Neutral Fashion Research Articles

The Problems (and possible solutions) of assessing risk, race and recidivism in long operating drug treatment courts

Formal criminogenic risk tools can be an important control in assessing racial inequities in access to treatment courts and in evaluating both proximal and distal outcomes from those programs. To achieve this potential, however, it is important that risk tools themselves operate in a racially neutral fashion and that they operate consistently over the period assessed. Tools that are not properly calibrated by race and changes in the tools used over the life of a program are therefore significant evaluation concerns. Our paper is the first to assess the adequacy of an important risk-needs instrument, the LSI-R, across racial groups in a drug treatment court setting. The main contribution of the current study is not as a test of that instrument, which has been widely studied in other settings. Rather, because two different criminogenic risk tools were used over the study time period, we took this opportunity to explore the use of a readily constructible “proxy” measure of risk to support analysis of risk and race interactions over the life of the program.

Handling racism in a radio phone-in programme: Telling it like it is

It is widely acknowledged that broadcast programmes are produced to serve the public’s interest. Presenting the programmes in a neutral and objective fashion, and engaging the audience in forming opinions, are common ways of achieving this. However, studies have suggested that there is a departure from these practices when the object of broadcast becomes societal problems such as racism. This case study examines how a presenter responds to a caller’s abuse in two live radio shows, and how she sets out a programme - and a new conversation - using her personal experience of racism/xenophobia. Using conversation analysis and discursive psychology, we studied the situated use of language and the actions being brought about. We found that the presenter assesses the caller’s abuse by rudeness on the spot, formulating the call as disruptive to an ongoing conversation. On the following day, the presenter revisits, and topicalises, this call as xenophobia and racism. Our analysis revealed that the presenter’s shift in evaluating this call is grounded in, and licensed by, her drawing on and cultivating a sympathetic listenership, characterising the call as race-driven, and formulating her personal experience as of public’s concern. Our findings spotlight the presenter’s orientation to her moral accountability in talking about racism, and the potential of broadcast in leading conversations on anti-racism.

What Is Islamic History? Muslims, Non-Muslims and the History of Everyone Else

Abstract This is a work of historical criticism, not a research article or a book review. It re-examines what we mean by ‘Islamic’ when we speak about the discipline of ‘Islamic history’, the standard term for the history of the lands where Muslims were politically and, in some senses, culturally dominant, especially during the Middle Ages. It investigates the consequences of this implicitly religious label for who is included in the grand narrative (Muslims, chiefly Sunnīs) and who is not (non-Muslims and Muslim minorities). It then proposes an alternative approach that favours geography and political periodisation as ways of organising how we think about the past in a more neutral fashion.

Synthesis, characterization, and molecular docking of novel biologically active anticancer 5-(4,6-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-ylazo)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione metal complexes

New 5-(4,6-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-ylazo)-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione and its cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), palladium (II), chromium (III) and ruthenium (III) chelates were synthesized. Except for Co(II) and Ru(III), which have 1:1 electrolytic character, and Cr(III) chelate which has 1:3, all chelates were non-electrolytes. IR suggested that H3L coordinated with all cations in a keto neutral fashion as NO-bidentate. All chelates possessed octahedral geometrical structure, with the exception of Pd(II) one, which had a square planar structure. All breakdown steps obeyed first-order kinetics with positive ΔH ∗ and Δ𝐺∗ and negative ΔS∗ values. The chelates had higher cytotoxic activity rather than ligand, especially Pd(II) complex. By comparison of the IC50 values on tumor and normal cell lines, the complexes affect only tumor tissue, while the normal cells are not affected. Molecular docking was studied.

Implementation of Integrated Marketing Communication for ERIGO Brand Through Instagram

Today, the internet has made many things easier for business, including ERIGO, a local fashion brand from Indonesia. With the rapid development of fashion trends, consumers desire to be looked modern, stylish, and fashionable. This brand adopts a neutral fashion, making it suitable for individuals of any gender. In its marketing strategy, ERIGO incorporates Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC). This research examines the application of IMC to ERIGO brand through the Instagram social media platform. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach with a content analysis methodology, incorporating a literature study and documentation data collection method. The study's results indicate that the utilization of hashtags and visually appealing content has a positive impact on brand awareness, contributing to the formation of a positive image for ERIGO. Furthermore, ERIGO has effectively established relationships with its target audience, collaborated closely with influencers to expand its reach, and presented interesting, high-quality visual content. The target audience for ERIGO brand can be defined based on gender, specifically as unisex. This research contributes significantly by offering valuable insights into implementing Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) for ERIGO brand through the Instagram social media platform.

Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade.

Covarying suites of phenotypic traits, or modules, are increasingly recognized to promote morphological evolution. However, information on how modularity influences flower diversity is rare and lacking for Orchidaceae. Here, we combine high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test various hypotheses about three-dimensional patterns of flower evolutionary modularity in Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids and examine rates and modes of module evolution. Based on the four evolutionary modules identified (i.e., sepals, lateral petals, labellum + column-foot, and column-part), our data support the hypothesis that both genetic-developmental and functional adaptive factors shaped evolutionary flower trait covariation in these tropical orchids. In line with "evo-devo" studies, we also find that the labellum evolved independently from the rest of the petal whorl. Finally, we show that modules evolved with different rates, and either in a neutral fashion (only column-part) or under selective constraints, as likely imposed by pollinators. Overall, this study supports current views that modular units can enhance the range and rate of morphological evolution.

New organoruthenium(II) complexes containing N, X-donor (X = O, S) heterocyclic chelators: Synthesis, spectral characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis investigation

Four Schiff base ligands namely ((1E)-1-(1-(6-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) ethylidene)semicarbazide) (HL1), ((1E)-1-(1-(6-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene thiosemicarbazide) (HL2), ((1E)-1-(1-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene) semicarbazide) (HL3) and ((1E)-1-(1-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene) thiosemicarbazide) (HL4) have been prepared, and the direct reaction of these ligands with [RuCl2(η6-p-cymene)]2 yielded the new cationic ruthenium(II) arene complexes (C I - C IV). The compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the ligands coordinated to ruthenium ion in a neutral bidentate fashion via N & S/O atoms. The in vitro anticancer activity of the ligands and complexes have been screened using MTT assay with two cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and A549 (human lung carcinoma). Interestingly, the cytotoxic nature of the complexes is much more potent than the standard drug cisplatin and their parent ligands with low IC50 values. The non-toxic nature of the compounds has been confirmed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells HUVEC cells. The morphological changes of the MCF-7 and A549 cells with the complexes C I- C IV have been studied by AO-EB (Acridine Orange-Ethidium Bromide) and Hoechst staining methods, and these results revealed that the complexes induced cell death only through apoptosis. The cytotoxic nature of the compounds was found to be C IV > C III > C II > C I > cisplatin > ligands. Complex C IV showed better activity due to the electron-donating hydroxyl group present in the 7th position of the coumarin ring. These results highlighted the strong possibility to develop highly active ruthenium arene complexes as anticancer agents.

Talking about people who are not there: Children’s early references to absent caregivers and absent friends

Research on the development of children’s decontextualized language has focused primarily on their references to events displaced in time. Here, we examine children’s early emerging ability to talk about individuals who are elsewhere and therefore not participating in the conversation. We analyzed the references made by three Mandarin-speaking children aged 20–40 months to absent members of their social network. Even in the earliest period of the study (20–26 months), children produced a considerable number of such references, with the majority initiated either fully or partially by the children themselves. Thus, children were not simply echoing references made by their interlocutors. These early references often expressed attachment-related concerns with respect to absent family members. For example, children expressed a desire for the absent family member, called out their name, or asked about their location. Over time, however, they talked about absent individuals, including family members, in a more neutral or reflective fashion, commenting on their characteristics and activities. The findings highlight the early emergence of references that are displaced in space from the utterance context.

The failure mode of a mechanically loaded equine medial femoral condyle analog with a void and the impact of lag and neutral screw placement.

To determine the failure method of simulated equine medial femoral condyle (MFC) subchondral bone defects under compression and the influence of screw placement on failure resistance. In vitro study. Composite disks (CD) simulating the moduli of yearling bone in the MFC. Four CD conditions were tested, all with a 12.7 mm void (n=6 per condition): intact (no void), void only, void with a 4.5 mm screw placed in neutral fashion, and void with a 4.5 mm screw placed in lag fashion. Composite disks of each condition were tested under monotonic compression to 6000 N and cyclic compression to 10 000 cycles. Observable failure, load at first observable failure, and displacement at peak 2000 N load were compared among conditions. Specimens failed by cracking at the superior aspect of the void or the screw exit hole. After monotonic loading, cracks were observed 6/6 CD with a void, 6/6 CD with a void/lag screw, and 5/6 CD with a void/neutral screw. After cyclical testing, cracks were noted only on the superior aspect of 6/6 CD with a void and 3/6 CD with a void/lag screw. Displacement at peak load was 0.06 mm (intact), 0.32 mm (void), 0.24 mm (void/lag screw), and 0.11 mm (void/neutral screw). Model MFC voids failed by superior cracking that was resisted by lag and neutral screw placement. Neutral screws may be an acceptable treatment for subchondral lucencies in the MFC.

Functional groups, determinism and the dynamics of a tropical forest

Abstract Unravelling the drivers of forests dynamics is one of the main challenges in tree community ecology. These drivers include niche differentiation, dispersal limitation and stochasticity. Previous work has demonstrated that these mechanisms likely interact such that no one process is responsible for forest dynamics. One possibility is that the functional composition in a forest changes in a deterministic fashion, but the abundances of individual species that are functionally similar and have similar life‐history strategies drift in a neutral fashion. This framework aligns with the functional group‐based version of the neutral theory proposed more than 30 years ago, but it has remained poorly understood and is not well‐integrated in tree community ecology. To investigate the possibility that determinism and neutrality may operate on the functional and species levels, respectively, we studied the long‐term dynamics of trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Specifically, we sorted tree species into functional groups. We defined them as groups of species that cluster together based upon continuous functional trait measurements that are believed to reflect key life‐history trade‐offs. This information was then used to quantify the observed species and functional group dynamics in the forest and to compare them to that expected from neutral simulations. We found that forest dynamics are likely governed by deterministic processes at the between‐functional group level where species relative abundances change or drift through time within group. Species rank distributions for each functional group remained relatively stable suggesting that these groups may act as broad adaptive zones for both common and rare species that may promote species coexistence. Moreover, we found that these functional groups associate with different habitats in the forest. Synthesis. The results indicate that deterministic processes control the relative proportion of each functional group in the tropical forest studied and that individual species within groups may have apparently neutral dynamics. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that observed stable functional group relative proportions can be produced by deterministic or neutral dynamics, which underscores the importance of comparing the observed functional dynamics to that expected under neutral dynamics.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterisation, corrosion inhibition studies and dyeing properties of lanthanide(III) complexes of 1-[(3-carboxyethyl-4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-yl)azo]-2-naphthol

Ligational behaviour of the heterocyclic ligand obtained by coupling of diazotized 2-amino-3-carboxyethyl-4,5-dimethylthiophene with β-naphthol towards some selected lanthanide(III) ions has been studied. Various spectral and physico-chemical techniques have been used to confirm the coordination sites of the ligand (HTAN) and its lanthanide(III) complexes. It has been observed that these ligands coordinate to the metal ions in a neutral tridentate fashion. Thermal stability of metal chelates and structural stability of the chelating agent has been studied by thermal analysis. As lanthanides and azo dyes are reported as good corrosion inhibitors we have examined the corrosion inhibition activities of HTAN and its metal complexes. Also dyeing properties of the azo dye and some of its selected complexes towards cotton fabrics has been evaluated, as the traditional application field of the synthetic azo dyes still remains in the textile industry.

From hierarchies to markets and partially back again in electricity: responding to decarbonization and security of supply goals

AbstractElectric power sectors around the world have changed dramatically in the last 25 years as a result of sector liberalization policies. Many electricity sectors are now pursuing deep decarbonization goals which will entail replacing dispatchable fossil generation primarily with intermittent renewable generation (wind and solar) over the next 20–30 years. This transition creates new challenges for both short-term wholesale market design and investment incentives consistent with achieving both decarbonization commitments and security of supply criteria. Thinking broadly about the options for institutional change from a Williamsonian perspective – thinking like Williamson – provides a useful framework for examining institutional adaptation. Hybrid markets that combine ‘competition for the market’ that relies on competitive procurement for long-term purchased power agreements with wind, solar, and storage developers, ideally in a technology neutral fashion, and ‘competition in the market’ that relies on short-term markets designed to produce efficient and reliable operations of intermittent generation and storage, is identified as a promising direction for institutional adaptation. Many auction, contract, and market integration issues remain to be resolved.

Anticancer and DNA Interaction of New Zinc(II), Palladium(II), Platinum(II) and Silver(I) Complexes Based on Indol-3-Acetic Acid; Solid and Solution Studies

The syntheses of new zinc(II), palladium(II), platinum(II) and silver(I) complexes of indol-3-acetic acid (HIAA) as a primary chelate and N,N- (2,2’-bipyridyl; bpy) or P- (triphenylphosphine; PPh3) as secondary chelate are reported. The molecular structures of these complexes are discussed based on spectral {IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 31P), UV–Vis, and EI and maldi-mass}, elemental analysis, molar conductivity and TGA measurements. HIAA coordinates the metal ions through the two O-atoms of -COO-, deprotonated O = C-O- or carbonyl O-atom (HO-C = O) in a mononegative bidentate, mononegative monodentate or neutral monodentate fashion, respectively. In case of the binuclear Ag(I) complex, HIAA behaves as mononegative bidentate ligand, binding two Ag(I) ions through both carbonyl O- and deprotonated -O- atoms. The dissociation constant (pKa) of HIAA was determined and the stoichiometry of the complexes in solution was established using the molar ratio and Job’s methods. The anticancer activity of some of the complexes was examined against the human ovarian cancer (VC-8-BRCA and VC-8) cell lines. The DNA-binding properties of the water-soluble complexes were investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy. The complexes may undergo intercalative CT-DNA binding in view of their hypochromism. The binding constants (Kb ) of the complexes with CT-DNA show high-to-moderate binding abilities. Highlight New Zn(II), Pd(II), Pt(II) and Ag(I) complexes of indole-3-acetic acid (HIAA) are reported. The structure of the complexes has been discussed based on physico-chemical measurements. In vitro anticancer activities the complexes against human ovarian cancer (VC-8-BRCA & VC-8) cell lines have been tested. DNA-binding properties of some of the complexes have been studied

Adamantios Korais and His Turkish Notes

The existing scholarship on Adamantios Korais has rightly placed him at the center of the debates on the Greek Enlightenment and the Greek language controversy, yet there is a lacuna regarding Korais's preoccupation with the numerous other languages that he studied. Among them, Turkish presents a peculiar case. Some scholars have formed a certain image of Korais by correlating his anti-Ottoman stance with his linguistic program for the purification of the Greek language, defining that program primarily as the elimination of Turkish words from Greek. Other scholars have carefully refrained from associating Korais's views on politics and language, and yet they, too, have not adequately explained his position regarding the Turkish language. An unpublished and miscatalogued manuscript discovered among Korais's personal papers in Chios now enables a more accurate and complete vision of his conception of the Turkish language. This manuscript, which attests to Korais's studies of Turkish vocabulary, suggests that he approached Turkish in a neutral and professional fashion. The manuscript, particularly in view of the potential motivations for preparing it, also sheds light on Korais's general methods for studying languages other than Greek.

Maximizing PHB content in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: a new metabolic engineering strategy based on the regulator PirC

BackgroundPHB (poly-hydroxy-butyrate) represents a promising bioplastic alternative with good biodegradation properties. Furthermore, PHB can be produced in a completely carbon–neutral fashion in the natural producer cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. This strain has been used as model system in past attempts to boost the intracellular production of PHB above ~ 15% per cell-dry-weight (CDW).ResultsWe have created a new strain that lacks the regulatory protein PirC (product of sll0944), which exhibits a higher activity of the phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in increased PHB pools under nutrient limiting conditions. To further improve the intracellular PHB content, two genes involved in PHB metabolism, phaA and phaB, from the known producer strain Cupriavidus necator, were introduced under the control of the strong promotor PpsbA2. The resulting strain, termed PPT1 (ΔpirC-REphaAB), produced high amounts of PHB under continuous light as well under a day-night regime. When grown in nitrogen and phosphorus depleted medium, the cells produced up to 63% per CDW. Upon the addition of acetate, the content was further increased to 81% per CDW. The produced polymer consists of pure PHB, which is highly isotactic.ConclusionThe amounts of PHB achieved with PPT1 are the highest ever reported in any known cyanobacterium and demonstrate the potential of cyanobacteria for a sustainable, industrial production of PHB.

Analyzing media–government relations on policy issues in the semi-democratic milieu of Pakistan

In this study, the researcher examines some of the key arguments in the scholarship on media–government relations by analyzing press reporting of four different events in the securitized context of Pakistan. For this purpose, framing analysis of one elite English newspaper Dawn and one popular Urdu newspaper daily Jang was conducted. Overall, the results are mixed. The tragic event of Salala check post did not result in critical coverage. On the other hand, policy uncertainty on participation in the Yemeni conflict produced critical coverage. In case of Kashmir conflict, the broader political consensus was responsible for supportive coverage. Similarly, the unpopular step of giving extension to army chief was mainly reported in neutral fashion with some procedural criticism.

Complexes based N,N-donors (2,2′-bipyridyl & 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzimidazole); Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction and toxicity assessment against Chlorella vulgaris microchlorophyte; X-ray crystal structure of [Zn(bpy)3)]Cl2

The syntheses of some N,N-donors, 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) and 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzimidazole (HAPB) complexes are reported. The structures of the complexes are discussed on the bases of their IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 31P), UV–Vis, and EI and maldi-mass spectra, elemental analyses, molar conductivities and TGA behaviour. HAPB coordinates to the central metal ions in neutral monodentate {[Au(HAPB)Cl3], cis-[MoO2(HAPB)(DMF)Cl2], [Pd(HAPB)(H2O)Cl2], [M(HAPB)(PPh3)Cl2] and [Pd(bpy)(HAPB)Cl]Cl} or bidentate {[Zn(HAPB)2](ClO4)2, [Zn(PPh3)(HAPB)Cl2(H2O)], [Ag(L)(HAPB)]NO3 (L = bpy, PPh3), [M(HAPB)Cl2] (M(II) = Pd, Pt), [Rh(HAPB)2Cl2]Cl and [Rh(PPh3)(HAPB)Cl]Cl2} fashion, via the imidazole N- atom or both amino N- and imidazole N-atoms, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex, [Zn(bpy)3)]Cl2, has been determined. It has been crystallized in a monoclinic lattice with space group symmetry P2/n. The Zn(II) ion is coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry by the two nitrogen atoms of three bpy moieties in the expected neutral bidentate fashion. The stoichiometries and the formation constants of Pd(II), Pt(II), [M(L)Cl2] (L = bpy, 2PPh3) complexes have been determined using both Job's and the molar ratio methods. The DNA-binding constants of some of the complexes have been calculated based on UV–vis spectroscopy. The results indicate intercalative CT-DNA binding in view of their hypochromism and low-to-moderate binding abilities. The DNA binding abilities of the complexes follow the order [Pd(PPh3)(HAPB)Cl2] > [Pt(HAPB)Cl2] > [Pd(HAPB)(H2O)Cl2] > [Pd(HAPB)Cl2], which may result from steric hindrance around the metal ions comes from HAPB with bpy or PPh3 chelates. Moreover, the toxicity of HAPB and its Pd(II) complexes against the microchlorophyte (Chlorella vulgaris) have been assessed.

'My insanity in the year 1783', by C.S. Andresen (1801).

The literature of the past has included self-reports by the mentally ill since before Roy Porter reminded us that their views and experiences constitute an important document for historians of psychiatry. The value of these self-reports can be enhanced if their potential biases and informational power are duly determined. This Classic Text concerns a self-report of a form of periodic madness written by an eighteenth-century Danish vicar. It shows how the same document can be presented in a more or less neutral fashion by a medical historian (Maar) or used as 'evidence' for some 'ontological' view of madness by a clinician (Rasmussen).

(Energy Technology Division Research Award Address) Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Path Towards a Carbon Neutral Chemical Industry?

The chemical and fuel industry today relies on fossil fuels as its major feedstock and applies a variety of energy-intense thermal / catalytic processes to convert this feed into different intermediates or bulk chemicals and fuels. Many of these processes are responsible for a sizeable fraction of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are contributing to global warming and associated issues such as climate change, rising sea levels, and more erratic weather patterns. In contrast, the use of CO2 as the feedstock for the production of bulk chemicals such as CO, ethylene, and ethanol via electrochemical CO2 reduction not only utilizes some of the CO2 that otherwise would be emitted in the atmosphere, it also avoids the sizeable CO2 emissions associated with many of the aforementioned energy-intense processes that use fossil fuels as the feed [1].Over the past decade, a range of active electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to different product have been identified. For CO production selectivity easily exceeds 95%, and current densities exceeding 500 mA/cm2 can be achieved at overall energy efficiencies of 45-60% [2,3]. Also, ever more active and selective catalysts for ethylene / ethanol production are being developed. Recently we reported an electrodeposited copper-silver alloy catalyst able to produce ethylene and ethanol at a combined selectivity exceeding 80% (3:1 ethylene to ethanol) at a rate of 170 mA/cm2 [4]. Undoubtedly, research will continue to yield ever more active and selective catalysts for different products. A number of techno-economic analyses have indicated that stability / durability of catalysts and electrodes over thousands of hours will be crucial to achieve economic feasibility (see for example [5]).This presentation will summarize state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO, to ethylene / ethanol, and other products, and how a number of factors, such as electrolyte composition, pH, and electrolysis cell design help optimize electrocatalytic performance. Subsequently, it will review some of the challenges related to enhancing the stability/durability of catalysts and especially of gas diffusion electrodes typically used in electrolysis cells. The presentation will also further explore the techno-economic and life-cycle prospects of CO2 electroreduction technology: which product can be produced in an economically viable and close to carbon neutral fashion using energy from the grid, which only in part originates from renewable sources [6]. A key finding is that reducing the energy requirement of the anode side (by replacing the energy-intense oxygen evolution reaction with a different electrochemical conversion) can be hugely beneficial to achieving economic feasibility and carbon neutrality. For example, co-electrolysis that involves reduction of CO2 on the cathode paired with oxidation of, for example, glycerol (a waste product of biofuel production) at the anode, reduces overall the overall energy requirement of the process by 40-50%. Indeed, techno-economic and life-cycle analyses indicate that co-electrolysis approaches that involve oxidation of organic substrates (biomass, waste streams from industry) on the anode drastically enhance the prospects of CO2 electroreduction technology to be key to a future carbon neutral chemical industry.(1) P.J.A. Kenis, A. Dibenedetto, T.R. Zhang, ChemSusChem, 2017, 18(22), 3091-3093.(2) S. Verma, X. Lu, S. Ma, R.I. Masel, P.J.A. Kenis, PhysChemChemPhys, 2016, 18 (10), 7075-7084.(3) S. Verma, Y. Hamasaki, C. Kim, W. Huang, S. Lu, H.R.M. Jhong, A.A. Gewirth, T. Fujigaya, N. Nakashima, P.J.A. Kenis, ACS Energy Lett., 2018, 3, 193-198.(4) T.T.H. Hoang, S. Verma, S. Ma, T.T. Fister, J. Timoshenko, A.I. Frenkel, P.J.A. Kenis, A.A. Gewirth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 5791-5797.(5) S. Verma, B. Kim, H.R. Jhong, S. Ma, P.J.A. Kenis, ChemSusChem, 2016, 9 (15), 1972-1979.(6) S. Verma, S. Lu, P.J.A. Kenis, Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 466–474.

A novel bidentate ligand containing oxime, hydrazone and indole moieties and its BF2+ bridged transition metal complexes and their efficiency against prostate and breast cancer cells

AbstractIn this study, a novel bidentate ligand containing oxime, hydrazone, and indole moieties and its BF2+‐bridged transition metal complexes [Ni(II), Cu(II), and Co(II)] were synthesized and their cytotoxic activities against prostate and breast cancer cells were investigated. The vic‐dioxime ligand bearing indole–hydrazone side groups was synthesized by reacting antiglyoximehydrazine (GH2) with 3‐methoxy indole. The ligand forms mononuclear complexes with a metal‐to‐ligand ratio of 1:2 with M = Co(II)(H2O)2, Ni(II), and Cu(II). These metal complexes were then reacted with BF3(C2H5)2O to obtain BF2+‐bridged transition metal complexes. The Co(II) complex of the ligand is proposed to be octahedral with water molecules as axial ligands, whereas the Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes are proposed to be square planar. Spectral studies showed that the ligand bonded to the metal ion in a neutral bidentate fashion through the azomethine nitrogen atom and the imine oxime group. Structural assignments are supported by a combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared, LC/MS, elemental analyses, and magnetic susceptibility testing. For determining the cytotoxic effects of the novel anticancer products, cancer cells were cultured. The antiproliferative effects were determined using the MCF‐7 breast cancer and PC‐3 prostate cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative effects of the products were analyzed and their apoptotic or necrotic effects were determined with the Hoechst/propidium iodide double staining method in both cancer cell lines. Paclitaxel was used as the positive control (1 μm). The results indicated that the newly synthesized compounds are effective on both cell lines between concentrations of 5 and 40 μm and show their effects by apoptotic mechanisms. Besides, these products were found to be more effective on the MCF‐7 cell line. The cytotoxic efficiency of the newly synthesized products was more than that of paclitaxel (depending on concentration), which is a chemotherapeutic agent used in cancer therapy.