New Form Of Transport Research Articles

Impact of the Rotterdam Rules on the Legislation on Electronic Bill of Lading

INTRODUCTION.International unification of rules governing carriage of goods by sea has been of high importance. Historical, economic and political background as well as different approaches to adoption, ratification and entry into force of international legal acts impede harmonization of national laws. However, in spite of all these difficulties carriage of goods by sea is subject to international lawmaking which has a huge impact on the development of commercial intercourse and commercial transactions. Today the market of goods and services requires business to use the advantages of digital economy including electronic means of communication such as an electronic transport documents. An electronic bill of lading is one of the most important marine transport documents. As digital economy is moving forward digital transformation of carriage of goods by sea must not fall behind. Russian companies as well as international business community in general are in need for legal rules guiding digitalization of the bill of lading including its issuance and passage of title to the goods.MATERIALS AND METHODS.This study is based on international conventions, model laws, domestic and foreign legislation as well as some other legal acts. Various methods applied in the course of this study resulted in different technical and juridical means of research including analytical review, synthesis, induction, deduction and formal legal analysis.RESEARCH RESULTS.Scientific and practical aspects of this study have identified the need for the introduction of new forms of transport documents in international merchant shipping. The study has also demonstrated how to reach this target by implementing the rules of international conventions and national laws. The Rotterdam Rules have appeared to be the first codification of rules on electronic transport documents at an international level. However, they have not yet entered into force and are awaiting reflection in national legislation. As a bill of lading is a security its digital transformation requires hard work and true understanding of its legal nature. Lawmakers should take into account that a bill of lading is a document of title and can be used as a way to assign rights to the goods.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.The researcher comes to a conclusion that the adoption of international conventions, model laws and rules of foreign and domestic legislation leads to the introduction of new forms of transport documents to accompany international trade such as an electronic bill of lading. Impact of digital transformation of a bill of lading on carriage of goods by sea has been under scrutiny by national and foreign scholars whose opinions are reflected in this article. Both Russian and foreign laws have undergone legal reforms facilitating the passage of title to the goods from the consignor to the carrier under an electronic bill of lading. At the same time there is a need to protect legal interests of the owner of the goods and to invent new means of transferring the title to the goods. In this respect instruments offered by digital law and digital economy provide quite a good solution. For this reason legislation on electronic bill of lading must be subject to further development. An electronic bill of lading shall be qualified as a separate legal category which must go in parallel with digital law and may entail changes in Russian civil and shipping laws. The legal nature of a bill of lading is different from other types of securities as it is governed not only by civil legislation, but also by rules on carriage of goods by sea which is under great influence of international lawmaking. Implementation of international acts take different forms. This article illustrates how national laws reflect international rules on electronic transport documents specified in The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 2008, also known as the Rotterdam Rules.

Connecting classic cycle tourism with micromobiles - Case study of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina

Connecting classic cycle tourism with micromobiles - Case study of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina

PLUG: A City-Friendly Navigation Model for Electric Vehicles with Power Load Balancing upon the Grid

Worldwide, in many cities, electric vehicles (EVs) have started to spread as a green alternative in transportation. Several well-known automakers have announced their plans to switch to all-electric engines very soon, although for EV drivers, battery range is still a significant concern—especially when driving on long-distance trips and driving EVs with limited battery ranges. Cities have made plans to serve this new form of transportation by providing adequate coverage of EV charging stations in the same way as traditional fuel ones. However, such plans may take a while to be fully deployed and provide the required coverage as appropriate. In addition to the coverage of charging stations, cities need to consider the potential loads over their power grids not only to serve EVs but also to avoid any shortages that may affect existing clients at their various locations. This may take a decade or so. Consequently, in this work, we propose a novel city-friendly navigation model that is oriented to serve EVs in particular. The methodology of this model involves reading real-time power loads at the grid’s transformer nodes and accordingly choosing the routes for EVs to their destinations. Our methodology follows a real-time pricing model to prioritize routes that pass through less-loaded city zones. The model is developed to be self-aware and adaptive to dynamic price changes, and hence, it nominates the shortest least-loaded routes in an automatic and autonomous way. Moreover, the drivers have further routing preferences that are modeled by a preference function with multiple weight variables that vary according to a route’s distance, cost, time, and services. Different from other models in the literature, this is the first work to address the dynamic loads of the electricity grids among various city zones for load-balanced EV routing in an automatic way. This allows for the easy integration of EVs through a city-friendly and anxiety-free navigation model.

The State Railway of Siam and the origin of tourism public relations in Thailand (1917–1941)

PurposeThis research aims to explore the origin of tourism public relations (PR) in Thailand as practiced by the State Railway of Siam (SRS) prior to the Second World War when rail travel was still a new form of transportation in the country.Design/methodology/approachThe study approach is documentary research involving an in-depth examination of both published and unpublished documents of a special collection of the SRS archives conducted in a fact-based and descriptive manner.FindingsIn the first half of the 20th century, a period of global economic uncertainty, the SRS performed the role of the government's PR division, with one of its important tasks being to promote travel and tourism in the country among both Thais and foreigners. The SRS incorporated the use of PR materials including advertisements, films, guidebooks, speeches, events, pre-arranged press activities and sales promotions in its activities. The current study explores the SRS's strategies employed in the creation of integrated and place communication campaigns to promote its train service and tourism throughout Thailand via its railway network.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the study reveal the PR efforts carried out by the SRS, which utilized a variety of communication tools in tourism promotion. This can lead to a better understanding of global tourism PR history and more specifically the development of tourism PR in Thailand and throughout South-East Asia.Practical implicationsThe results add to the body of knowledge of how integrated marketing communication, place branding and professional PR activities evolved in Thailand.Originality/valueThe research fills a gap in the history of tourism PR and its relation to broader social and economic structures in Siam prior to the 21st century. It also reveals the little explored topic of how the railway engaged in historical path of PR practices and how they relate to a country's specific PR development outside of the highly researched U.S. context.

Future directions in human mobility science.

We provide a brief review of human mobility science and present three key areas where we expect to see substantial advancements. We start from the mind and discuss the need to better understand how spatial cognition shapes mobility patterns. We then move to societies and argue the importance of better understanding new forms of transportation. We conclude by discussing how algorithms shape mobility behavior and provide useful tools for modelers. Finally, we discuss how progress on these research directions may help us address some of the challenges our society faces today.

Airports and the rise of eVTOL

A new form of aircraft — electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) — holds the potential to upend the transportation industry. Some eVTOLs are crosses between a helicopter and a traditional aeroplane, combining the vertical take-off of helicopters with the horizontal flight of aeroplanes. Others take on a more drone-like appearance. They are the next wave in aviation innovation and are expected to be flying as soon as 2025. As with any new and evolving industry, there are a myriad of questions to be answered. Here we discuss the advent of the eVTOL industry, why airports should be paying attention, and the impacts this new form of transportation may have on airports and their functions, including eVTOL-specific energy, aviation, regulation, emergency and infrastructure needs.

The influence of transportation and digital technologies on backcountry tourism and recreation in British Columbia, Canada

Sensitive backcountry environments are more accessible than ever due to technological innovation and a growing tourism sector in Western Canada. Current regulations and management practices must adapt as technology continues to change the way people access, travel on and experience backcountry trail networks. While existing literature discusses the ecological impacts of trail-based tourism, there are few resources available that foster comprehensive land management strategies of backcountry trails in British Columbia (BC). There are also a limited number of studies that are specific to the effects of transportation and digital technologies on backcountry tourism and recreation. A community-based participatory research methodology provided the foundation for this study. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were completed with key industry stakeholders who currently manage trails in backcountry environments throughout the province. We examine the challenges and opportunities that new forms of transportation and digital technologies offer to the management of backcountry trails, with a specific focus on the sport of mountain biking. Participants asserted that the multiple overlapping interests that compete for control of public land in Western Canada add layers of complexity to any discussion of backcountry tourism, recreation and conflict management. There was also an emphasis that unsustainable growth of trail-based tourism in numerous regions of BC increases the potential for conflict to occur between trail users. These findings inform the development of strategies to manage people, the lands, and the relationships with other stakeholders to mitigate conflict in these tourism economies. The results provide insight into the contemporary challenges trail managers face related to transportation and digital technological innovations and they identify opportunities for further trail user education to encourage more collaborative land management strategies. The example of how these technologies impact backcountry trails in BC has applicability for diverse rural tourism economies throughout Canada and internationally.

Simulation of Demand Responsive Transport using a dynamic scheduling tool with SUMO

Demand responsive transport (DRT) has been increasingly tested and applied in recent years as a new form of transportation that seeks to address mobility problems in cities and rural areas. The planning of DRT systems is a challenging task for transport planners since the performance of the service depends significantly on the demand, how the scheduling is made, and how the routes are computed. Transport simulations are a useful option to evaluate these systems. The paper presents a Python tool, which aims to simulate diverse DRT services using the software package for microscopic simulations Eclipse SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) as a framework. The fleet and requests of the DRT are handled dynamically by the scheduling module of the tool. This module is also responsible for calling a solver algorithm for the Dial-a-Ride-Problem (DARP), processing its results, and dispatching the DRT vehicles according to them. The tool also enables easier implementation of other methods to solve the DARP. To demonstrate the use of the tool, a DRT service operating in two central neighborhoods of the city of Brunswick (Germany) is presented. The tool is called drtOnline.py and is included in SUMO since version 1.9.0.

New Mobility-Assist E-Grocery Delivery Network: a Load-Dependent Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem With Mixed Vehicles

New forms of transport, such as autonomous delivery robots (ADRs), have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their potential use as green last-mile delivery alternatives because of their flexibility in some areas unreachable by van. However, their low efficiency, delivering a limited number of orders each trip, limits their application in the last mile. Also, the cost and emission impact of new forms of transport on the last-mile delivery network is still not clear. To address these issues, we developed a new two-echelon delivery system that combines traditional vans and ADRs, making use of their individual advantages to overcome their drawbacks and enhance efficiency in the deliveries. The objective of this study was to develop a new approach based on a metaheuristics methodology to minimize transport and emission costs through modeling and to solve the extension of two-echelon load-dependent vehicle routing problems with mixed vehicles (2E-LDVRP-MV). The complicated 2E-LDVRP-MV problem was formulated as a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model and solved efficiently with a cluster-based artificial immune algorithm (C-AIA) in which clustering was employed to allocate customers. We performed a set of numerical experiments with a solver and the proposed C-AIA heuristics. C-AIS highlights the operational implications of four parameters: ratios between load and the empty vehicle weight; vehicle types; emission levels; and customer densities. Our results provide a unique perspective on tactical planning for a sustainable urban logistics system, and this new two-echelon system could be applied in e-grocery last-mile delivery networks where vans and ADRs are combined.

Hybrid Route Optimisation for Maximum Air to Ground Channel Quality

The urban air mobility market is expected to grow constantly due to the increased interest in new forms of transportation. Managing aerial vehicles fleets, dependent on rising technologies such as artificial intelligence and automated ground control stations, will require a solid and uninterrupted connection to complete their trajectories. A path planner based on evolutionary algorithms to find the most suitable route has been previously proposed by the authors. Herein, we propose using particle swarm and hybrid optimisation algorithms instead of evolutionary algorithms in this work. The goal of speeding the route planning process and reducing computational costs is achieved using particle swarm and direct search algorithms. This improved path planner efficiently explores the search space and proposes a trajectory according to its predetermined goals: maximum air-to-ground quality, availability, and flight time. The proposal is tested in different situations, including diverse terrain conditions for various channel behaviours and no-fly zones.

Acceptance, Safety and Sustainability Recommendations for Efficient Deployment of UAM - Outline of H2020 CSA Project

The vision of a third dimension added to hitherto nearly flat urban/metropolitan transport system gained the potential to become a mobility revolution for both logistics operators and, in the near future, for passengers as well. In spite of the expected emergence of this new form of transport and respective benefits for the efficiency of the mobility system at urban and suburban scale, UAM implementation also involves unprecedented and numerous challenges for cities and for all local public and private stakeholders. The local governing bodies are expected to provide policy, regulations and guidance for the implementation of UAM and to assure its integration with the ground mobility systems as well as with other urban functionalities. Taking into account both potential benefits and associated challenges related to UAM implementation, ASSURED-UAM (Acceptance, Safety and SUstainability Recommendations for Efficient Deployment of UAM) project, funded by the H2020 Programme, aims to support that effort, by providing a multidisciplinary study on operational and policy frameworks for the process of the introduction of unmanned modes of UAM.

The freight pneumatic elevators as a new form of transport

This article addresses the problem of ensuring high reliability and safety performance of freight elevators. Rope elevator hoists exist more than one hundred years and have become very common, but it is very difficult to achieve their operational efficiency. The authors propose a solution to the problem - the introduction of a fundamentally new type of transport - pneumatic lifting, which capable provides high technical and economic performance. At the specialized enterprise «Pnevmopod”yem» a small-lot manufacture of new import-substituting equipment for hoisting in building sestablished. The authors present the advantages and the principle of operation of the developed pneumatic elevator. Essential advantage of this machine is the safe work which is incorporated in its design. Considerable attention is paid to the results of tests of cargo pneumatic elevator. The authors come to the conclusion that the design of a freight pneumatic elevator makes it possible to use it successfully for transporting cargo in buildings and structures for various purposes, to reduce capital investments in construction, installation and operating costs. The absence of foreign analogs will allow selling pneumatic lifts not only in Kazakhstan, but also in the countries of the former USSR.

Girls to the Rescue: Young Heroines in American Series Fiction of World War I by Emily Hamilton-Honey and Susan Ingalls Lewis

Reviewed by: Girls to the Rescue: Young Heroines in American Series Fiction of World War I by Emily Hamilton-Honey and Susan Ingalls Lewis Kristen Proehl Girls to the Rescue: Young Heroines in American Series Fiction of World War I. By Emily Hamilton-Honey and Susan Ingalls Lewis. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc., 2020. 252 pp. Paper $55. Emily Hamilton-Honey and Susan Ingalls Lewis's Girls to the Rescue: Young Heroines in American Series Fiction of World War I presents an intriguing examination of a comparatively underexamined body of literature: girls' series fiction of the First World War era. As the authors note in their introduction, although historians have long been interested in the role of gender in relation to the Great War, as well as "the impact of war on society and cultural issues," they have not thoroughly examined how girls contributed to the history of this era (1). This book persuasively argues and demonstrates that wartime changes in gender were reflected in girls' series literature (5). The study offers an important new contribution to girls' studies, among a variety of other disciplinary and interdisciplinary fields, as it reveals how early twentieth-century girls' series fiction may add to our understanding of the First World War era. Girls to the Rescue is organized into seven thematic chapters, along with an introduction, conclusion, and appendix. Chapter 1 explores girls' series fiction published both prior to and after American entry into the war, such as the Patty Fairfield series. Hamilton-Honey and Lewis argue that after the start of the war, girl protagonists tended to be "more independent, less inclined to listen to authority, and less domestic" (48). They show that the war seemed to "seep into girls' fiction gradually" and that series literature initially portrayed both the benefits and drawbacks of being a neutral nation (48). The second chapter examines one of the more conventional representations of wartime involvement: girls who supported the war effort from the position of the American [End Page 468] home front. Chapter 3 focuses on girls who were involved in nursing or relief work, such as those in Margaret Vandercook's Red Cross Girls series. Although nursing was a common and expected occupation for women at this time, the most popular texts from this era did not focus on nursing but rather used this occupation to set the stage for other, more exciting adventures (97). This chapter also includes some interesting discussion of Aunt Jane's Nieces series, written pseudonymously by Frank L. Baum (author of the well-known Oz series). The final chapters of Girls to the Rescue explore some of the ways in which series fiction radically reimagined girls' involvement in the Great War. As the authors note in chapter 4, the Progressive era ushered in new forms of transportation for women that were often closely linked to their sense of empowerment. This chapter examines the Grace Harlowe series and similar texts that portrayed girls who made use of new modes of transportation in service of the war effort. Chapter 5 examines girl heroines who captured spies and saboteurs and even gained national attention for their efforts. Chapter 6 features girls who rescued injured or endangered men and the final chapter focuses on "girls who fight" in a variety of ways, from the use of their own intelligence to firearms. Hamilton-Honey and Lewis have added conclusions to the end of every chapter that offer some of the study's most compelling analytical claims. Girls to the Rescue effectively uses interdisciplinary methods as it synthesizes analyses of literature, history, and visual culture. The authors center their analysis on literary texts and illustrations but approach this work using a historical framework. In so doing, they remain focused on the study's stated purpose: to use girls' series literature to "see how the war was sold to girls and to explore the parameters of girls' activism as represented in popular literature" (5). The authors enrich their historical research through the inclusion and visual analysis of illustrations and cover art from the girls' series texts. While Girls to the Rescue is an interdisciplinary work of scholarship, Hamilton-Honey and Lewis tend to focus on narrative analysis...

Construction and Application of Cloud Platform for Urban Rail Transit

<p>Rail transit is a new form of transportation in the process of modern urban development. It has a far-reaching impact on improving urban traffic environment, relieving urban traffic pressure and improving urban traffic service quality. The rail transit cloud platform is an important part of modern rail transit, and it is also a key factor related to the construction quality of urban rail transit. In this paper, the current situation of construction and application of urban rail transit cloud platform are introduced in detail, and the related standard compilation of urban rail transit cloud platform, achievements in the development and construction process, construction mode, index establishment, acceptance process optimization, cloud operation and maintenance system establishment and other issues are systematically expounded. According to the technical drive and standard compilation of urban rail transit cloud platform, the development of urban rail transit cloud platform is prospected.</p>

A prediction model of Consumer's willingness to fly in autonomous air taxis

As companies begin to consider new alternatives to urban transportation and urban air mobility, one method under investigation is autonomous air taxis. Literature indicates that people, in general, have positive attitudes towards innovation and new technology. However, complex factors determine their willingness and speed in acceptance. The objective of this study was to examine which factors significantly forecast consumer willingness to fly in autonomous air taxis. A quantitative methodology and non-experimental design were accomplished using 510 participants to develop the regression equation and assess model fit. Six significant predictors of consumer willingness to fly in autonomous air taxis were found: familiarity, value, fun factor, wariness of new technology, fear and happiness. Three additional analyses were assessed using an independent sample of participants, revealing strong model fit. Few previous studies have provided a quantitative assessment of which factors significantly predict consumer willingness to fly in autonomous air taxis. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying six significant factors which account for over 76% of the variance. These findings may help the industry, manufacturers and regulators identify the types of individuals most willing to try this new form of transportation and provide more information on the type of consumer most likely to buy in to this new form of transportation.

Dynamic network coupling between high-speed rail development and urban growth in emerging economies: Evidence from China

Developing new types of transportation is considered a key solution to meet the extreme demands placed on traditional transportation infrastructure due to the increasing flow of production factors for national urban growth, especially in emerging economies. Both city transportation networks and city economic networks reflect intercity relationships in urban systems from different aspects. Although HSR networks are being developed rapidly worldwide, we still lack a deep understanding on how HSR relates to the economic growth of urban agglomerations from a “double-network” perspective. In this research, we first built city HSR networks and city economic networks, respectively, before the QAP method was used to examine their relationship during 2010–2015. By analyzing comparatively the differences of the coupling relationship in various areas in China as a typical case, this study contributes to the understanding of the dynamic coupling relationship between new forms of transportation and regional economic development. We found a strong coupling relationship between HSR and economic growth, and HSR tends to play a more prominent role in promoting urban integration and development in areas with more developed economies (coefficients of more developed areas are all above 0.6, while that of less developed areas are below 0.4). Such correlated relationship is more obvious in smaller administrative scopes compared to cross-administrative regions. This study proposed a research framework for “double-network” analysis in exploring the relationship between the different networks. It could also provide policy implantation for balanced regional development in emerging economies.

The transition to autonomous cars, the redesign of cities and the future of urban sustainability

ABSTRACT Autonomous cars controlled by an artificial intelligence are increasingly being integrated in the transport portfolio of cities, with strong repercussions for the design and sustainability of the built environment. This paper sheds light on the urban transition to autonomous transport, in a threefold manner. First, we advance a theoretical framework to understand the diffusion of autonomous cars in cities, on the basis of three interconnected factors: social attitudes, technological innovation and urban politics. Second, we draw upon an in-depth survey conducted in Dublin (1,233 respondents), to provide empirical evidence of (a) the public interest in autonomous cars and the intention to use them once available, (b) the fears and concerns that individuals have regarding autonomous vehicles and (c) how people intend to employ this new form of transport. Third, we use the empirics generated via the survey as a stepping stone to discuss possible urban futures, focusing on the changes in urban design and sustainability that the transition to autonomous transport is likely to trigger. Interpreting the data through the lens of smart and neoliberal urbanism, we picture a complex urban geography characterized by shared and private autonomous vehicles, human drivers and artificial intelligences overlapping and competing for urban spaces.

Tabu Search Algorithm for the Bike Sharing Rebalancing Problem

Bike sharing is a new form of transport and is becoming increasingly popular in cities around the world. In this article, we deal with the Bike Sharing Rebalancing Problem (BRP) which concerns the task of repositioning bikes among stations in self-service bike-sharing systems. We analyze its property of routes' feasible changes based insertion positions, which allow us to speed up the computation of our heuristics. Based on the speed up technique, we proposed the Capacity Range Length Heuristic (CRLH), which is a kind of classic heuristics for the BRP, and the Tabu Search Algorithm (TSA) for solving the BRP. We evaluated our algorithms on the instance sets of other literature reported. The CRLH is strongly improved the computational times on same computational environment, and the TSA also find the optimal solutions but holds lower computational times comparing to the reported results in the literature.

Data-driven evolutions of critical points

In this paper we are concerned with the learnability of energies from data obtained by observing time evolutions of their critical points starting at random initial equilibria. As a byproduct of our theoretical framework we introduce the novel concept of mean-field limit of critical point evolutions and of their energy balance as a new form of transport. We formulate the energy learning as a variational problem, minimizing the discrepancy of energy competitors from fulfilling the equilibrium condition along any trajectory of critical points originated at random initial equilibria. By \begin{document}$ \Gamma $\end{document} -convergence arguments we prove the convergence of minimal solutions obtained from finite number of observations to the exact energy in a suitable sense. The abstract framework is actually fully constructive and numerically implementable. Hence, the approximation of the energy from a finite number of observations of past evolutions allows one to simulate further evolutions, which are fully data-driven. As we aim at a precise quantitative analysis, and to provide concrete examples of tractable solutions, we present analytic and numerical results on the reconstruction of an elastic energy for a one-dimensional model of thin nonlinear-elastic rod.

The impact of shared mobility on trip generation behavior in the US: Findings from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey

Shared mobility services such as ride-hailing services, bikesharing services, and carsharing services are relatively new forms of transportation where users gain access to a specific type of transportation for a short period of time, usually using a mobile phone-based application (app). Much has been written about whether these services are fundamentally transforming urban transportation systems or if they are simply the latest fad. However, little empirical research has been done on the effects of these services on people’s travel behavior. This paper uses the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to assess the association between the usage of shared mobility services and individual’s trip making behavior. We fit negative binomial regression models to NHTS data to understand if the usage of shared mobility services is potentially influencing the number of trips people make on weekdays and weekends. We then perform hypothesis testing to confirm the significance of our results. We find that ride-hailing app usage does have a statistically significant association with the number of trips made per day on both weekends and weekdays, although the effect appears to be slightly more significant on weekdays than weekends. Based on our model, bikesharing and carsharing do not appear to have an association with daily trip generation behavior on either weekends or weekdays.