Neutrino-neutrino Interactions Research Articles

Spin-flavor precession phase effects in supernova

We study the phase effects driven by neutrino magnetic moment for Majorana neutrinos in a core collapse supernova. A neutrino with a large magnetic moment is emitted in a superposition of energy eigenstates from the neutrinosphere. These energy eigenstates can interfere to create a phase effect at a partially adiabatic spin flavor precession (SFP) resonance. We examine the dependence of the SFP phase effect on the size of the neutrino magnetic moment as well as its variation with the post-bounce time. In particular, at late post-bounce times the SFP resonance becomes wider and eventually overlaps with the Mikheev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein (MSW) resonance. At this point Landau–Zener criteria for adiabaticity can no longer be applied to individual resonances, but we show that SFP phase effect is still present after the overlap. We also discuss the observability of the SFP phase effect at Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Our analysis reveals that at low energies event rates do not fluctuate despite the presence of a sizable SFP phase effect. We find larger event rate fluctuations at high energies, but these fluctuations are also erased in the energy spectra of the observed charged leptons. A more refined treatment of electron fraction and the inclusion of neutrino–neutrino interactions may change our conclusions for observability in future studies.

Oscillations of high-energy cosmic neutrinos in the copious MeV neutrino background

The core-collapse of massive stars and the merger of neutron star binaries are among the most promising candidate sites for the production of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. We demonstrate that the high-energy neutrinos produced in such extreme environments can experience efficient flavor conversions on scales much shorter than those expected in vacuum, due to their coherent forward scatterings with the bath of decohered low-energy neutrinos emitted from the central engine. These low-energy neutrinos, which exist as mass eigenstates, provide a very special and peculiar dominant background for the propagation of the high-energy ones. We point out that the high-energy neutrino flavor ratio is modified to a value independent of neutrinos energies, which is distinct from the conventional prediction with the matter effect. We also suggest that the signals can be used as a novel probe of new neutrino interactions beyond the Standard Model. This is yet another context where neutrino-neutrino interactions can play a crucial role in their flavor evolution. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Entanglement in three-flavor collective neutrino oscillations

Extreme conditions present in the interiors of the core-collapse supernovae make neutrino-neutrino interactions not only feasible but dominant in specific regions, leading to the nonlinear evolution of the neutrino flavor. Results obtained when such collective neutrino oscillations are treated in the mean-field approximation deviate from the results using the many-body picture because of the ignored quantum correlations. We present the first three-flavor many-body calculations of the collective neutrino oscillations. The entanglement is quantified in terms of the entanglement entropy and the components of the polarization vector. We propose a qualitative measure of entanglement in terms of flavor-lepton number conserved quantities. We find that in the cases considered in the present work, the entanglement can be underestimated in the two-flavor approximation. The dependence of the entanglement on mass ordering is also investigated. We also explore the mixing of mass eigenstates in different mass orderings.

Supernova fast flavor conversions in 1+1D : Influence of mu-tau neutrinos

In the dense supernova environment, neutrinos can undergo fast flavor conversions which depend on the large neutrino-neutrino interaction strength. It has been recently shown that both their presence and outcome can be affected when passing from the commonly used three neutrino species approach to the more general one with six species. Here, we build up on a previous work performed on this topic and perform a numerical simulation of flavor evolution in both space and time, assuming six neutrino species. We find that the results presented in our previous work remain qualitatively the same even for flavor evolution in space and time. This emphasizes the need for going beyond the simplistic approximation with three species when studying fast flavor conversions.

Entanglement and correlations in fast collective neutrino flavor oscillations

Collective neutrino oscillations play a crucial role in transporting lepton flavor in astrophysical settings like supernovae and neutron star binary merger remnants, which are characterized by large neutrino densities. In these settings, simulations in the mean-field approximation show that neutrino-neutrino interactions can overtake vacuum oscillations and give rise to fast collective flavor evolution on timescales $t\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, with $\ensuremath{\mu}$ proportional to the local neutrino density. In this work, we study the full out-of-equilibrium flavor dynamics in simple multiangle geometries displaying fast oscillations in the mean field linear stability analysis. Focusing on simple initial conditions, we analyze the production of pair correlations and entanglement in the complete many-body-dynamics as a function of the number $N$ of neutrinos in the system, for up to thousands of neutrinos. Similarly to simpler geometries with only two neutrino beams, we identify three regimes: stable configurations with vanishing flavor oscillations, marginally unstable configurations with evolution occurring on long timescales $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\sqrt{N}$, and unstable configurations showing flavor evolution on short timescales $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{log}(N)$. We present evidence that these fast collective modes are generated by the same dynamical phase transition which leads to the slow bipolar oscillations, establishing a connection between these two phenomena and explaining the difference in their timescales. We conclude by discussing a semiclassical approximation which reproduces the entanglement entropy at short to medium timescales and can be potentially useful in situations with more complicated geometries where classical simulation methods starts to become inefficient.

Inference of bipolar neutrino flavor oscillations near a core-collapse supernova based on multiple measurements at Earth

Neutrinos in compact-object environments, such as core-collapse supernovae, can experience various kinds of collective effects in flavor space, engendered by neutrino-neutrino interactions. These include "bipolar" collective oscillations, which are exhibited by neutrino ensembles where different flavors dominate at different energies. Considering the importance of neutrinos in the dynamics and nucleosynthesis in these environments, it is desirable to ascertain whether an Earth-based detection could contain signatures of bipolar oscillations that occurred within a supernova envelope. To that end, we continue examining a cost-function formulation of statistical data assimilation (SDA) to infer solutions to a small-scale model of neutrino flavor transformation. SDA is an inference paradigm designed to optimize a model with sparse data. Our model consists of two mono-energetic neutrino beams with different energies emanating from a source and coherently interacting with each other and with a matter background, with time-varying interaction strengths. We attempt to infer flavor transformation histories of these beams using simulated measurements of the flavor content at locations in vacuum (that is, far from the source), which could in principle correspond to earth-based detectors. Within the scope of this small-scale model, we found that: (i) based on such measurements, the SDA procedure is able to infer \textit{whether} bipolar oscillations had occurred within the protoneutron star envelope, and (ii) if the measurements are able to sample the full amplitude of the neutrino oscillations in vacuum, then the amplitude of the prior bipolar oscillations is also well predicted. This result intimates that the inference paradigm can well complement numerical integration codes, via its ability to infer flavor evolution at physically inaccessible locations.

Spectral splits and entanglement entropy in collective neutrino oscillations

In environments such as core-collapse supernovae, neutron star mergers, or the early universe, where the neutrino fluxes can be extremely high, neutrino-neutrino interactions are appreciable and contribute substantially to their flavor evolution. Such a system of interacting neutrinos can be regarded as a quantum many-body system, and prospects for nontrivial quantum correlations, i.e., entanglement, developing in a gas of interacting neutrinos have been investigated previously. In this work, we uncover an intriguing connection between the entropy of entanglement of individual neutrinos with the rest of the ensemble, and the occurrence of spectral splits in the energy spectra of these neutrinos, which develop as a result of collective neutrino oscillations. In particular, for various types of neutrino spectra, we demonstrate that the entanglement entropy is highest for the neutrinos whose locations in the energy spectrum are closest to the spectral split(s). This trend demonstrates that the quantum entanglement is strongest among the neutrinos that are close to these splits, a behavior that seems to persist even as the size of the many-body system is increased.

Dense neutrino oscillations : beyond two flavor

In a dense supernova environment, neutrinos can undergo flavor conversions known as the collective oscillations. These self induced neutrino flavor conversions (collective oscillations) are almost exclusively studied in the standard two flavor scenario. We study these oscillations in the complete three flavor scenario. The ‘fast’ conversions are fascinating distinctions of the dense neutrino systems. In the fast modes the collective oscillation dynamics are independent of the neutrino mass, growing at the scale of the large neutrino-neutrino interaction strength (105 km−1 ) of the dense core. This is extremely fast, as compared to the usual ‘slow’ collective modes driven by much smaller vacuum oscillation frequencies (100 km−1). We perform the first non-linear simulations of fast conversions in the presence of three neutrino flavors which is motivated from the recent supernova simulations with muon production. We relax the standard (two-flavor) assumption. Our results show the significance of muon and tau lepton number angular distributions, together with the traditional electron lepton number ones and thus explain the need for a complete three flavor analysis.

Entanglement and many-body effects in collective neutrino oscillations

Collective neutrino oscillations play a crucial role in transporting lepton flavor in astrophysical settings, such as supernovae, where the neutrino density is large. In this regime, neutrino-neutrino interactions are important and simulations in the mean-field approximation show evidence for collective oscillations occurring at time scales much larger than those associated with vacuum oscillations. In this work, we study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a corresponding spin model using Matrix Product States and show how collective bipolar oscillations can be triggered by many-body correlations if appropriate initial conditions are present. We find entanglement entropies scaling at most logarithmically in the system size suggesting that classical tensor network methods could be efficient in describing collective neutrino dynamics more generally. These observation provide a clear path forward, not only to increase the accuracy of current simulations, but also to elucidate the mechanism behind collective flavor oscillations without resorting to the mean field approximation.

Simulation of collective neutrino oscillations on a quantum computer

In astrophysical scenarios with large neutrino density, like supernovae and the early universe, the presence of neutrino-neutrino interactions can give rise to collective flavor oscillations in the out-of-equilibrium collective dynamics of a neutrino cloud. The role of quantum correlations in these phenomena is not yet well understood, in large part due to complications in solving for the real-time evolution of the strongly coupled many-body system. Future fault-tolerant quantum computers hold the promise to overcome much of these limitations and provide direct access to the correlated neutrino dynamic. In this work, we present the first simulation of a small system of interacting neutrinos using current generation quantum devices. We introduce a strategy to overcome limitations in the natural connectivity of the qubits and use it to track the evolution of entanglement in real-time. The results show the critical importance of error-mitigation techniques to extract meaningful results for entanglement measures using noisy, near term, quantum devices.

Exact solution of multiangle quantum many-body collective neutrino-flavor oscillations

I study the flavor evolution of a dense neutrino gas by considering vacuum contributions, matter effects and neutrino self-interactions. Assuming a system of two flavors in a uniform matter background, the time evolution of the many-body system in discretized momentum space is computed. The multi-angle neutrino-neutrino interactions are treated exactly and compared to both the single-angle approximation and mean field calculations. %The time unit chosen is $\mu_0^{-1}=(\frac{G_F}{2\sqrt{2}V})^{-1}$. The mono-energetic two neutrino beam scenario is solved analytically. I proceed to solve flavor oscillations for mono-energetic cubic lattices and quadratic lattices of two energy levels. In addition I study various configurations of twelve, sixteen, and twenty neutrinos. I find that when all neutrinos are initially of the same flavor, all methods agree. When both flavors are present, I find collective oscillations and flavor equilibration develop in the many body treatment but not in the mean field method. This difference persists in dense matter with tiny mixing angle and it can be ascribed to non-negligible flavor polarization correlations being present. Entanglement entropy is significant in all such cases. The relevance for supernovae or neutron stars mergers is contingent upon the value of the normalization volume $V$ and the large $N$ dependence of the timescale associated with oscillations. In future work, I intend to study this dependence using larger lattices and also include anti-neutrinos.

Bounds on secret neutrino interactions from high-energy astrophysical neutrinos

Neutrinos offer a window to physics beyond the Standard Model. In particular, high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, with TeV-PeV energies, may provide evidence of new, "secret" neutrino-neutrino interactions that are stronger than ordinary weak interactions. During their propagation over cosmological distances, high-energy neutrinos could interact with the cosmic neutrino background via secret interactions, developing characteristic energy-dependent features in their observed energy distribution. For the first time, we look for signatures of secret neutrino interactions in the diffuse flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, using 6 years of publicly available IceCube High Energy Starting Events (HESE). We find no significant evidence for secret neutrino interactions, but place competitive upper limits on the coupling strength of the new mediator through which they occur, in the mediator mass range of 1-100 MeV.

Three flavor neutrino conversions in supernovae: slow & fast instabilities

Self induced neutrino flavor conversions in the dense regions of stellar core collapse are almost exclusively studied in the standard two flavor scenario. Linear stability analysis has been successfully used to understand these flavor conversions. This is the first linearized study of three flavor fast instabilities. The 'fast' conversions are fascinating distinctions of the dense neutrino systems. In the fast modes the collective oscillation dynamics are independent of the neutrino mass, growing at the scale of the large neutrino-neutrino interaction strength (105 km−1) of the dense core. This is extremely fast, in comparison to the usual 'slow' collective modes driven by much smaller vacuum oscillation frequencies (100 km−1). The three flavor analysis shows distinctive characteristics for both the slow and the fast conversions. The slow oscillation results are in qualitative agreement with the existing nonlinear three flavor studies. For the fast modes, addition of the third flavor opens up possibilities of influencing the growth rates of flavor instabilities when compared to a two flavor scenario.

Fast neutrino flavor conversion: collective motion vs. decoherence

In an interacting neutrino gas, flavor coherence becomes dynamical and can propagate as a collective mode. In particular, tachyonic instabilities can appear, leading to “fast flavor conversion” that is independent of neutrino masses and mixing angles. On the other hand, without neutrino-neutrino interaction, a prepared wave packet of flavor coherence simply dissipates by kinematical decoherence of infinitely many non-collective modes. We reexamine the dispersion relation for fast flavor modes and show that for any wavenumber, there exists a continuum of non-collective modes besides a few discrete collective ones. So for any initial wave packet, both decoherence and collective motion occurs, although the latter typically dominates for a sufficiently dense gas. We derive explicit eigenfunctions for both collective and non-collective modes. If the angular mode distribution of electron-lepton number crosses between positive and negative values, two non-collective modes can merge to become a tachyonic collective mode. We explicitly calculate the interaction strength for this critical point. As a corollary we find that a single crossing always leads to a tachyonic instability. For an even number of crossings, no instability needs to occur.

Stability of three neutrino flavor conversion in supernovae

Neutrino-neutrino interactions can lead to collective flavor conversion in the dense parts of a core collapse supernova. Growing instabilities that lead to collective conversions have been studied intensely in the limit of two-neutrino species and occur for inverted mass ordering in the case of a perfectly spherical supernova. We examine two simple models of colliding and intersecting neutrino beams and show, that for three neutrino species instabilities exist also for normal mass ordering even in the case of a fully symmetric system. Whereas the instability for inverted mass ordering is associated with Δ m312, the new instability we find for normal mass ordering is associated with Δ m212. As a consequence, the growth rate of these new instabilities for normal ordering is smaller by about an order of magnitude compared to the rates of the well studied case of inverted ordering.

Normal-mode analysis for collective neutrino oscillations

In an interacting neutrino gas, collective modes of flavor coherence emerge that can be propagating or unstable. We derive the general dispersion relation in the linear regime that depends on the neutrino energy and angle distribution. The essential scales are the vacuum oscillation frequency ω=Δ m2/(2E), the neutrino-neutrino interaction energy μ=√2GF; nν, and the matter potential λ=√2GF ne. Collective modes require non-vanishing μ and may be dynamical even for ω=0 (“fast modes”), or they may require ω¬=0 (“slow modes”). The growth rate of unstable fast modes can be fast itself (independent of ω) or can be slow (suppressed by √|ω/μ|). We clarify the role of flavor mixing, which is ignored for the identification of collective modes, but necessary to trigger collective flavor motion. A large matter effect is needed to provide an approximate fixed point of flavor evolution, while spatial or temporal variations of matter and/or neutrinos are required as a trigger, i.e., to translate the disturbance provided by the mass term to seed stable or unstable flavor waves. We work out explicit examples to illustrate these points.

Decoherence effect in neutrinos produced in microquasar jets

We study the effect of decoherence upon the neutrino spectra produced in microquasar jets. In order to analyse the precession of the polarization vector of neutrinos we have calculated its time evolution by solving the corresponding equations of motion, and by assuming two different scenarios, namely: (i) the mixing between two active neutrinos, and (ii) the mixing between one active and one sterile neutrino. The results of the calculations corresponding to these scenarios show that the onset of decoherence does not depends on the activation of neutrino-neutrino interactions when realistic values of the coupling are used in the calculations. We discuss also the case of neutrinos produced in windy microquasars and compare the results which those obtained with more conventional models of microquasars.

Small neutrino masses from gravitationalθ-term

We present how a neutrino condensate and small neutrino masses emerge from a topological formulation of gravitational anomaly. We first recapitulate how a gravitational $\theta$-term leads to the emergence of a new bound neutrino state analogous to the $\eta'$ meson of QCD. Then we show the consequent formation of a neutrino vacuum condensate, which effectively generates small neutrino masses. Afterwards we outline several phenomenological consequences of our neutrino mass generation model. The cosmological neutrino mass bound vanishes since we predict the neutrinos to be massless until the phase transition in the late Universe, $T\sim {\rm meV}$. Deviations from an equal flavor rate due to enhanced neutrino decays in extraterrestrial neutrino fluxes can be observed in future IceCube data. The current cosmological neutrino background only consists of the lightest neutrinos, which, due to enhanced neutrino-neutrino interactions, either bind up, form a superfluid, or completely annihilate into massless bosons. Strongly coupled relic neutrinos could provide a contribution to cold dark matter in the late Universe, together with the new proposed particles and topological defects, which may have formed during neutrino condensation. These enhanced interactions could also be a source of relic neutrino clustering in our Galaxy, which possibly makes the overdense cosmic neutrino background detectable in the KATRIN experiment. The neutrino condensate provides a mass for the hypothetical $B-L$ gauge boson, leading to a gravity-competing force detectable in short-distance measurements. Gravitational waves detections have the potential to probe our neutrino mass generation mechanism.

Uncovering the matter-neutrino resonance

Matter Neutrino Resonances (MNRs) can drastically modify neutrino flavor evolution in astrophysical environments and may significantly impact nucleosynthesis. Here we further investigate the underlying physics of MNR type flavor transitions. We provide generalized resonance conditions and make analytical predictions for the behavior of the system. We discuss the adiabatic evolution of these transitions, considering both Symmetric and Standard scenarios. Symmetric MNR transitions differ from Standard MNR transitions in that both neutrinos and antineutrinos can completely transform to other flavors simultaneously. We provide an example of the simplest system in which such transitions can occur with a neutrino and an antineutrino having a single energy and emission angle. We further apply linearized stability analysis to predict the location of self-induced nutation type (or bipolar) oscillations due to neutrino-neutrino interactions in the regions where MNR is ineffective. In all cases, we compare our analytical predictions to numerical calculations.

Self-induced flavor instabilities of a dense neutrino stream in a two-dimensional model

We consider a simplifed model for self-induced flavor conversions of a dense neutrino gas in two dimensions, showing new solutions that spontaneously break the spatial symmetries of the initial conditions. As a result of the symmetry breaking induced by the neutrino-neutrino interactions, the coherent behavior of the neutrino gas becomes unstable. This instability produces large spatial variations in the flavor content of the ensemble. Furthermore, it also leads to the creation of domains of different net lepton number flux. The transition of the neutrino gas from a coherent to incoherent behavior shows an intriguing analogy with a streaming flow changing from laminar to turbulent regime. These finding would be relevant for the self-induced conversions of neutrinos streaming-off a supernova core.