New Equation For Prediction Research Articles

Development of a predictive algorithm for patient survival after traumatic injury using a five analyte blood panel.

Severe trauma can induce systemic inflammation but also immunosuppression, which makes understanding the immune response of trauma patients critical for therapeutic development and treatment approaches. By evaluating the levels of 59 proteins in the plasma of 50 healthy volunteers and 1000 trauma patients across five trauma centers in the United States, we identified 6 novel changes in immune proteins after traumatic injury and further new variations by sex, age, trauma type, comorbidities, and developed a new equation for prediction of patient survival. Blood was collected at the time of arrival at Level 1 trauma centers and patients were stratified based on trauma level, tissues injured, and injury types. Trauma patients had significantly upregulated proteins associated with immune activation (IL-23, MIP-5), immunosuppression (IL-10) and pleiotropic cytokines (IL-29, IL-6). A high ratio of IL-29 to IL-10 was identified as a new predictor of survival in less severe patients with ROC area of 0.933. Combining machine learning with statistical modeling we developed an equation ("VIPER") that could predict survival with ROC 0.966 in less severe patients and 0.8873 for all patients from a five analyte panel (IL-6, VEGF-A, IL-21, IL-29, and IL-10). Furthermore, we also identified three increased proteins (MIF, TRAIL, IL-29) and three decreased proteins (IL-7, TPO, IL-8) that were the most important in distinguishing a trauma blood profile. Biologic sex altered phenotype with IL-8 and MIF being lower in healthy women, but higher in female trauma patients when compared to male counterparts. This work identifies new responses to injury that may influence systemic immune dysfunction, serving as targets for therapeutics and immediate clinical benefit in identifying at-risk patients.

Prediction equations to estimate muscle mass using anthropometric data: a systematic review.

Reduced muscle mass is linked to poor outcomes in both inpatients and outpatients, highlighting the importance of muscle mass assessment in clinical practice. However, laboratory methods to assess muscle mass are not yet feasible for routine use in clinical practice because of limited availability and high costs. This work aims to review the literature on muscle mass prediction by anthropometric equations in adults or older people. The following databases were searched for observational studies published until June 2022: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Of 6437 articles initially identified, 63 met the inclusion criteria for this review. Four independent reviewers, working in pairs, selected and extracted data from those articles. Two studies reported new equations for prediction of skeletal muscle mass: 10 equations for free-fat mass and lean soft tissue, 22 for appendicular lean mass, 7 for upper-body muscle mass, and 7 for lower-body muscle mass. Twenty-one studies validated previously proposed equations. This systematic review shows there are numerous equations in the literature for muscle mass prediction, and most are validated for healthy adults. However, many equations were not always accurate and validated in all groups, especially people with obesity, undernourished people, and older people. Moreover, in some studies, it was unclear if fat-free mass or lean soft tissue had been assessed because of an imprecise description of muscle mass terminology. This systematic review identified several feasible, practical, and low-cost equations for muscle mass prediction, some of which have excellent accuracy in healthy adults, older people, women, and athletes. Malnourished individuals and people with obesity were understudied in the literature, as were older people, for whom there are only equations for appendicular lean mass. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257200.

A new equation for prediction of seismic gap between adjacent buildings located on different soil types

This study aims to investigate the effect of soil type on the minimum separation distance for low and mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. 3696 nonlinear time history analyses were carried out using 56 different building pairs located on 3 different soil types and 66 different earthquake records. The minimum required seismic gap distances obtained from the analysis results were compared with the minimum seismic gap estimates of DDC and simplified method in the literature. The required gap distances obtained for different soil types were examined and a new equation for modification coefficient is proposed to improve the simplified method. The outcomes show that the proposed new equation provides the required seismic gap distance values for all soil types better than the Double Difference Combination (known as DDC) method estimates.

Prediction of TBM performance in fresh through weathered granite using empirical and statistical approaches

This study aims to develop several equations for predicting penetration rate (PR) and advance rate (AR) of tunnel boring machine (TBM) in fresh, slightly weathered and moderately weathered zones in granite rock mass. To reach study objectives, 12,649 m of the Pahang- Selangor Raw Water Transfer (PSRWT) tunnel in Malaysia was studied in both laboratory and field. In order to demonstrate the need for developing new equations for prediction of TBM performance, two well-known empirical models namely QTBM and Rock Mass Excavatability (RME) were applied and evaluated. It was found that the obtained results from these two empirical models are not accurate enough while, more accurate models are needed to propose. To get better performance results, linear multiple regression (LMR) and non-linear multiple regression (NLMR) models were built and proposed to estimate TBM PR and TBM AR. These equations were proposed for each weathering zone including fresh, slightly weathered and moderately weathered. Statistical indices including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), variance account for (VAF), rank value and total rank values were implemented and achieved to evaluate the accuracy of each model. It was found that both LMR and NLMR models are able to provide an acceptable accuracy level to estimate TBM performance with R2 ranges from 0.5 to 0.7. However, the performance capacity of the NLMR equations was slightly better than the proposed LMR equations. The proposed equations in this study are considered as suitable, simple and practical models that can be used in field of TBM, however, they should be used when the same predictors with their ranges and conditions would be available.

Accuracy of Deciduous and Permanent Molar Teeth in Gender determination of Egyptian Children: Dental and Forensic Implications

Forensic odontology is an investigative aspect of dentistry that apply dental knowledge for legal issues including identification of unknown human bodies or remains. Sexual dimorphism of permanent teeth measurements has been extensively studied but, no studies involved pediatric age group with mixed deciduous and permanent dentition. The aim of this study was to determine accuracy of maxillary and mandibular deciduous and permanent molar teeth in sex determination in a sample of Egyptian children. Additionally, to estimate crown size of mandibular permanent first molar from mandibular deciduous second molar. A sample of 210 male and female children aged 6-12-years, in mixed dentition stage. Mesio-distal (MD) crown diameters of maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars and deciduous second molars were measured by a digital caliper. The mean MD crown diameter of both Rt maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars was significantly higher in males than females (10.29±.31 vs10.00±.60 and 11.01±.51 vs10.71±.60 respectively, p < 0.001). Furthermore, Rt and Lt mandibular deciduous second molars exhibited significantly larger mean MD diameter in males (9.94±.44 and 9.98±.42) than females (9.71±.46 and9.74±.46). Further, Simple linear regression revealed new equations for prediction of crown size of mandibular Rt permanent first molar from mandibular Rt deciduous second molar. Odontometric study of deciduous and permanent molar teeth showed poor accuracy in sex determination. They can be used in conjunction with other traits to establish gender accurately. Furthermore, this work presented new equations that will be helpful in estimating crown size of mandibular permanent first molar from mandibular deciduous second molar.

New Equation for Prediction of Martensite Start Temperature in High Carbon Ferrous Alloys

Since previous equations fail to predict M S temperature of high carbon ferrous alloys, we first propose an equation for prediction of M S temperature of ferrous alloys containing > 2 wt pct C. The presence of carbides (Fe3C and Cr-rich M 7C3) is thermodynamically considered to estimate the C concentration in austenite. Especially, equations individually specialized for lean and high Cr alloys very accurately reproduce experimental results. The chemical driving force for martensitic transformation is quantitatively analyzed based on the calculation of T 0 temperature.

Scour hole depth prediction around pile groups: review, comparison of existing methods, and proposition of a new approach

A dataset of 365 laboratory tests for scour hole depth (SHD) around pile groups (PGs) under unidirectional aligned flow is compiled, and the performances of the existing equations are comparatively evaluated on the dataset using several statistical indices. A formulation based on a correction of HEC-18 equation provides the best estimate with a correlation factor of 0.58. The test durations of the considered data ranged between 4 and 389 h. A time factor (K t ) is proposed to take into account the temporal variation of the SHD around different PGs. Among the datasets, 51 long-duration experiments are scrutinized to show the temporal variation of scour depth toward equilibrium state. The time duration for these tests is up to 16 days. The proposed K t factor for PGs has a superior performance compared to existing single-pier time factors. Subsequently, the equilibrium scour depths are calculated by extrapolation of scour depths reported at the end of the experiments using the K t equation. The results showed that only 27–93% of the equilibrium scour depths were obtained at the end of the experimental measurements. Finally, a new equation for prediction of equilibrium SHD around PGs is proposed, which has 10% less prediction error than the existing equations. This comprehensive comparative study is a significant step forward in the correct estimation of current-induced SHD around PG foundations of hydraulic and coastal structures.

Effect of surgical fabrics structure on wetting behaviour

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose the materials structure-wetting behaviour relationships and to show their peculiarities for some types of surgical woven fabrics and applications of liquids.Design/methodology/approachTo show the effects of fabrics structure on wetting behaviour of surgical textile materials, the special structural indices in terms of yarns and filaments lateral area were used.FindingsIt was shown good correlation between total lateral area of filaments in unit area of woven fabrics and wetting contact angle of liquid drops on the tested samples. Probably due to different structure of woven fabrics at a level of fibres, another index, i.e. total lateral area of yarns in unit area of fabrics, is not suitable to show clear effect on wetting behaviour of the samples. The possibilities of applications of relationships for several types of textile materials and liquids were indicated.Originality/valueTo date there are no investigations concerning relationships between special structural properties of the surgical woven fabrics and their wetting behaviour. On a basis of the proposed approach into fabrics structure evaluation, this study developed analysis and some types of new equations for prediction of wetting contact angle of the materials.

Shear Capacity of C-Shaped and L-Shaped Angle Shear Connectors.

This paper investigates the behaviour of C-shaped and L-shaped angle shear connectors embedded in solid concrete slabs. An effective finite element model is proposed to simulate the push out tests of these shear connectors that encompass nonlinear material behaviour, large displacement and damage plasticity. The finite element models are validated against test results. Parametric studies using this nonlinear model are performed to investigate the variations in concrete strength and connector dimensions. The finite element analyses also confirm the test results that increasing the length of shear connector increases their shear strength proportionately. It is observed that the maximum stress in L-shaped angle connectors takes place in the weld attachment to the beam, whereas in the C-shaped angle connectors, it is in the attached leg. The location of maximum concrete compressive damage is rendered in each case. Finally, a new equation for prediction of the shear capacity of C-shaped angle connectors is proposed.

Derivation of New Equations for Prediction of Principal Ground-Motion Parameters using M5′ Algorithm

In this study, M5′ model tree is used to develop a model for prediction of peak time-domain strong ground motion parameters. The main advantages of model trees are that can be easily developed and their formulas are simple and understandable. Selected data from Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) are used to train the proposed model. Earthquake magnitude, earthquake source to site distance, average shear-wave velocity, and faulting mechanisms are used as input parameters. The developed M5′ based formulas are compared with those of well-known empirical and soft computing based models. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by statistical error parameters.

Novel equations to predict body fat percentage of Brazilian professional soccer players: A case study

This study analyzed classical and developed novel mathematical models to predict body fat percentage (%BF) in professional soccer players from the South Brazilian region using skinfold thicknesses measurement. Skinfolds of thirty one male professional soccer players (age of 21.48 ± 3.38 years, body mass of 79.05 ± 9.48 kg and height of 181.97 ± 8.11 cm) were introduced into eight mathematical models from the literature for the prediction of %BF; these results were then compared to Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The classical equations were able to account from 65% to 79% of the variation of %BF in DXA. Statistical differences between most of the classical equations (seven of the eight classic equations) and DXA were found, rendering their widespread use in this population useless. We developed three new equations for prediction of %BF with skinfolds from: axils, abdomen, thighs and calves. Theses equations accounted for 86.5% of the variation in %BF obtained with DXA.

Revision of the predictive method improves precision in the prediction of stroke outcomes for patients admitted to rehabilitation hospitals.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to confirm the accuracy of a revised method for predicting the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at discharge when stroke patients are first admitted to a rehabilitation hospital. [Subjects and Methods] The predictive equation with logarithmic trend line was calculated based on the total score of the FIM at admission and discharge in 93 patients with cerebral infarction (CI) and 60 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In other patients with CI or ICH (validation group), the differences between the actual FIM and the predicted FIM at discharge calculated by the CI or ICH equation and the combined (CI + ICH) equation, as well as by the CI or ICH equation and combined equation used in a previous study, were calculated. [Results] The multiple correlation coefficients of the CI equation, ICH equation, and combined equation were 0.87, 0.71, and 0.8. The residual of the actual FIM and predicted FIM at discharge calculated by the CI equation was the smallest in the CI validation group. In the ICH validation group, the residual calculated for ICH patients alone was smaller than that calculated by the previous ICH equation. [Conclusion] This easy-to-use method using a new equation for prediction was more precise than the previous equation. Therefore, we should revise the equation for predicting stroke patient outcome strata according to data from within the governing medical administration system.

New Equation for Prediction of Reverse Remodeling after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

To integrate data from two-dimensional echocardiography (2D ECHO), three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) for prediction of left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (LVRR) after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It was also compared the evaluation of cardiac dyssynchrony by TDI and 3D ECHO. Twenty-four consecutive patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, QRS ≥ 120 msec, functional class III or IV and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 0.35 underwent CRT. 2D ECHO, 3D ECHO with systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI) analysis, and TDI were performed before, 3 and 6 months after CRT. Cardiac dyssynchrony analyses by TDI and SDI were compared with the Pearson's correlation test. Before CRT, a univariate analysis of baseline characteristics was performed for the construction of a logistic regression model to identify the best predictors of LVRR. After 3 months of CRT, there was a moderate correlation between TDI and SDI (r = 0.52). At other time points, there was no strong correlation. Nine of twenty-four (38%) patients presented with LVRR 6 months after CRT. After logistic regression analysis, SDI (SDI > 11%) was the only independent factor in the prediction of LVRR 6 months of CRT (sensitivity = 0.89 and specificity = 0.73). After construction of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, an equation was established to predict LVRR: LVRR =-0.4LVDD (mm) + 0.5LVEF (%) + 1.1SDI (%), with responders presenting values >0 (sensitivity = 0.67 and specificity = 0.87). In this study, there was no strong correlation between TDI and SDI. An equation is proposed for the prediction of LVRR after CRT. Although larger trials are needed to validate these findings, this equation may be useful to candidates for CRT.

Derivation of a new equation for prediction of the thin layer depth of the extended-Langmuir model for dilute binary mixtures

Extended Langmuir model is a model which correlates the surface tension data with bulk composition. One of main objectives of this model is considering the surface as a thin layer of finite depth. In the present work by combination of the Gibbs equation with extended Langmuir model and making some assumptions a new and simple equation was derived for estimating the depth of surface thin layer of dilute binary liquid mixtures. It was shown that the depth of surface layer decreases in a linear form with increasing of solute concentration in the dilute region.

New equation for the prediction of resting energy expenditure during pregnancy

Objective The equation for the prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) during pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to determine a new equation for prediction of REE in pregnancy. Methods A total of 152 randomly recruited healthy pregnant Czech women (nonsmokers, not users of chronic medications or abusers of alcohol or drugs, normoglycemic, euthyroid, and not anemic) were divided into two cohorts: group 1 ( n = 31) was used for determination of the equation for calculation of pregnant REE and group 2 ( n = 121) for cross-validation of this formula. The REE of the pregnant women in both study groups was examined by indirect calorimetry (REE-IC) along with anthropometry after 12 h of fasting in four periods of pregnancy. A statistical comparison of three basic equations (Harris Benedict, Schofield, and Kleiber) was used for the prediction of REE. Results Through correlation analysis and linear regression, a new predictive equation of REE during pregnancy (P REE) was derived from the Harris Benedict equation. We observed high concordance between values from P REE and REE-IC in group 2. Analysis of alternative predictive equations of REE with the addition of kilocalories and a corrected multiplication factor for each stage of pregnancy expressed low concordance. Conclusions The equation for REE in kilocalories during pregnancy, P REE = 346.43943 + 13.962564 × W + 2.700416 × H − 6.826376 × A (W, weight; H, height; A, age), with SD 116 kcal/d, corresponds closely to REE-IC and maternal changes in each phase of pregnancy. P REE can be applied for prediction of REE during gestation.

Closure effects on oxygen transfer and aerobic growth in shake flasks

Oxygen mass transfer in shake flasks is an important aspect limiting the culture of aerobic microorganisms. In this work, mass transfer of oxygen through a closure and headspace of shake flasks is investigated. New equations for prediction of kGa in shake flasks with closures are introduced. Using Pseudomonas putida, microbial growth on glucose (fast metabolism) and phenol (slow metabolism) in shake flasks with closures were studied, considering both substrate and oxygen restrictions. A combined model for oxygen mass transfer and microbial growth is shown to accurately predict experimental oxygen concentrations and oxygen yield factors during growth experiments more accurately than previous models.

Measurement and prediction of wave‐generated suborbital ripples

Experiments in a large‐scale wave flume using regular and irregular waves with periods between 4 s and 6 s and heights between 0.2 m and 1.55 m have examined the formation of wave‐generated ripples using sediment beds composed of four grain sizes (D50 = 0.349 mm, 0.329 mm, 0.220 mm, and 0.162 mm) in a water depth of approximately 4 m. Estimates of wave‐generated ripple height,η, and wavelength, λ, were obtained using zero down‐crossing analyses of bed profiles measured by acoustic means along a 4‐m transect normal to the ripple crests. Further information pertaining to λ was obtained from bed images obtained using scanning sonar. The analyses reported here focus on the sequence bedforms that evolved in response to stepwise increases and decreases in wave height. Results show that ripples for the most part are suborbital in nature and do not conform well to empirical equations used frequently to predict η and λ values in the field. On the basis of the present data, two new equations for prediction of η and λ are obtained and their use in field situations where hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions favor development of suborbital bedforms is recommended.

New equation for prediction of water activity in unripe cheese

SummaryThe water activity of fresh cheese made from cows', ewes' and goats' milk, as well as curd cheese and whey cheese, responds to the equation aw = 0·9719−0·0044[NaCl] + 0·0041 pH, with a square of multiple correlation coefficient R2 = 0·95. This equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis of data point sets of the variables x (g NaCl/100 g moisture), y (pH) and z (water activity, aw) determined as the average of values provided by six samples of each unripe product. Application of this equation to 30 individual samples of unripe dairy products investigated yielded calculated aw values within ±0·005 and ±0·002 aw units of the experimental water activities in 86·7% and 53·3% of the samples, respectively. These results are closer to the experimental values than those provided by earlier predictive equations.

Heart Rate as an Index of Oxygen Intake

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relibaility and validity of prediction of the oxygen intake during works on the basis of heart rate at work.During four kinds of standard treadmill walking of 3.6km/h with a slope varying from o to 15 degrees and four kinds of standard bicycle ergometer work of o to 900kgm/min, the oxygen intake and heart rate were measured on four young adult males(Table1).For the whole subjects and for each individual, different regression equations of oxygen intake on heart rate were calculated from results of both types of work or from those of each typeof work.In addition, a new equation for prediction of oxygen intake from heart rate was proposed as_??_o2=vo2.(64.06HR-3086)/(0.6406hr-30.86)where _??_o2 is estimated value of oxygen intake during the work under investigation corresponding to _??_o2(oxygen intake during a given submaximal test work), HR(heart rate during the work under investigation), and hr(heart rate during the submaximal work).This new equation was made to be used fo radult males, on the basis of indirect determination of maximal oxygen intake from oxygen intake and heart rate during a submaximal work and a linear regression of %_??_o2max on heart rate.Estimated values of oxygen intake during the treadmill walking and ergometer work were computed using the above different regression equations and the new prediction and these values were compared with the directly determined values of oxygen intake during the work(Table 2).Although the best prediction was obtained in the case where the individual regression equations were applied to the same kinds of work as that for which the regression equations had been calculated, considerably high reliability of the new prediction equation which was made from our previous results in our laboratory were supported in this study.