard deviation point by point are included as statistical metrics. The approximations with regard to the large-scale path loss models for frequencies of 8–11 GHz show a convergence with the measured data, owing to the method employed for the optimization of the MMSE to determine the parameters of the model.

Compact Multilayer Yagi-Uda Based Antenna for IoT/5G Sensors.

To increase the capacity and performance of communication systems, the new generation of mobile communications (5G) will use frequency bands in the mmWave region, where new challenges arise. These challenges can be partially overcome by using higher gain antennas, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), or beamforming techniques. Yagi-Uda antennas combine high gain with low cost and reduced size, and might result in compact and efficient antennas to be used in Internet of Thins (IoT) sensors. The design of a compact multilayer Yagi for IoT sensors is presented, operating at 24 GHz, and a comparative analysis with a planar printed version is shown. The stacked prototype reveals an improvement of the antenna’s main properties, achieving 10.9 dBi, 2 dBi more than the planar structure. In addition, the multilayer antenna shows larger bandwidth than the planar; 6.9 GHz compared with 4.42 GHz. The analysis conducted acknowledges the huge potential of these stacked structures for IoT applications, as an alternative to planar implementations.

Optimization of LTE Network Coverage

The trend of mobile, broadband and IP is becoming more and more prominent. Mobile communication technology is now in acritical period in the evolution of network technology. As such, LTE (Long Term Evolution) comes to light. LTE serves as a unified standardfor the new generation of mobile communications, equipped with high spectral efficiency, high peak rate, high mobility, flat networkarchitecture and other advantages. Huawei has played a very important role in the commercialization of LTE. As a sponsor of NGMN,Huawei has been actively involved in the research of some key projects of NGMN, such as network self-optimization, system architectureand Network performance evaluation and so on. This paper mainly introduces the problems encountered in the optimization of LTEnetwork coverage, the practical problems encountered by the LTE project team in Qingdao and the analysis and solutions to the problems.At the same time, this paper discusses in detail on the LTE network optimization process.

Improving Cell Outage Management Through Data Analysis

Self-organizing networks (SONs) are an important feature for network management automation in the new generation of mobile communications. While SONs have been considered to be part of the recent 3GPP standards such as LTE, it is expected that future 5G mobile networks will present new challenges for SON solutions. One of the most important use cases in self-healing is cell outage compensation (COC). This article proposes an important improvement in COC functionality based on analyzing large real data sets from live networks in order to adapt compensation to the real neighboring context. First, we propose two methods (offline and online) to classify outages depending on the degraded metrics in neighboring cells, and we present results for a set of cell outages occurring in a live LTE network. Second, we propose a method for estimating lost traffic due to cell outages in order to quantify the load that cannot be intrinsically absorbed by neighboring cells. Finally, a novel COC methodology is proposed by taking into account the results obtained in the two previous studies.

SIPmsign: a lightweight mobile signature service based on the Session Initiation Protocol

SUMMARYThe development of mobile signatures could increase the spread and adoption of mobile services based on electronic signatures, such as mobile payments, mobile business transactions, and mobile government services. A Mobile Signature Service (MSS) means that a user in any of the scenarios mentioned can attach an electronic signature, anywhere, anytime, as with a handwritten signature with a device that is almost always on him or her. Several solutions have appeared, such as using the European Telecommunications Standard Institute MSS, the Mobile Signature Application Unit, and the Mobile Network Operator‐independent MSS. These solutions present two kinds of drawbacks. On the one hand, some of them require the service to be developed by all mobile network operators, whereas others are not based on efficient communications. In this paper, we present a new MSS named SIPmsign that solves these problems. Our proposal is based on the Session Initiation Protocol and defines how to exchange the information in a secure and more efficient way than previously. Thanks to Session Initiation Protocol, we provide the adoption of our proposal as a MSS for the new generation of mobile communications. In this paper, we also present the prototype we have developed as a proof of its feasibility as well as an evaluation of the performance of our solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Effect of Globalstar MSS Transmissions on the Future Reception of GLONASS

This paper discusses the impact of a new generation of mobile communications, Mobile Satellite Services (MSS), on the reception of GLONASS signals in the future. The two systems are very closely located in the frequency spectrum, and the effect of this co-location has been derived. It is shown that the performance of GLONASS in a future GNSS-1 will be heavily affected by the current emissions proposed by the Globalstar consortium.