New Immigration Countries Research Articles

Imigracija i kriza u novoj imigracijskoj državi

Tema useljeništva prednjači u javnim raspravama u Italiji. Iako brojke jasno pokazuju da Italija nije glavno odredište useljenika u Europsku uniju, nedavna istraživanja govore o velikoj važnosti ove teme za Talijane. S obzirom na učinak dviju najvećih kriza posljednjeg desetljeća – ekonomske i tzv. migrantske – tema useljeništva postala je uvelike politizirana. Također, ta se tema pokazala iznimno važnom za uspješnu komunikaciju populističkih stranaka još od osamdesetih godina. U ovome je kontekstu slučaj Italije specifičan jer je ta država tek nedavno postala useljenička, s obzirom na to da se do sedamdesetih godina više Talijana iseljavalo nego što je bilo doseljenika u zemlju. Preokret u rojkama utjecao je na dvije sfere: zakonodavstvo i politiku. U sferi zakonodavstva sva su nastojanja da se useljavanje regulira obilježena neskladom koji vlada između humanitarnog pristupa i onoga koji ide u prilog vladavini prava, tj. usmjerenosti na sigurnost i red. U sferi politike stajalište koji zastupa radikalno desna populistička stranka Sjeverna liga još je od ranih devedesetih godina istoznačno s pojmovima ksenofobije i šovinizma socijalne zaštite. Najnovija službena stajališta Sjeverne lige svjedoče o sve izraženijem potpunom odbijanju multikulturalizma i imigracije. Nova populistička stranka Pokret pet zvjezdica (M5S) osvanula je na talijanskoj sceni 2010. godine te je u njezinu slučaju tema useljeništva tek nedavno uvrštena na populistički raspored. Stajalište stranke M5S o pitanju imigracije nejasan je i često proturječan. Nesklonost jasnom stajalištu povezana je kako sa složenom organizacijom stranke tako i s njezinom strategijom usklađivanja političkih stajališta stranke s glasom naroda.

: (Migration Policy in the Conditions of Economic Turbulence: The Experience of the European Union and the Prospects of Russia)

Russian Abstract: В работе описывается, каким образом в Европейском союзе использовалась миграционная политика в качестве средства экономического роста, и как менялась стратегия регулирования миграционных процессов в зависимости от экономической конъюнктуры. Посредством изучения инструментария, применявшегося в сфере миграционного регулирования как отдельными национальными правительствами, так и институтами ЕС в кризисный период, авторы выявляют как позитивные, так и негативные стороны накопленного ими опыта. Специфика российской ситуации рассматривается в контексте «новых иммиграционных стран» Европы. Авторы анализируют трансформации, которые претерпела российская миграционная политика, оценивают ситуацию на современном рынке труда и выявляют ключевые внутренние и внешние вызовы, с которыми Россия сталкивается в настоящий момент. На основании проведенного анализа формулируются рекомендации относительно мер миграционной политики, которые могут способствовать устойчивому экономическому развитию нашей страны English Abstract: The research describes how the European Union's migration policy has been used as a means of economic growth, and how the strategy of migration processes’ regulation was changing, depending on economic conditions. Through the study of instruments used by the national governments and the EU institutions in the field of migration control during the crisis period, the authors identify both positive and negative aspects of their experience. The specifics of the Russian situation is considered in the context of the new immigration countries in Europe. The authors analyze the transformations of the Russian migration policy, assess the situation on the Russian labor market and identify the key internal and external challenges that Russia is the current period. Based on the research results, the recommendations on policy measures that can contribute to the sustainable economic development of our country are formulated.

New Immigrant Destinations in a New Country of Immigration: Settlement Patterns of Non-natives in the Czech Republic

This paper adds to the literature on new immigrant destinations and the geographies of immigrant incorporation by studying recent changes in the settlement patterns of non-natives in the Czech Republic. This country has rapidly transitioned from a country of emigration to one gaining population from elsewhere. The speed of this transition is unusual and is worthy of study in and of itself. Similar to most other countries with significant immigration, newcomers tend to settle in large urban centres, so, not surprisingly, Prague is the principal gateway city. In the Czech case, however, settlement patterns do not follow a simple hierarchy; non-natives indeed are now found increasingly not only in secondary cities but also in non-metropolitan areas, especially to the north and west of Prague. These basic geographies are shaped by the direct settlement from other countries and also result from rapidly evolving secondary migrations within the country. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Migration and Transnational Commitment: Some Evidence from the Italian Case

The idea of the active role of migrants in supporting the socio-economic development of their homeland is the subject of growing interest in academic and institutional debates. This expectancy can be framed theoretically in the notion of transnationalism, where the migrant is seen as an actor placed simultaneously in two or more social fields: those of the societies of origin and of destination. This article discusses this view from the point of view of the behaviour of migrants who have settled in a new country of immigration, Italy. It refers to the empirical research concerning three transnational phenomena: (1) the development of independent economic activities, focusing on their transnational projection and the economic promotion of the migrants' homeland; (2) the economic flows, mainly remittances, generated by transnational families, especially by mothers who move abroad leaving their children at home; (3) development cooperation projects which involve migrant associations. The results suggest that we can distinguish a basic transnationalism, typical of a new country of immigration, like Italy, from an advanced transnationalism, found in the US experience of the migrants' elites engaged in many forms of transnational commitment to their homeland.

Citizenship Attribution in a New Country of Immigration: Ireland

This article examines how the change in Ireland's demographic condition from a country of emigration to one of large-scale immigration has affected citizenship attribution. The article outlines the origin of Irish citizenship laws, with particular reference to the pure ius soli system applied to those born on the island of Ireland until 2005. While significant changes in citizenship attribution have emerged in response to increasing immigration, the specific character of these changes has been shaped also by other forces, including the issue of Northern Ireland, the relationship of the Republic of Ireland to the UK, and the development and expansion of the European Union. These have influenced recent notable changes in the attribution of citizenship at birth and on the basis of marriage, and proposed changes in requirements for naturalisation. The article examines whether and to what extent these changes represent a convergence towards a European norm and whether they signify a changing conception of citizenship in Ireland.

Marriage Patterns of the Foreign-Born Population in a New Country of Immigration: The Case of Spain

We use 2001 Spanish census microdata and multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore differences in marriage patterns between the foreign-born population in Spain, a country that has experienced a dramatic increase in international migration rates in the last decade. In particular, we examine separately the prevalence of being in a consensual and in an endogamous union for a selected and representative group of origins. Results show that after controlling for individual and union characteristics, major differences in cohabitation between groups disappear while major differences in endogamy prevail. This suggests that, when appropriate data are available, future research should take into account contextual factors.

Migration Policies and Political Cultures in Europe: A Changing Trend*

This paper discusses the relationships between the migratory policies of the EU countries with more experience of immigration and their national political cultures. It focuses on France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It then looks at Italy, a relatively new country of immigration, which, with 3,000,000 legal immigrants, has become the fourth country of immigration in Europe and the first in the Mediterranean basin. In its final part it highlights the incipient process of ‘communitarisation’ of the immigration policies of EU countries in the last decade. This process, which has already entailed a significant convergence of their migratory policies, is expected to continue after the recent enlargement of the European Union.