New Forms Of Public-private Partnerships Research Articles

Access to Veterinary Drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Roadblocks and Current Solutions.

BackgroundAccess to veterinary drugs for livestock has become a major issue over the last decade. Analysis has tended to focus on the demand for these products, while studies looking at the drivers behind their use generally focus on farmer behavior and interactions between veterinarians and farmers. However, the use of drugs also depends on structural factors that determine the functioning of the drug supply chain and farmers' access to the drugs. This article presents an overview of the factors that limit access to veterinary drugs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the international policy tools and arrangements that claim to improve it.MethodsWe have conducted a scoping review of the scientific and grey literature as well as the publicly-available data from both the animal health industry and international organizations. We aimed to gather information on the veterinary drugs market in SSA as well as on the international norms, recommendations, guidelines, and initiatives that impact SSA farmers' access to these drugs.FindingsWe highlight numerous barriers to veterinary drug access in SSA. The SSA market is highly dependent on imports, yet the region attracts little attention from the international companies capable of exporting to it. It suffers from a high level of fragmentation and weak distribution infrastructures and services, and is driven by the multiplication of private non-professional actors playing a growing role in the veterinary drug supply chain. The distribution system is increasingly dualized, with on the one hand the public sector (supported by development organizations) supplying small scale farmers in rural areas, but with limited and irregular means; and on the other side a private sector largely unregulated which supplies commercial and industrial farming systems. Different innovations have been developed at the international and regional levels to try to reduce barriers, such as homogenizing national legislations, donations, and vaccine banks. Alongside decades-old inter-state cooperation, many new forms of public-private partnerships and other hybrid forums continue to emerge, signaling the private sector's increasing influence in global governance.ConclusionsPolicies on animal health would be bolstered by a better understanding of the drivers behind and the components of access to veterinary drugs in different regional and national contexts. Inequalities in drug access need to be addressed and a market-driven approach adopted in order to strengthen our understanding of what determines veterinary drug use at the farm level. Policies should balance the interests of the various stakeholders, being careful not to reinforce bias toward certain diseases deemed “interesting” and neglect others that could prove to be highly important for veterinary public health.

New forms of public-private partnership for sustainable development of the fuel and energy sector

Public-private partnership (PPP) as a form of interaction between the public and private sectors contributes to the improvement of social and economic situation in the country. PPP is viewed in a broad context and is presented as a system of financial and non-financial relations between government and business. A number of legislative initiatives contributed to the emergence of a new form of PPP that is a special investment contract (SPIC). In the Russian regions there are legislative initiatives that provide differences in terms of contracting. In a number of regions a federal-specific volume of mandatory investment has been reduced to attract investors, while there are regions where this volume is higher than at the federal level. Monitoring of regional legislation showed that the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are striving to obtain guarantee obligations to create jobs and receive salaries above the average in the region. Measures to encourage investors have been determined, and the benefits to the government and business from the implementation of a SPIC have been shown.

Public-Private Partnerships in Cloud-Computing Services in the Context of Genomic Research.

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) have been increasingly used to spur and facilitate innovation in a number of fields. In healthcare, the purpose of using a PPP is commonly to develop and/or provide vaccines and drugs against communicable diseases, mainly in developing or underdeveloped countries. With the advancement of technology and of the area of genomics, these partnerships also focus on large-scale genomic research projects that aim to advance the understanding of diseases that have a genetic component and to develop personalized treatments. This new focus has created new forms of PPPs that involve information technology companies, which provide computing infrastructure and services to store, analyze, and share the massive amounts of data genomic-related projects produce. In this article, we explore models of PPPs proposed to handle, protect, and share the genomic data collected and to further develop genomic-based medical products. We also identify the reasons that make these models suitable and the challenges they have yet to overcome. To achieve this, we describe the details and complexities of MSSNG, International Cancer Genome Consortium, and 100,000 Genomes Project, the three PPPs that focus on large-scale genomic research to better understand the genetic components of autism, cancer, rare diseases, and infectious diseases with the intention to find appropriate treatments. Organized as PPP and employing cloud-computing services, the three projects have advanced quickly and are likely to be important sources of research and development for future personalized medicine. However, there still are unresolved matters relating to conflicts of interest, commercialization, and data control. Learning from the challenges encountered by past PPPs allowed us to establish that developing guidelines to adequately manage personal health information stored in clouds and ensuring the protection of data integrity and privacy would be critical steps in the development of future PPPs.

Public-Private Partnerships and Sustainable Agricultural Development

Agriculture in Africa is not sustainable because average yields have been stagnating for decades due to underinvestment, especially in the development of agricultural markets, crop improvement and the sustainable management of agricultural systems. Low public sector funding for agricultural research and lack of incentives for the private sector to operate in areas where there is no market largely explain the yield gap in many food-importing developing countries. Yet, there are effective ways in which the public and the private sector could work together and jointly improve agricultural sustainability in poor countries. The public sector provides a favorable institutional environment for the development of agricultural markets and investment in rural infrastructure, facilitates local business development and funds research with local relevance. The private sector, in return, brings its considerable expertise in product development and deployment. This article illustrates how new forms of public-private partnerships (PPPs) for agricultural development can work in challenging environments. It discusses three promising examples of PPPs in which the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture (SFSA) is actively involved, and shows that an experimental approach can sometimes be more effective than social planning in efforts to achieve sustainable agriculture.

Public-Private Partnerships for the Unemployed

Under new dimensions of individualisation, decentralisation and particularly marketisation, new forms of public-private partnerships between the actors involved in the employment services for the unemployed have emerged. This is because for-profit providers have now entered the arena of welfare to work. The assumption behind these public-private arrangements is that the marketisation of public service delivery will lead to more flexible, responsive and innovative outcomes. Focusing on the implementation of back-to-work services for the unemployed for the UK, the Netherlands and Australia as forerunners of this development, this article sketches several theoretical backgrounds and conditions for effective and efficient back-to-work services and gives an insight to the struggles countries face in controlling recalcitrant practice, their policy lessons and the outcomes of these struggles so far.

Public-Private Partnerships in Slovenia: Recent Developments and Perspectives

AbstractIn this article, the authors define and analyze the legal framework for public-private partnerships (PPP) as a new institution under Slovenian law. In the first part of the article, the authors discuss the legal definition of PPP in the European Union. In the authors' opinion, the EU's concept of PPP can be defined and regulated in several ways. As a result, the understanding of PPP differs from one member state to another. A related issue is the question of the definition of 'public service'. Before defining and discussing new forms of PPP as determined in the 2006 Slovenian Law on PPP, the authors discuss the economic rationale for implementing the two types of PPP in Slovenia: special contractually based partnerships and corporate-based partnerships. The former can be a concession agreement or public-procurement agreement, while the latter is a type of newly established or newly transformed legal entity. In the next part of the article, the authors describe new legal procedures governing PPP arrangements in the future and and offer some limited empirical evidence on those concession agreements that already exist in Slovenia. The authors conclude the article with some open questions about the legal regulation of PPP in the Slovenian legal system as well as an international comparison.

L’État et l’hôpital à but lucratif au Québec, 1961–1975: une expériencedécevante de partenariat

In 1961, public hospital insurance created a new form of public-private partnership in Quebec by paying for care given in for-profit (proprietary) hospitals. How did it work? How did for-profit hospitals deal with governmental norms and regulations? Why and how was the door closed on the development of for-profit hospitals after a few years of experimentation? On the whole, this partnership proved to be chaotic and inefficient, plagued by endless negotiations. During the seventies, the government appears finally to have concluded that the partnership was not worthwhile. Public-private partnership in the hospital sector, then, existed well before the federal initiatives but has been largely forgotten, despite the reappearance of similar debates.

The Relational Dynamics of E-Governance

The emergence of e-government unleashed a rhetorical promise perhaps unparalleled in previous phases of public sector reform. Client-centric government made possible through the advent of integrated portals, new forms of public-private partnerships, and better overall performance through the leveraging of on-line applications and new information technologies (IT) are often-heard claims. This case study presents the combined role of portals and partnerships in one segment of the transformative experience promised by the vision of e-government. Ottawa’s experience may provide insights for other governments in the process of moving on-line, and it can also be helpful in testing some of the conceptual claims put forth by both proponents and critics of e-government as a theoretical model for public sector reform.

Creating and optimizing new forms of public-private partnerships in Seattle

Seattle Public Utilities is pioneering a new form of public-private partnership in North America in the development of two new large water treatment plants. The Tolt and Cedar Treatment Plants, which provide drinking water for 1.3 million people, are being implemented using a design-build-operate (DBO) approach. This process has resulted in savings of 40% for the Tolt and 30% for the Cedar, relative to the estimated cost of implementing the projects using a conventional design-bid-build procurement with City operations for 25 years. In using the DBO approach, owners seek to optimize efficiency and the potential for innovation by conducting a competition to supply a bundled set of services including permitting, design, construction,and long-term operations. Benefits from this approach arise through design-build synergies, design-operate synergies, and through more focused competition than exists in the segmented design-bid-build model typically used. This paper will focus not only on the DBO approach and its resulting benefits, but perhaps more importantly on the critical issue of risk allocation. Finally, a discussion of our experience with these two premier projects will highlight the importance of a thoughtful procurement process and adherence to partnering approach to contract management in assuring the integrity of risk management principles.

Private Owners of Subsidized Housing vs. Public Goals: Conflicting Interests in Resyndication

Abstract From 1959 until the early 1980s, the federal government placed an increasing emphasis on involving the private sector in the production and ownership of publicly subsidized housing. Even now, with substantial cutbacks in new housing programs, the Reagan administration and HUD are interested in privatizing as much of the existing subsidized housing stock as possible. Yet, the validity of the concept of private participation in housing subsidy programs has been largely unquestioned This article documents an important way in which private ownership of subsidized housing comes into conflict with public goals. It recommends a new form of public-private partnership, as well as the funding of more direct housing initiatives.