Neutral Hydrogen Mass Research Articles

Spectral reconstruction for radiation hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy evolution

Radiation from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGN) plays an important role in galaxy formation and evolution, and profoundly transforms the intergalactic, circumgalactic, and interstellar medium (IGM, CGM, and ISM). On-the-fly radiative transfer (RT) has started being incorporated in cosmological simulations, but the complex evolving radiation spectra are often crudely approximated with a small number of broad bands with piece-wise constant intensity and a fixed photo-ionisation cross-section. Such a treatment is unable to capture the changes to the spectrum as light is absorbed while it propagates through a medium with non-zero opacity. This can lead to large errors in photo-ionisation and heating rates. In this work we present a novel approach of discretising the radiation field at discrete photon energies, at the edges of the typically used photo-ionising bands, in order to capture the power-law slope of the radiation field. In combination with power-law approximations for the photo-ionisation cross-sections, this model allows us to self-consistently combine radiation from sources with different spectra and accurately follow the ionisation states of primordial and metal species through time. The method is implemented in GASOLINE2 in connection with TREVR2, a fast reverse ray tracing algorithm with 𝒪(Nactive log2 N) scaling. We compare our new piece-wise power-law reconstruction to the piece-wise constant method in calculating the primordial chemistry photo-ionisation and heating rates under an evolving UV background (UVB) and stellar spectrum, and find that our method reduces errors significantly, by up to two orders of magnitude in the case of HeII ionisation. We apply our new spectral reconstruction method in RT post-processing of a cosmological zoom-in simulation, MUGS2 g1536, including radiation from stars and a live UVB, and find a significant increase in total neutral hydrogen (HI) mass in the ISM and the CGM due to shielding of the UVB and a low escape fraction of the stellar radiation. This demonstrates the importance of RT and an accurate spectral approximation in simulating the CGM-galaxy ecosystem.

The neutral hydrogen mass in galaxies estimated via optical spectroscopy

ABSTRACT We propose to employ emission line luminosities obtained via optical spectroscopy to estimate the content of neutral hydrogen (H i) in galaxies. We use the optical spectroscopy data from the Mapping of Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey released in the frames of public DR17 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We compare the H i mass estimated by us for a large sample of SDSS/MaNGA galaxies with direct H i measurements from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey and find a tight correlation between the masses with the correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.91 and the rms scatter of 0.15 dex for the logarithmic mass. The obtained relationship is verified via another sample of MaNGA galaxies with H i masses measured with the Green Bank Telescope. Despite the coarser angular resolution of the radio data, the relation between the estimated and measured directly H i mass is tight as well – in this case CC = 0.74 and the rms is 0.29 dex. The established relations allow us to estimate the total mass of neutral hydrogen as well as the spatial distribution of H i surface density in galaxies from optical spectroscopic observations only in a simple and efficient way.

Disk Galaxies Are Self-similar: The Universality of the H i-to-Halo Mass Ratio for Isolated Disks

Observed scaling relations in galaxies between baryons and dark matter global properties are key to shed light on the process of galaxy formation and on the nature of dark matter. Here, we study the scaling relation between the neutral hydrogen (H i) and dark matter mass in isolated rotationally supported disk galaxies at low redshift. We first show that state-of-the-art galaxy formation simulations predict that the H i-to-dark-halo mass ratio decreases with stellar mass for the most massive disk galaxies. We then infer dark matter halo masses from high-quality rotation curve data for isolated disk galaxies in the local Universe and report on the actual universality of the H i-to-dark halo mass ratio for these observed galaxies. This scaling relation holds for disks spanning a range of 4 orders of magnitude in stellar mass and 3 orders of magnitude in surface brightness. Accounting for the diversity of rotation curve shapes in our observational fits decreases the scatter of the H i-to-dark halo mass ratio while keeping it constant. This finding extends the previously reported discrepancy for the stellar-to-halo mass relation of massive disk galaxies within galaxy formation simulations to the realm of neutral atomic gas. Our result reveals that isolated galaxies with regularly rotating extended H i disks are surprisingly self-similar up to high masses, which hints at mass-independent self-regulation mechanisms that have yet to be fully understood.

H i Galaxy Detections in the Zone of Avoidance with FAST

The Zone of Avoidance (ZoA) is a region of low galactic latitude that is heavily obscured by the Milky Way. Observations with radio telescopes are basically unaffected by dust extinction and can unveil the structure behind it through the Milky Way. One of the scientific goals of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) is to search for the neutral hydrogen and understand the large-scale physics to explore the origin and evolution of the universe. We take the 15,500 IRAS (the Infrared Astronomical Satellite) galaxies from PSCz (“Point Source Catalog”) survey to reconstruct the density field of the local universe, obtain the distribution of the relative density of galaxies in the ZoA region with a redshift z below 0.07, and the number of detectable galaxies with FAST is estimated by using the neutral hydrogen mass function of the ALFA (Arecibo L-band Feed Array) survey. We conclude that FAST can observe more than 2000 ZoA galaxies within a distance of 300 Mpc , and present preliminary results of the partial GPPS (the FAST Galactic Plane Pulsar Snapshot survey) data, compared with ALFA ZoA (The Arecibo L-band Feed Array Zone of Avoidance), show that FAST has a higher detection sensitivity to search for H i galaxies in the ZoA area.

Inferring dark matter halo properties for H i-selected galaxies

ABSTRACT We set constraints on the dark matter halo mass and concentration of ∼22 000 individual galaxies visible both in $\rm{H}\, {\small I}$ (from the ALFALFA survey) and optical light (from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey). This is achieved by combining two Bayesian models, one for the $\rm{H}\, {\small I}$ line width as a function of the stellar and neutral hydrogen mass distributions in a galaxy using kinematic modelling, and the other for the galaxy’s total baryonic mass using the technique of inverse subhalo abundance matching. We hence quantify the constraining power on halo properties of spectroscopic and photometric observations, and assess their consistency. We find good agreement between the two sets of posteriors, although there is a sizeable population of low-line width galaxies that favour significantly smaller dynamical masses than expected from abundance matching (especially for cuspy halo profiles). Abundance matching provides significantly more stringent bounds on halo properties than the $\rm{H}\, {\small I}$ line width, even with a mass–concentration prior included, although combining the two provides a mean gain of 40 per cent for the sample when fitting an NFW profile. We also use our kinematic posteriors to construct a baryonic mass–halo mass relation, which we find to be near power law, and with a somewhat shallower slope than expected from abundance matching. Our method demonstrates the potential of combining photometric and spectroscopic observations to precisely map out the dark matter distribution at the galaxy scale using upcoming $\rm{H}\, {\small I}$ surveys such as the SKA.

Investigation of neutral hydrogen distribution and neutral hydrogen halo mass relation based on IllustrisTNG50

For the sake of investigating the observational data of the universe mass distribution using neutral hydrogen as a mass tracer, it is necessary to investigate the simulation prediction of the distribution of the neutral hydrogen. In this paper, the TNG50 is selected, which is the latest released part of IllustrisTNG project, as simulation data to study the distribution of gas and neutral hydrogen as well as the relation between the halo mass and the corresponding neutral hydrogen mass contained in each halo. The results show a tendency that most of neutral hydrogen are distributed within the halo and sub-halo structures. The neutral hydrogen halo mass relation is clearly shown and the function can be will produced by the conventional HI halo mass parameterization function. Based on the analysis, this paper fills the blank of other related works with most recent TNG50 data. These results offer a guideline for the following study about the halo model and pave a path to deeper understanding and investigating the hydrogen distribution in the cosmos.

The Hi Mass Function of Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 0.35

The neutral atomic hydrogen (Hi) mass function (HiMF) describes the distribution of the Hi content of galaxies at any epoch; its evolution provides an important probe of models of galaxy formation and evolution. Here, we report Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Hi 21 cm spectroscopy of blue star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 0.20–0.42 in the Extended Groth Strip, which has allowed us to determine the scaling relation between the average Hi mass (M Hi ) and the absolute B-band magnitude (M B ) of such galaxies at z ≈ 0.35, by stacking the Hi 21 cm emission signals of galaxy subsamples in different M B ranges. We combine this M Hi − M B scaling relation (with a scatter assumed to be equal to that in the local universe) with the known B-band luminosity function of star-forming galaxies at these redshifts to determine the HiMF at z ≈ 0.35. We show that the use of the correct scatter in the M Hi − M B scaling relation is critical for an accurate estimate of the HiMF. We find that the HiMF has evolved significantly from z ≈ 0.35 to z ≈ 0, i.e., over the last 4 Gyr, especially at the high-mass end. High-mass galaxies, with M Hi ≳ 1010 M ⊙, are a factor of ≈3.4 less prevalent at z ≈ 0.35 than at z ≈ 0. Conversely, there are more low-mass galaxies, with M Hi ≈ 109 M ⊙, at z ≈ 0.35 than in the local universe. While our results may be affected by cosmic variance, we find that massive star-forming galaxies have acquired a significant amount of Hi through merger events or accretion from the circumgalactic medium over the past 4 Gyr.

The dark matter haloes of HI selected galaxies

ABSTRACT We present the neutral hydrogen mass (MHI) function (HIMF) and velocity width (w50) function (HIWF) based on a sample of 7857 galaxies from the 40 per cent data release of the ALFALFA survey (α.40). The low mass (velocity width) end of the HIMF (HIWF) is dominated by the blue population of galaxies whereas the red population dominates the HIMF (HIWF) at the high mass (velocity width) end. We use a deconvolution method to estimate the HI rotational velocity (Vrot) functions (HIVF) from the HIWF for the total, red, and blue samples. The HIWF and HIVF for the red and blue samples are well separated at the knee of the function compared to their HIMFs. We then use recent stacking results from the ALFALFA survey to constrain the halo mass (Mh) function of HI-selected galaxies. This allows us to obtain various scaling relations between MHI−w50−Vrot−Mh, which we present. The MHI−Mh relation has a steep slope ∼2.10 at small masses and flattens to ∼0.34 at masses larger than a transition halo mass, $\log _{10}(M_{\rm{ht}}h_{70}^2/M_{\odot })=10.62$. Our scaling relation is robust and consistent with a volume-limited sample of α.40. The MHI−Mh relation is qualitatively similar to the Mstar−Mh relation but the transition halo mass is smaller by ∼1.4 dex compared to that of the Mstar−Mh relation. Our results suggest that baryonic processes like heating and feedback in larger mass haloes suppress HI gas on a shorter time-scale compared to star formation.

The ALFALFA H i velocity width function

ABSTRACT We make the most precise determination to date of the number density of extragalactic 21-cm radio sources as a function of their spectral line widths – the H i velocity width function (H i WF) – based on 21 827 sources from the final $7000\, \mathrm{deg}^2$ data release of the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey. The number density of sources as a function of their neutral hydrogen masses – the H i mass function (H i MF) – has previously been reported to have a significantly different low-mass slope and ‘knee mass’ in the two sky regions surveyed during ALFALFA. In contrast with this, we find that the shape of the H i WF in the same two sky regions is remarkably similar, consistent with being identical within the confidence intervals implied by the data (but the overall normalization differs). The spatial uniformity of the H i WF implies that it is likely a stable tracer of the mass function of dark matter haloes, in spite of the environmental processes to which the measured variation in the H i MF are attributed, at least for galaxies containing enough neutral hydrogen to be detected. This insensitivity of the H i WF to galaxy formation and evolution can be exploited to turn it into a powerful constraint on cosmological models as future surveys yield increasingly precise measurements. We also report on the possible influence of a previously overlooked systematic error affecting the H i WF, which may plausibly see its low-velocity slope steepen by ∼40 per cent in analyses of future, deeper surveys. Finally, we provide an updated estimate of the ALFALFA completeness limit.

The Hubble PanCET program: long-term chromospheric evolution and flaring activity of the M dwarf host GJ 3470

Neptune-size exoplanets seem particularly sensitive to atmospheric evaporation, making it essential to characterize the stellar high-energy radiation that drives this mechanism. This is particularly important with M dwarfs, which emit a large and variable fraction of their luminosity in the ultraviolet and can display strong flaring behavior. The warm Neptune GJ 3470b, hosted by an M2 dwarf, was found to harbor a giant exosphere of neutral hydrogen thanks to three transits observed with the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS). Here we report on three additional transit observations from the Panchromatic Comparative Exoplanet Treasury program, obtained with the HST Cosmic Origin Spectrograph. These data confirm the absorption signature from GJ 3470b’s exosphere in the stellar Lyman-α line and demonstrate its stability over time. No planetary signatures are detected in other stellar lines, setting a 3σ limit on GJ 3470b’s far-ultraviolet (FUV) radius at 1.3 times its Roche lobe radius. We detect three flares from GJ 3470. They show different spectral energy distributions but peak consistently in the Si III line, which traces intermediate-temperature layers in the transition region. These layers appear to play a particular role in GJ 3470’s activity as emission lines that form at lower or higher temperatures than Si III evolved differently over the long term. Based on the measured emission lines, we derive synthetic X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet (X+EUV, or XUV) spectra for the six observed quiescent phases, covering one year, as well as for the three flaring episodes. Our results suggest that most of GJ 3470’s quiescent high-energy emission comes from the EUV domain, with flares amplifying the FUV emission more strongly. The neutral hydrogen photoionization lifetimes and mass loss derived for GJ 3470b show little variation over the epochs, in agreement with the stability of the exosphere. Simulations informed by our XUV spectra are required to understand the atmospheric structure and evolution of GJ 3470b and the role played by evaporation in the formation of the hot-Neptune desert.

The distribution of neutral hydrogen in the colour–magnitude plane of galaxies

ABSTRACT We present the conditional H i (neutral hydrogen) mass function (HIMF) conditioned on observed optical properties, Mr (r-band absolute magnitude), and Cur (u − r colour), for a sample of 7709 galaxies from Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (40 per cent data release – α.40) which overlaps with a common volume in SDSS DR7. Based on the conditional HIMF, we find that the luminous red, luminous blue, and faint blue populations dominate the total HIMF at the high-mass end, knee, and the low-mass end, respectively. We use the conditional HIMF to derive the underlying distribution function of ΩH i (H i density parameter), p(ΩH i), in the colour–magnitude plane of galaxies. The distribution, p(ΩH i), peaks in the blue cloud at $\mathit{ M_{{r}}}^{\text{max}}=-19.25, \mathit{ C_{{ur}}}^{\text{max}}=1.44$ but is skewed. It has a long tail towards faint blue galaxies, and luminous red galaxies. We argue that p(ΩH i) can be used to reveal the underlying relation between cold gas, stellar mass, and the star formation rate in an unbiased way, that is, the derived relation does not suffer from survey or sample selection.

Extended He ii 4686 emission in Markarian 387

ABSTRACT In order to explore the effect of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the interstellar medium of its host galaxy, we selected a promising case for study, Markarian 387 (Mrk 387), based on the strength of its extended He ii 4686 emission, a high-ionization line that can be excited by a hard source of radiation. We use area-resolved spectroscopy from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey and the availability of additional multiwavelength data. Besides harbouring an obscured AGN and the extended He ii 4686 emission, Mrk 387 has a number of other unusual properties, including a high far-infrared luminosity, a low neutral hydrogen mass compared to the stellar mass, a high Hα luminosity and high Hα equivalent width throughout the disc, and strong He i 5876 in the exterior regions. He ii 4686 and [O iii] 5008 extend with a bilateral morphology beyond 6 kpc from the nucleus. We interpret this emission as due to photoionization from the central source, where the interstellar medium must be sufficiently porous to allow the ionizing flux to reach these relatively distant regions.

Atomic Hydrogen in Star-forming Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts

Abstract We have used the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope to carry out a deep (117 on-source hours) L-band observation of the Extended Groth Strip, to measure the average neutral hydrogen (H i) mass and median star formation rate (SFR) of star-forming galaxies, as well as the cosmic H i mass density, at 0.2 < z < 0.4. This was done by stacking the H i 21 cm emission and the rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio continuum from 445 blue star-forming galaxies with M B ≤ −17 at z mean ≈ 0.34. The stacked H i 21 cm emission signal is detected at ≈7σ significance, implying an average H i mass of . We also stacked the rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio continuum emission of the same galaxies to obtain a median SFR of (0.54 ± 0.06) M ⊙ yr−1; this implies an atomic gas depletion timescale of Δt H i = (≈9) Gyr, consistent with values in star-forming galaxies in the local universe. This indicates that the star formation efficiency does not change significantly over the redshift range 0–0.4. We used the detection of the stacked H i 21 cm emission signal to infer the normalized cosmic H i mass density (ρ H i /ρ c,0) in star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 0.34. Assuming the local relation between H i mass and absolute B-magnitude, we obtain ρ H i /ρ c,0 = (4.81 ± 0.75) × 10−4, implying no significant evolution in ρ H i /ρ c,0 from z ≈ 0.4 to the present epoch.

Painting galaxies into dark matter haloes using machine learning

We develop a machine learning (ML) framework to populate large dark matter-only simulations with baryonic galaxies. Our ML framework takes input halo properties including halo mass, environment, spin, and recent growth history, and outputs central galaxy and halo baryonic properties including stellar mass ($M_*$), star formation rate (SFR), metallicity ($Z$), neutral ($\rm HI$) and molecular ($\rm H_2$) hydrogen mass. We apply this to the MUFASA cosmological hydrodynamic simulation, and show that it recovers the mean trends of output quantities with halo mass highly accurately, including following the sharp drop in SFR and gas in quenched massive galaxies. However, the scatter around the mean relations is under-predicted. Examining galaxies individually, at $z=0$ the stellar mass and metallicity are accurately recovered ($\sigma\lesssim 0.2$~dex), but SFR and $\rm HI$ show larger scatter ($\sigma\gtrsim 0.3$~dex); these values improve somewhat at $z=1,2$. Remarkably, ML quantitatively recovers second parameter trends in galaxy properties, e.g. that galaxies with higher gas content and lower metallicity have higher SFR at a given $M_*$. Testing various ML algorithms, we find that none perform significantly better than the others, nor does ensembling improve performance, likely because none of the algorithms reproduce the large observed scatter around the mean properties. For the random forest algorithm, we find that halo mass and nearby ($\sim 200$~kpc) environment are the most important predictive variables followed by growth history, while halo spin and $\sim$Mpc scale environment are not important. Finally we study the impact of additionally inputting key baryonic properties $M_*$, SFR and $Z$, as would be available e.g. from an equilibrium model, and show that particularly providing the SFR enables $\rm HI$ to be recovered substantially more accurately.

Blowing in the Milky Way Wind: Neutral Hydrogen Clouds Tracing the Galactic Nuclear Outflow

Abstract We present the results of a new sensitive survey of neutral hydrogen above and below the Galactic Center with the Green Bank Telescope. The observations extend up to Galactic latitude with an effective angular resolution of 9.′5 and an average rms brightness temperature noise of 40 mK in a 1 channel. The survey reveals the existence of a population of anomalous high-velocity clouds extending up to heights of about 1.5 kpc from the Galactic plane and showing no signature of Galactic rotation. These clouds have local standard of rest velocities , and assuming a Galactic Center origin, they have sizes of a few tens of parsec and neutral hydrogen masses spanning . Accounting for selection effects, the cloud population is symmetric in longitude, latitude, and V LSR. We model the cloud kinematics in terms of an outflow expanding from the Galactic Center and find the population consistent with being material moving with radial velocity distributed throughout a bicone with opening angle . This simple model implies an outflow luminosity erg s−1 over the past 10 Myr, consistent with star formation feedback in the inner region of the Milky Way, with a cold gas mass-loss rate . These clouds may represent the cold gas component accelerated in the nuclear wind driven by our Galaxy, although some of the derived properties challenge current theoretical models of the entrainment process.

Low-amplitude clustering in low-redshift 21-cm intensity maps cross-correlated with 2dF galaxy densities

We report results from 21-cm intensity maps acquired from the Parkes radio telescope and cross-correlated with galaxy maps from the 2dF galaxy survey. The data span the redshift range $0.057<z<0.098$ and cover approximately 1,300 square degrees over two long fields. Cross correlation is detected at a significance of $5.18\sigma$. The amplitude of the cross-power spectrum is low relative to the expected dark matter power spectrum, assuming a neutral hydrogen (HI) bias and mass density equal to measurements from the ALFALFA survey. The decrement is pronounced and statistically significant at small scales. At $k\sim1.5$ $ h \mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}$, the cross power spectrum is more than a factor of 6 lower than expected, with a significance of $14.8\,\sigma$. This decrement indicates either a lack of clustering of neutral hydrogen (HI), a small correlation coefficient between optical galaxies and HI, or some combination of the two. Separating 2dF into red and blue galaxies, we find that red galaxies are much more weakly correlated with HI on $k\sim1.5$ $h \mathrm{Mpc^{-1}}$ scales, suggesting that HI is more associated with blue star-forming galaxies and tends to avoid red galaxies.

Can the Discrepancy between Locally and Globally Derived Neutral Hydrogen Mass Functions be Explained by a Varying Value of M ⋆?

Abstract I investigate whether it is possible to reconcile the recent Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo L-band Feed Array (ALFALFA) observation that the neutral hydrogen mass function (HIMF) across different galactic densities has the same, non-flat, faint-end slope, with observations of isolated galaxies and many galaxy groups that show their HIMFs to have flat faint-end slopes. I find that a fairly simple model in which the position of the knee in the mass function of each individual group is allowed to vary is able to account for both of these observations. If this model reflects reality, the ALFALFA results point to an interesting “conspiracy” whereby the differing group HIMFs always sum up to form global HIMFs with the same faint-end slope in different environments. More generally, this result implies that global environmental HIMFs do not necessarily reflect the HIMFs in individual groups belonging to that environment and cannot be used to directly measure variations in group-specific HIMFs with environment.

The SILCC project – IV. Impact of dissociating and ionizing radiation on the interstellar medium and Hα emission as a tracer of the star formation rate

We present three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of the impact of stellar winds, photoelectric heating, photodissociating and photoionising radiation, and supernovae on the chemical composition and star formation in a stratified disc model. This is followed with a sink-based model for star clusters with populations of individual massive stars. Stellar winds and ionising radiation regulate the star formation rate at a factor of ~10 below the simulation with only supernova feedback due to their immediate impact on the ambient interstellar medium after star formation. Ionising radiation (with winds and supernovae) significantly reduces the ambient densities for most supernova explosions to rho < 10^-25 g cm^-3, compared to 10^-23 g cm^-3 for the model with only winds and supernovae. Radiation from massive stars reduces the amount of molecular hydrogen and increases the neutral hydrogen mass and volume filling fraction. Only this model results in a molecular gas depletion time scale of 2 Gyr and shows the best agreement with observations. In the radiative models, the Halpha emission is dominated by radiative recombination as opposed to collisional excitation (the dominant emission in non-radiative models), which only contributes ~1-10 % to the total Halpha emission. Individual massive stars (M >= 30 M_sun) with short lifetimes are responsible for significant fluctuations in the Halpha luminosities. The corresponding inferred star formation rates can underestimate the true instantaneous star formation rate by factors of ~10.

The spatial distribution of neutral hydrogen as traced by low H i mass galaxies

The formation and evolution of galaxies with low neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) masses, M$_{\rm HI}$$<$10$^{8}h^{-2}$M$_{\odot}$, are affected by host dark matter halo mass and photoionisation feedback from the UV background after the end of reionization. We study how the physical processes governing the formation of galaxies with low HI mass are imprinted on the distribution of neutral hydrogen in the Universe using the hierarchical galaxy formation model, GALFORM. We calculate the effect on the correlation function of changing the HI mass detection threshold at redshifts $0 \le z \le 0.5$. We parameterize the clustering as $\xi(r)=(r/r_{0})^{-\gamma}$ and we find that including galaxies with M$_{\rm HI}$$<$10$^{8}h^{-2}$M$_{\odot}$ increases the clustering amplitude $r_{0}$ and slope $\gamma$ compared to samples of higher HI masses. This is due to these galaxies with low HI masses typically being hosted by haloes with masses greater than 10$^{12}{h}^{-1}$M$_{\odot}$, and is in contrast to optically selected surveys for which the inclusion of faint, blue galaxies lowers the clustering amplitude. We show the HI mass function for different host dark matter halo masses and galaxy types (central or satellite) to interpret the values of $r_{0}$ and $\gamma$ of the clustering of HI-selected galaxies. We also predict the contribution of low HI mass galaxies to the 21cm intensity mapping signal. We calculate that a dark matter halo mass resolution better than $\sim$10$^{10}{h}^{-1}$M$_{\odot}$ at redshifts higher than 0.5 is required in order to predict converged 21cm brightness temperature fluctuations.

Constraining a halo model for cosmological neutral hydrogen

We describe a combined halo model to constrain the distribution of neutral hydrogen (HI) in the post-reionization universe. We combine constraints from the various probes of HI at different redshifts: the low-redshift 21-cm emission line surveys, intensity mapping experiments at intermediate redshifts, and the Damped Lyman-Alpha (DLA) observations at higher redshifts. We use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to combine the observations and place constraints on the free parameters in the model. Our best-fit model involves a relation between neutral hydrogen mass $M_{\rm HI}$ and halo mass $M$ with a non-unit slope, and an upper and a lower cutoff. We find that the model fits all the observables but leads to an underprediction of the bias parameter of DLAs at $z \sim 2.3$. We also find indications of a possible tension between the HI column density distribution and the mass function of HI-selected galaxies at $z\sim 0$. We provide the central values of the parameters of the best-fit model so derived. We also provide a fitting form for the derived evolution of the concentration parameter of HI in dark matter haloes, and discuss the implications for the redshift evolution of the HI-halo mass relation.