New Form Of Matter Research Articles

Spacetime symmetry breaking on nongeodesic leaves and a new form of matter

We examine the permanent damage caused by the historical breakdown of full diffeomorphism invariance induced by a foliation. We focus on the case where the foliation is allowed to be nongeodesic after the interactions with the foliation switch off. Gravity and other forms of matter recover full diffeomorphism invariance only at the expense of introducing a new matterlike component, carrying the nonvanishing Hamiltonian (and momentum, as it turns out) left over from the violating past interactions. This matter form must be stress-free in the preferred frame; this is the only way a matter action can mimic the evolution of the leftover Hamiltonian (and momentum) driven by the Dirac hypersurface deformation algebra. Hence, if the preferred frame is nongeodesic, the equivalent matter component must have energy and a momentum current in this frame, but still no spatial stresses: an unusual form of “matter.” It is equivalent to a fluid with anisotropic stress in some regimes, reducing to dust in others, or even displaying completely new features in extreme situations. Its stress energy tensor is conserved. We provide two examples based on accelerated frames: Rindler space-time and the canonical Schwarzchild frame. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

NEW FORMS OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE

The article presents an overview of the development of our ideas about new forms of matter in the Universe.

Gluon jets evolution in the quest for new physics

In this paper, our task is to review the evolution of Gluon Jets in view of the quest for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) – the so called New Physics (NP). One of the major goals of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to understand a new mode of matter called the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). This seemingly new form of matter consists of a confinement of quarks and gluons observed at very high temperature and density. This paper focuses on heavy ion collisions in order to get an understanding of the interaction of high momentum partons. It is these highly sophisticated interactions that probe quantum chromodynamics theorem at very high temperatures and densities. This results in the QGP phase of NP via propagation of very energetic Gluon Jets.

Inertial and Gravitational Mass in General Relativity and Their Cosmological Consequences

We revise the concept of mass of a particle in general relativity initiated by Einstein, Brans, and Rosen in the fifties, using the results of P. Havas and J.N. Goldberg on the equations of motion for point-like particles. We show how one can define a constant inertial mass, and a variable gravitational mass dependent on their gravitational interaction with the rest of particles. The introduced gravitational mass allows us to construct a cosmological model that satisfactorily accounts for the observed deficit of mass, the dark energy and the cosmological constant, without the assumption of new forms of matter or energy: dark matter and dark energy can be explained as a gravitational effect in the framework of the standard general theory of relativity.

Study of the QCD phase structure at HIAF

High-energy nuclear collisions offer a unique opportunity for studying the properties of the nuclear matter under extreme conditions, the evolution of the universe soon after the big bang as well as the inner structure of stars. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory for strong interaction, has predicted the existence of the new form of matter, where the de-confined quarks and gluons move “freely” in a volume that is much larger than that of an ordinary nucleon, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). After more than thirty years of searching, scientists have collected circumstantial evidences of QGP from the relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Thermodynamically one might expect phase boundary or/and critical point that accompany the new phase of matter. Nowadays the QCD phase structure, especially in the high baryon density region, has become the focus in order to search for the QCD phase boundary and possible critical point. In this article, the experimental status on the QCD phase structure will be reviewed. Discussion will include the collectivity, chirality and criticality in high-energy nuclear collisions. These will be followed by the discussion of the main physics programs for the future experiment. The CSR-External-target Experiment (CEE) at both HIRFL and HIAF accelerator complexes, will be discussed.

Dark Matter as Variations in the Electromagnetic Zero-Point Field Induced by Baryonic Matter

Cold dark-matter, as a solution to the so-called dark-matter problem, suffers from a major internal conflict: In order to dodge direct detection for so long, it must have an unobservably small (non gravitational) interaction with mundane matter, and yet it manages to ‘conspire’ with it such that, in single galaxies, its distribution can be inferred from that of mundane matter via the MOND phenomenology. This conflict is avoided if the missing, transparent component of the energy-momentum tensor is due to variations in some electromagnetic ‘zero point field’ (ZPF) which is sourced by mundane matter and contains both its advanced and retarded fields. The existence of a ZPF thus modulated by mundane matter, follows from a proper solution to the self-force problem of classical electrodynamics (CED), recently proposed by the author, which renders CED compatible with the statistical predictions of QM. The possibility that ‘dark matter’ is yet another, hitherto ignored facet of good-old classical electrodynamics, therefore seems no less plausible than it being a highly exotic and conspirative new form of matter. Tests for deciding between the two are proposed.

Anisotropic reticular chemistry

Reticular chemistry has been focused on making simple structures in which a few kinds of components are linked to make crystals such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). While this chemistry has grown into a large field, a more extensive area with fascinating directions is emerging through the introduction of multiplicity and variation into the components of MOFs. When the MOF backbone is composed of more than two kinds of components, the resulting backbone multiplicity is regular repeats of those units. However, when variations involve multiple functionalization of the organic linkers or multiple metalation of metal-containing building units, it results in an aperiodic spatial arrangement of these variations, without altering the regularity of the MOF backbone. Such variance is represented by unique sequences of functionality or metal, and the very aperiodic nature of their spatial arrangement gives rise to anisotropy. These MOF constructs represent a new form of matter in which the sequences of such units are bound to an ordered backbone, thus adding complexity to an otherwise simple system, while preserving its overall crystallinity. It’s worth noting that, when a molecule capable of either continuous or multistate anisotropic motion is integrated within a sequence in a MOF, the resulting property goes beyond what is possible in simple systems. We term this emerging area ‘anisotropic reticular chemistry’. Introducing multiplicity and variation into the components of metal–organic frameworks has emerged as new fascinating directions in reticular chemistry. In this Review, the variances in the framework backbone, functionality and metal, and their leading to sequences of chemical information, are highlighted. Anisotropy in these structures is imposed by the variance and realized along a specific direction.

The project of the Super Charm-Tau Factory in Novosibirsk

Electron-Positron collider Super Charm-Tau factory at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) will operate at energies in center of mass W=2-6 GeV with unprecedented high luminosity of 1035cm−2s−1 and the longitudinal polarization of the electrons at the interaction area. The main purpose of the experiments at the collider is search for effects of CP-violation in the decays of charmed particles, tests of the Standard Model in the decay of the τ-lepton, the search and study of an entirely new forms of matter: glueballs, hybrids, etc. The data, which are planned to record, by 3-4 orders exceed everything that has been recorded so far in any other experiment in this energy range. Conceptual designs of the collider based on crab-waist technique and universal detector are developed and presented. Preliminary physics program are considered. Progress of R&D for detector systems are given.

From Conception to Kamchatka

In the early 1980s, scientists were astounded to discover a new phase of matter, the quasicrystal—a material that exhibits internal symmetries incompatible with a regularly repeating pattern. In The Second Kind of Impossible: The Extraordinary Quest for a New Form of Matter, Paul Steinhardt recounts his first encounters with quasicrystals and his decades-long search for a naturally formed example.

Assembly of Molecular Building Blocks into Integrated Complex Functional Molecular Systems: Structuring Matter Made to Order

AbstractFunction‐inspired design of molecular building blocks for their assembly into complex systems has been an objective in engineering nanostructures and materials modulation at nanoscale. This article summarizes recent research and inspiring progress in the design/synthesis of various custom‐made chiral, switchable, and highly responsive molecular building blocks for the construction of diverse covalent/noncovalent assemblies with tailored topologies, properties, and functions. Illustrating the judicious selection of building blocks, orthogonal functionalities, and innate physical/chemical properties that bring diversity and complex functions once reticulated into materials, special focus is given to their assembly into porous crystalline networks such as metal/covalent–organic frameworks (MOFs/COFs), surface‐mounted frameworks (SURMOFs), metal–organic cages/rings (MOCs), cross‐linked polymer gels, porous organic polymers (POPs), and related architectures that find diverse applications in life science and various other functional materials. Smart and stimuli‐responsive or dynamic building blocks, once embedded into materials, can be remotely modulated by external stimuli (light, electrons, chemicals, or mechanical forces) for controlling the structure and properties, thus being applicable for dynamic photochemical and mechanochemical control in constructing new forms of matter made to order. Then, an overview of current challenges, limitations, as well as future research directions and opportunities in this field, are discussed.

Unmatter Plasma Discovered

Unmmatter Plasma is a novel form of plasma, exclusively made of matter and its antimatter counterpart. It was first generated in the 2015 experiment [1, 2] based on the 2004 considerations [3]. There are four fundamental states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Plasma consists of positive ions and free electrons (negative particles), typically at low pressures, and it is overall almost neutral. Plasma is an ionized gas (as in fluorescent neon, in lightning, in stars, in nuclear reactors). An ion is a positive or negative charged particle. A positive ion is called cation, while a negative ion is called anion. If the ion is an atom, then it may contain less electrons than needed for being neutrally charged (hence one has a cation), or more electrons than needed for being neutrally charged (hence one has an anion). Similarly if the ion is a molecule or a group (of atoms or molecules). The process of forming ions is called ionization. The degree of ionization depends on the proportion of atoms that have lost or gained electrons. By applying a strong electromagnetic field to a gas, or by heating a gas, one obtains plasma. Unmatter as theoretically predicted in the framework of the neutrosophic logic and statistics [4–6] is considered as a combination of matter and antimatter that bound together, or a long-range mixture of matter and antimatter forming a weakly-coupled phase. For example, the electron-positron pair is a type of unmatter. We coined the word unmatter that means neither matter nor antimatter, but something in between. Besides matter and antimatter there may exist unmatter (as a new form of matter) in accordance with the neutrosophy theory that between an entity and its opposite there exist intermediate entities. The 2015 experiment [1, 2] on matter-antimatter plasma (unmatter plasma, in terms of the neutrosophic logic and statistics) was recently successful in the Astra Gemini laser facility of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxford, United Kingdom. The 2015 experiment has produced electronpositron plasma. The positron is the antimatter of the electron, having an opposite charge of the electron, but the other properties are the same. Also, the meson is a clear example of unmatter whose configuration includes a pair quark-antiquark. Unmatter is mostly expected to emerge in exotic states outside the boundaries of the Standard Model for particle physics (for example in the Dark Matter sector) and in the regime of high-energy astrophysical objects [7]. “It is definitely a jet of unmatter, because a plasma consisting of the electrons and the positrons is neither matter nor antimatter in the same time. This experiment is the truly verification of unmatter as the theoretical achievements of neutrosophic logic and statistics. This experiment is a milestone of both experimental physics and pure mathematics” [8].

Dream Machines

Particle accelerators and their detectors are the world’s most powerful microscopes. They enable us to inspect the constituents of matter at attometer scales, study matter under unusual conditions, and concentrate extraordinary amounts of energy into tiny volumes to create new forms of matter and initiate new phenomena. The progress of particle physics and of accelerator science and technology go hand in hand. I look to the past, present, and future, raising questions that we would like to answer about nature along the way.

Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities, Obviates Dark Matter Conjecture

A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern science that defy the known laws of physics. It has been conjectured that there is a new form of matter that interacts gravitationally while otherwise remaining undetectable. In this paper we resolve the mystery. The expressions do not modify the known laws of physics, contain no free variables or fitting and are entirely classical in nature. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass and time—it is shown that measure is bounded. Accounting for this bound and the expansion of space reveal that the conjecture is unnecessary thus resolving the dark matter mystery.

Determining a Quantum Theory of the Infinite-Component Majorana Field

In this paper, the quantum theory of the infinite-component Majorana field for the fermionic tower is formulated. This study proves that the energy states with increasing spin are simply composite systems made by a bradyon and antitachyons with half-integer spin. The quantum field describing these exotic states is obtained by the infinite sum of four-spinor operators, which each operator depends on the spin and the rest mass of the bradyon in its fundamental state. The interaction between bradyon-tachyon, tachyon-tachyon and tachyon-luxon has also been considered and included in the total Lagrangian. The obtained theory is consistent with the CPT invariance and the spin-statistics theorem and could explain the existence of new forms of matter not predictable within the standard model.

Floquet scattering theory based on effective Hamiltonians of driven systems

The design of time-independent effective Hamiltonians that describe periodically modulated systems provides a promising approach to realize new forms of matter. This so-called Floquet engineering approach is currently limited to the description of wave-packet dynamics. Here, we utilize the notion of effective Hamiltonians and develop a Floquet engineering scattering formalism that relies on a systematic high-frequency expansion of the scattering matrix. The method unveils the critical role of micromotion. An application to the case of nonreciprocal transport is presented.

Hierarchical Materials as Tailored Nuclear Waste Forms: A Perspective

This perspective focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and modeling of three classes of hierarchical materials with potential for sequestering radionuclides: nanoparticles, porous frameworks, and crystalline salt inclusion phases. The scientific impact of hierarchical structures and the development of the underlying crystal chemistry is discussed as laying the groundwork for the design, local structure control, and synthesis of new forms of matter with tailored properties. This requires development of the necessary scientific understanding of such complex structures through integrated synthesis, characterization, and modeling studies that can allow their purposeful creation and properties. The ultimate practical aim is to provide the means to create novel structure types that can simultaneously sequester multiple radionuclides. The result will lead to the creation of safe and efficient, long lasting waste forms for fission products and transuranic elements that are the products of nuclear materials ...

Complex suppression patterns distinguish between major energy loss effects in Quark–Gluon Plasma

Interactions of high momentum partons with Quark-Gluon Plasma created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide an excellent tomography tool for this new form of matter. Recent measurements for charged hadrons and unidentified jets at the LHC show an unexpected flattening of the suppression curves at high momentum, exhibited when either momentum or the collision centrality is changed. Furthermore, a limited data available for B probes indicate a qualitatively different pattern, as nearly the same flattening is exhibited for the curves corresponding to two opposite momentum ranges. We here show that the experimentally measured suppression curves are well reproduced by our theoretical predictions, and that the complex suppression patterns are due to an interplay of collisional, radiative energy loss and the dead-cone effect. Furthermore, for B mesons, we predict that the uniform flattening of the suppression indicated by the limited dataset is in fact valid across the entire span of the momentum ranges, which will be tested by the upcoming experiments. Overall, the study presented here, provides a rare opportunity for pQCD theory to qualitatively distinguish between the major energy loss mechanisms at the same (nonintuitive) dataset.

Limiting Velocities of Primary, Obscure and Normal Particles: Self-Annihilating Obscure Particle as an Example of Dark Matter Particle

From recently established bicubic equation, three particle limiting velocities are derived, primary, c1,obscure, c2 and normal, c3,that in principle may belong to a single particle. The values of limiting velocities are governed by the congruent particle parameter, z = 3\sqrt3mv2=2E, with m; v and E being, respectively, particle mass, velocity and energy, generally satisfying 1 <= z <= 1, and here just 0 <= z <= 1.<br />While c3 is practically the same in value as v, c1 and c2 can depart from v as z changes from 1 to 0, since c1, c2 and c3; are, in forms, explicitly different from each other, which offers the chance to look at possible new forms of matter, such as dark matter. For instance, one finds that c3 could be slightly different from c, the velocity of light, for the 2010 Crab Nebula Flare PeV electron energy region and for the OPERA 17 GeV muon neutrino velocity experiments, while at the same time, although not measurable in these experiments, calculated c1 and jc2j, are numerically about 105 times larger than c3.<br />There is a belief that an exemplary particle of small velocity, v = 10-3c ,and small energy, E = 1eV , but as yet of not known mass, should belong to the dark matter class. Once knowing z the value of the mass is fixed with 3\sqrt3m(z)v2 = 2Ez ,and its maximum value m(1) is at z = 1, m(1) = 2E=(v23\sqrt3):This mass value defines the test particle, with which one calulates primary, obscure and normal particle rest energies at z = 1: Snce at z = 1 theory predicts c21(1) = (3=2) v2;c22<br />(1) = 3v2; c23 (1) = (3=2) v2, the rest energies are m(1) c21(1) = m(1) c23(1) = 0:58eV and m(1)(c22(1))= 1:15eV. The primary and normal particles, with positive kinetic energies self-creation process increase their energies from 0:58eV to desired1eV: The obscure particle, with negative kinetic energy self-annihilation process decreases its energy of 1:15eV to desired 1eV. This makes the obscure (imaginary c2) particle as a good candidate for a dark matter particle,since as it is believed that a trapped dark matter particle with self-annihilation properties helps keeping the equilibrium between capture and annihilation rates in the sun.

The Nobel Symposium 156 new forms of matter: topological insulators and superconductors

Eddy Ardonne Hans Hansson and Stellan Ostlund 1 Stockholm University, Sweden Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden The Nobel Symposium 156, ‘New forms of matter: topological insulators and superconductors’ took place from Friday 13 June until Sunday 15 June 2014. The venue for this Symposium was Hogberga Gard, on Lindingo, an island just east of Stockholm. The aim of the Symposium was to bring together leading scientists to discuss the latest results and important future directions in the rapidly developing field of topological states of matter. The Symposium welcomed 52 international participants, and 22 local observers. The program of the Symposium consisted of six sessions, each of which was introduced by an introductory talk, followed by shorter presentations. The last ordinary session was followed by a lively panel discussion. In these Proceedings, you will find a selection of the topics that were discussed during the Symposium. We would like to thank Petra Nodler for her invaluable administrative support, as well as the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Nobel Foundation, Nordita and Stockholm University, who supported this Nobel Symposium.

The Joy of Synthesis.

As an ABC (American Born Chinese) growing up in the United States, holidays at home tend to have an East meets West flair. Thanksgiving in particular is Mom’s favorite holiday, as it gives the family the chance to have turkey at noon and then Chinese food in the evening, because she still insists that any meal that doesn’t include rice is not a real meal but simply a snack, and she wants to make sure we actually eat something that day. Like many families, we learned how to brine and cook a proper turkey using the Joy of Cooking, a classic staple in the cookbook annals, which to this day makes me appreciate the power of sodium chloride and water to make almost anything taste better. Chemistry is often compared to cooking, but what people are really referring to is that synthesis is like cooking. You want to find the right ingredients, mix them in the right ratios at the right temperature at the right time, and create something brand new that is more than the sum of the individual parts. In a nutshell, that’s what chemists do and that’s what makes chemistry unique. In many ways food is the best way to communicate the impact of synthesis to a broader community, as it speaks to both function and aesthetics in a way that is both personal and universal. Everybody needs to eat, but the quality, variety, and innovation in the food and the journey to get to those final products make it a uniquely human experience. Moreover, just like you don’t have to be an expert chef or even a simple cook to consume and enjoy food, you don’t need to be a chemist to use, appreciate, and benefit from the products that chemistry gives back to society. But the implicit, underlying message is that chemistry and synthesis go hand in hand, and you can’t have one without the other. While chemistry is the central science, synthesis is central to chemistry. And because synthesis is limited only by our imagination, then it really shows how rich the present and future of chemistry is and can be. There are so many open frontiers to address, like can we develop methods to specifically make and/or break bonds between any and all elements in the Periodic Table? Can we create or find receptors to selectively recognize these elements in the environment or in our bodies? Can we make nanomaterials where we can control the precise shape and morphology of the same atomic composition in one, two, or three dimensions? Can we make other biomolecules like proteins and glycans with the same automation and fidelity that are possible with nucleic acid structures? Can we make truly living structures with the ability to heal and replicate, or create hybrid structures between living and nonliving components? The list could go on and on. Finally, I want to emphasize that although functional applications and technologies that grow out of the products of synthesis are exciting and important, the act of synthesis itself is a worthwhile endeavor. I still remember the excitement of making my first brand new molecule in the old 321 Noyes lab: a manganese-nitrido complex that precipitated as perfect, jewel-like emerald-green crystals from a mud-like sludge reeking of bleach and ammonia. It didn’t matter that this complex had potential applications for catalytic C–N bond-forming methodologies or as multielectron redox shuttles for solar cells. It was the simple thrill of making something new, to be the first person to create and bring a new form of matter into the world, no matter how big or small. It’s the simple joy of chemistry, the joy of synthesis. And I for one am thankful to be a part of that experience.