Neuropsychological Perspective Research Articles

Neuropsychology of sexuality in older adults: bridging gaps in literature and future directions in research.

Sexuality is a fundamental part of human existence and it encompasses thoughts, desires, behaviors, relationships, as well as neuropsychological and physiological components. However, sexuality in older adults is under-researched from the neuropsychological and psychophysiological perspectives and is often neglected by healthcare providers in the clinical practice. This article aims to explore the state of the art on the neuropsychology and psychophysiology of older adults' sexuality, proposing future research directions and emphasizing its significance. By summarizing current knowledge on the sexuality of younger individuals, it was possible to lay the groundwork for formulating research questions about older adults' sexuality. The implications proposed in this article will potentially impact both the scientific and also the clinical field. In fact, gaining insights on the neuropsychological and psychophysiological aspects of sexuality in healthy older adults can also shed light into those with neurocognitive disorders.

Otak Bilingual: Sinergi Dwibahasa dalam Meningkatkan Fungsi Eksekutif

Amidst the growing demand for proficiency in more than one language in today's global society, it is crucial to understand how bilingual abilities engage in various cognitive processes, particularly in executive functions from a neuropsychological perspective. The ability to acquire and use two languages affects high-level cognitive functions described through a tripartite model, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Through a critical analysis of the literature, it is found that bilingual individuals often have an advantage in tasks requiring self-control and the management of complex information. This advantage is attributed to the need to manage and shift attention between two language systems, which intensively trains executive functions. This study also examines the neuropsychological implications of bilingual abilities, including structural and functional changes in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex area. In conclusion, bilingualism not only affects linguistic abilities but also supports cognitive development. This research underscores the potential significance of bilingualism in education and personal development as a tool to enhance critical thinking skills and mental flexibility, which are valuable for learning and adapting to ever-changing environments.

Investigating the Interrelationship between the Desire for a Cohesive Community and Opioid Abuse: A Neuropsychological Study of Demon Copperhead

Abstract Foregrounding the increasing global crisis of opioids as the “leading cause of deaths in fatal overdoses,” the World Drug Report 2023, published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), mentioned that in 2021 more than 80,000 people died due to opioid overdose in the United States of America. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the national public health protection agency in the United States, has reported that “the predicted number of drug overdose deaths showed an increase of 0.5% from the 12 months ending in December 2021 to the 12 months ending in December 2022, from 109,179 to 179,680” (“Provisional Data”). Although the trajectory of opioid use disorders (OUDs) has affected different sociodemographic groups in the country since its first wave in the 1990s, teenagers in poverty-stricken rural areas are more vulnerable to such addiction (Keyes et al.). Poor parental guidance, impoverishment, troubled childhoods, detrimental familial structure, scarce opportunities, and accessibility to opioids are often considered to be the primary risk factors for unprivileged teenagers to develop a psychic reliance on opioids for engendering a perpetual sense of contentment. According to the incentive sensitization theory, the persistent desire to transcend physical and psychical limitations for a sense of relief, triggered by chronic drug misuse, often evokes a sense of “wanting” or incentive salience, a compulsive inclination towards drug-associated stimuli (Berridge and Robinson, “Drug Addiction” 22). This intense desire of “wanting” often generates a perpetual sensitization of the mesolimbic systems in the brain which is also activated by mental representations of drug-associated cues (Robinson and Berridge 3139). Focusing on drug-induced changes in the brain such as hypersensitization and neuroadaptation, this study analyzes Barbara Kingsolver’s Demon Copperhead, a modern reimagining of David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. The selected text addresses primarily some pertinent socio-political crises, such as the poor foster care system, poverty, and the engrossing opioid endemic in Southern Appalachia. However, this study attempts to analyze the precarious state of some characters, who become addicted to opioids seeking recognition from peer groups and perpetual psychic stability, in the selected text from a neuropsychological perspective.

The Impact of TikTok Social Media on Users: A Neuropsychological Perspective

TikTok has a personalized algorithm and is designed with a user-centered approach, which raises concerns about the impact it will have on cognitive function and user behavior. There is a lack of literature that discusses the integration of topics between the impact of TikTok algorithms on cognitive function and user behavior. This study uses the literature review method by collecting and selecting relevant literature from various databases to compile information about the impact of using TikTok on cognitive function and individual behavior in one scientific article. Based on the results of a review of 14 literatures, TikTok has a negative impact on several areas in the brain. The areas affected by using Tiktok are the user's reward system, activation of the default mode network (DMN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), decreased gray matter volume (GMV) in the amygdala, and affect the hippocampus. Then, the impact of Tiktok on individual behavior includes decreased concentration, impulsivity in making decisions, and addictive behavior. Therefore, the use of TikTok needs to be balanced with awareness of the potential impact behind it and wise choices for its use.TikTok memiliki Algoritma yang dipersonalisasi dan dirancang dengan pendekatan yang berpusat pada pengguna atau user-centered, hal ini menimbulkan kekhawatiran pada dampak yang akan dihasilkan pada fungsi kognitif dan perilaku pengguna. Kurangnya literatur yang membahas mengenai integrasi topik antara dampak algoritma Tiktok pada fungsi kognitif dan perilaku pengguna. Studi ini menggunakan metode literature review dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan dan menyeleksi literatur yang relevan dari berbagai database untuk menghimpun informasi mengenai dampak penggunaan Tiktok pada fungsi kognitif dan perilaku individu dalam satu artikel ilmiah. Berdasarkan hasil tinjauan dari 14 literatur, Tiktok memberi dampak negatif terhadap beberapa area di otak. Area yang terdampak dari penggunaan Tiktok yaitu reward system pengguna, aktivasi area default mode network (DMN) dan ventral tegmental area (VTA), penurunan grey matter volume (GMV) pada amygdala, dan mempengaruhi hippocampus. Kemudian, dampak Tiktok terhadap perilaku individu di antaranya menurunnya konsentrasi, impulsif dalam mengambil keputusan, dan perilaku adiktif. Karenanya, penggunaan Tiktok perlu diimbangin dengan kesadaran akan dampak potensial dibaliknya serta pilihan-pilihan bijak untuk penggunaannya.

A - 122 Neuropsychological Case Study: Late-Onset Huntington’s Disease

Abstract Objective We present the neuropsychological profile of a 65-year-old male diagnosed with late-onset Huntington’s Disease (HD) in April 2024. In the context of very subtle chorea movements over the past several years, he started experiencing mood disturbances (e.g., increased irritability and social withdrawal) starting in June 2023. These changes were followed by cognitive difficulties, which led to a hospitalization for autoimmune encephalitis workup in February 2024. He described difficulties with learning and memory for future events, concentration, and executive functions (e.g., organizing and problem-solving). Method Referral from neurology to conduct a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation to characterize his cognitive functioning. Exam, chart review, and clinical interviews were conducted. Results The cognitive profile was largely preserved, with mild attentional and executive difficulties, as well as mild challenges retrieving unstructured verbal information. This indicated subtle frontosubcortical network disruption. Self-report questionnaires indicated mild hopelessness but minimal anxiety and mood concerns. During the course of the neuropsychological evaluation, he underwent genetic testing, which was consistent with a diagnosis of HD (41 CAG repeats in the HTT gene). From a neuropsychological perspective, his psychiatric and cognitive disruption were also consistent with a diagnosis of HD. Conclusion The patient’s psychiatric and cognitive decline are now understood in light of his recent HD diagnosis. While cognitive difficulties are prevalent in individuals with HD, the low prevalence of late-onset HD makes the results of this case report particularly informative. This report contributes valuable insights into the neuropsychological presentation of older adults with HD.

Urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome with a founder pathogenic variant in the HPSE2 gene: a case report and mutation origin.

Urofacial syndrome or Ochoa syndrome (UFS or UFOS) is a rare disease characterized by inverted facial expression and bladder dysfunction that was described for the first time in Colombia. It is an autosomal recessive pathology with mutations in the HPSE2 and LRIG2 genes. However, 16% of patients do not have any mutations associated with the syndrome. Despite the importance of neurobiology in its pathophysiology, there are no neurological, neuropsychological, or psychological studies in these patients. A 30-year-old male from Medellín, Colombia, with a significant perinatal history, was diagnosed with grade 4 hydronephrosis on his first ultrasound test. At 4months of age, symptoms such as hypomimia, lagophthalmos, and recurrent urinary tract infections started to manifest. Imaging studies revealed urinary tract dilatation, vesicoureteral reflux, and a double collector system on his left side, which led to the diagnosis of UFS. Multiple procedures, including vesicostomy, ureterostomy, and enterocystoplasty, were performed. At 20years of age, he achieved urinary sphincter control. Genetic analysis revealed a founder pathogenic variant, c.1516C > T (p.Arg506Ter), in the HPSE2 gene, which produces a truncated protein that lacks 86 amino acids. This variant is classified as pathogenic according to the ClinVar database for UFS. The mutation age is approximately 260-360years, and the two alleles share a 7.2-7.4Mb IBD segment. Moreover, we detected European local ancestry in the IBD segment, which is consistent with a Spanish introduction. Neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment, and psychological testing revealed no abnormalities, except for high stress levels. Clinical analysis of this patient revealed distorted facial expression and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, which are typical of patients with UFS. Genetic analysis revealed a pathogenic variant in the HPSE2 gene of European origin and a mutation age of 260-360years. From a neurological, neuropsychological, and psychological (emotional and personality) perspective, the patient showed no signs or symptoms of clinical interest.

The assessment of the impact of antiepileptic drugs on cognitive functions via N-200/P-300 potentials and neuropsychological measures

ObjectiveThe effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on cognitive functions have not been fully elucidated. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate potential changes in cognitive functions in patients diagnosed with epilepsy from both neuropsychological and electrophysiological perspectives. Our secondary objective was to assess the effects of administered ASM on cognitive functions by categorizing patients into different monotherapy and polytherapy groups.Materials and methodsA single-center, prospective patient registry study was conducted between May 2022 and June 2023. The inclusion criteria included epilepsy patients aged 18 to 50 years who were receiving ASM) treatment, either as inpatients or outpatients, and who did not have any syndromic diagnosis that may lead to cognitive disfunciton (such as primary progressive myoclonic epilepsies, Down syndrome and so on), and did not diagnosed previously or during examination that could affect dementia or cognitive functions. Patients who were scheduled to initiate new ASM treatment were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale and Event-Related Potentials (ERP) assessment both before commencing treatment and three months thereafter.ResultsA total of 320 participants were included in the study; 20 healthy controls and 300 epilepsy patients were included. Statistically significant differences were observed between the healthy control group and the epilepsy group in terms of average Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores and event-related potentials (ERPs) (n200, p300 latencies, n2p3 amplitudes) (p<0.05). Similarly, statistically significant differences were observed between the monotherapy and polytherapy groups in terms of average MoCA and ERP scores (p<0.05).ConclusionThis study demonstrated the detrimental effects of certain ASMs, particularly topiramate and carbamazepine, on cognitive functions. Furthermore, the negative impact on cognitive performance became more pronounced with an increasing number of concurrently used ASMs (polytherapy), with topiramate showing notable effects.

Investigating silent pauses in connected speech: integrating linguistic, neuropsychological, and neuroanatomical perspectives across narrative tasks in post-stroke aphasia.

Silent pauses are regarded as integral components of the temporal organization of speech. However, it has also been hypothesized that they serve as markers for internal cognitive processes, including word access, monitoring, planning, and memory functions. Although existing evidence across various pathological populations underscores the importance of investigating silent pauses' characteristics, particularly in terms of frequency and duration, there is a scarcity of data within the domain of post-stroke aphasia. The primary objective of the present study is to scrutinize the frequency and duration of silent pauses in two distinct narrative tasks within a cohort of 32 patients with chronic post-stroke aphasia, in comparison with a control group of healthy speakers. Subsequently, we investigate potential correlation patterns between silent pause measures, i.e., frequency and duration, across the two narrative tasks within the patient group, their performance in neuropsychological assessments, and lesion data. Our findings showed that patients exhibited a higher frequency of longer-duration pauses in both narrative tasks compared to healthy speakers. Furthermore, within-group comparisons revealed that patients tended to pause more frequently and for longer durations in the picture description task, while healthy participants exhibited the opposite trend. With regard to our second research question, a marginally significant interaction emerged between performance in semantic verbal fluency and the narrative task, in relation to the location of silent pauses-whether between or within clauses-predicting the duration of silent pauses in the patient group. However, no significant results were observed for the frequency of silent pauses. Lastly, our study identified that the duration of silent pauses could be predicted by distinct Regions of Interest (ROIs) in spared tissue within the left hemisphere, as a function of the narrative task. Overall, this study follows an integrative approach of linguistic, neuropsychological and neuroanatomical data to define silent pauses in connected speech, and illustrates interrelations between cognitive components, temporal aspects of speech, and anatomical indices, while it further highlights the importance of studying connected speech indices using different narrative tasks.

Processing Speed in Gifted Children: A Clinical Neuropsychological Perspective

ABSTRACT Children with gifted intellects often earn lower scores on measures of processing speed than their nongifted counterparts. However, neuropsychological research indicates such a profile of scores is likely not due to a true innate neurocognitive processing speed deficit but is rather a statistical artifact resulting from the interference of common cognitive and behavioral idiosyncrasies inherent to giftedness, such as perfectionism and an aversion to completing paper and pencil tasks. The first aim of this study is to identify and explain the relative underperformance of children with gifted intellects on measures of processing speed. The second aim is to develop a neuropsychologically informed framework for clinically assessing processing speed in children with gifted intellects using alternative measures from the WISC–V. Clinical implications are discussed as they relate to the relative disabling effects of common gifted-related idiosyncrasies on the expression of their otherwise intact neuropsychological capabilities.

Mechanics of ESL/EFL Writing Performance at the Tertiary Level

After exploring different theories of teaching and learning ESL/EFL writing, along with successful models of writing courses and instructional methods, this study investigates the internal complexity of ESL/EFL writing at the tertiary level, as well as the contributing factors in students’ writing performance. The characteristics of different types of language learners are identified in conjunction with the plasticity and lateralization of the bilingual brain and the critical period hypothesis. The study also delves into certain biases and heuristics while it analyzes Kahneman’s System 1 and 2 of thinking and various personality theories in order to determine students’ innate abilities to excel in ESL/EFL writing tasks. Furthermore, the paper elucidates the importance of psychological equivalence in the writing process with the help of Pym’s translation theories, and explains students’ interconnectedness through Berne’s transactional analysis and the ego states of each personality. By integrating neuropsychological perspectives with established pedagogical approaches, such as the scaffolding, product, process, genre and grammar-translation techniques, the article offers a holistic framework for educators and policymakers to enhance ESL/EFL writing instruction, and ultimately proposes future research directions for a better understanding of ESL/EFL students’ needs.

The generative grammar of the brain: a critique of internally generated representations.

The past decade of progress in neurobiology has uncovered important organizational principles for network preconfiguration and neuronal selection that suggest a generative grammar exists in the brain. In this Perspective, I discuss the competence of thehippocampal neural network to generically express temporally compressed sequences of neuronal firing that represent novel experiences, which is envisioned as a form of generative neural syntax supporting a neurobiological perspective on brain function. I compare this neural competence with the hippocampal network performance that represents specific experiences with higher fidelity after new learning during replay, which is envisioned as a form of neural semantic that supports a complementary neuropsychological perspective. I also demonstrate how the syntax of network competence emerges a priori during early postnatal life and is followed by the later development of network performance that enables rapid encoding and memory consolidation. Thus, I propose that this generative grammar of the brain is essential for internally generated representations, which are crucial for the cognitive processes underlying learning and memory, prospection, and inference, which ultimately underlie our reason and representation of the world.

52 Stable Cognitive Impairment and Increased Psychiatric Symptoms in a Patient with Neuropathologically Progressive Fahr’s Disease After 2-Year Repeated Neuropsychological Assessment

Objective:Fahr’s disease is a rare genetic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal idiopathic calcification of the basal ganglia, typically with extrapyramidal symptoms, speech difficulty, behavioral disturbances, and progressive neurologic dysfunction. A small number of case reports have explored the neuropsychological profile of Fahr’s disease patients, and even fewer have followed the course of neuropsychological functioning over time.Participants and Methods:A 53-year-old Asian woman presented for a neuropsychological reevaluation (2021) after experiencing a recurrence of memory difficulties and mood changes. Relevant medical history was significant for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Fahr’s disease. Following an episode of acute confusion, the patient underwent a head CT (2019) which revealed extensive calcification throughout the cerebellum, central pons, and periventricular and subcortical white matter, suggestive of Fahr’s disease. Two months later, she underwent an initial neuropsychological evaluation (2019), which demonstrated prominent attention and processing speed deficits contributing to variably impaired new learning and memory along with spatial planning and problem-solving difficulties. The etiology of her cognitive deficits was determined to likely reflect metabolic and immune instability, consistent with her history of SLE and Fahr’s disease. An updated CT (2021) revealed increased calcification throughout the bilateral corona radiata, basal ganglia, cerebellar hemispheres, and midbrain, which was determined to be compatible with progressive Fahr’s disease.Results:The patient’s neurocognitive profile from current neuropsychological testing (2021) was marked by notable deficits in attention and processing speed, delayed memory, problem solving, visuospatial reasoning, and motor dexterity. Compared to her initial evaluation, her cognitive profile remained stable save for a slight decline in processing speed. The largest change was seen within the psychiatric domain. Self-reported depressive symptoms involving anhedonia, concentration difficulties, and anxiety symptoms involving nervousness and tension were more pronounced in her current evaluation. In addition, she endorsed an increase in apathy compared to her initial evaluation.Conclusions:The cognitive profile seen in this patient is consistent with the current literature relating to the clinical sequelae of Fahr’s disease in patients that eventually went on to develop dementia. Despite an increase in brain calcification seen on CT imaging over an 18-month interval, the patient’s neurocognitive profile remained relatively stable. An increase in psychiatric symptoms appeared to be the most prominent change over repeated neuropsychological assessment, which elucidates the heterogenous course of Fahr’s disease from a neuropsychological perspective. Further exploration of this disorder is warranted to better understand the clinical progression of symptoms over time.

Νeuropsychological Analysis of Dyslexia

Scientific research attempts to shed light on the nature of the functional abnormality of the dyslexic student that leads to the intense difficulty in recognizing letters. The question of whether it is endogenous or environmental factors that cause the impairment has been resolved and the innate nature of dyslexia is now known. What scientists are trying to discover is how this functional damage manifests itself, and consequently, which functions are not carried out in the correct way, resulting in reading and writing disorders. Opinions on this topic are guided by the discipline to which the scientist who will research it belongs. The present study concerns the neuropsychological perspective of dyslexia.

Qashash Al-Qur'an as Hypnoparenting in Children in Neuroscience Perspective

The stories within the Qashash al-Qur'an are incredibly captivating and leave a profound impression on those who contemplate them. Stories that carry profound wisdom have a remarkable ability to capture attention and stimulate the mind. Children enjoy listening to these stories as they embrace the values of Islamic education without feeling coerced. Examples include the stories of the prophets and narratives of past individuals, from which wisdom and lessons can be extracted from their life journeys. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, this article seeks to explore this phenomenon. It argues that in order to instill these important values within the souls of young children, an effective educational method is through the study of hypnoparenting from a neuropsychological perspective. As children prepare for sleep, their brain waves transition from beta to alpha, allowing information and messages conveyed during this time to be stored in their subconscious. The data and information embedded within the subconscious mind will subsequently influence the child's thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in the future.

H - 26 Cognitive Functioning Following Bariatric Surgery in a Bilingual, Spanish, and English - Speaking, Patient: a Case Study.

Overall, 256,000 bariatric surgeries were completed in the United States in 2019 (ASMBS, 2023). Bariatric surgeries are effective in reducing morbidity, prolonging life, and improving cognition, particularly among patients with BMI >40 and those with BMI >35 and obesity-related complications (Handley et al., 2016; Cornejo-Pareja et al., 2021). Nevertheless, up to 16% of patients undergoing bariatric procedures experience neurological sequelae (Thaisetthawatku et al., 2004) that is likely secondary to surgery-related nutritional deficiencies (Gasmi et al., 2022). Although neuropsychological assessments may help to identify postsurgical cognitive changes, cultural and linguistic differences may preclude reliable and valid assessment of non-native English-speaking persons. A Spanish-dominant 38-year-old, right-handed, female reported diminished attention, reduced thinking speed, and memory difficulties that were interfering with her daily functioning. She completed a thorough Clinical Interview (both individually and with collaterals), Record Review, and a comprehensive neuropsychological workup. She demonstrated multi-domain impairment (>1.5S.D. below the normative mean), suggesting a possible dementia or encephalopathy. When her cognitive profile was interpreted in the context of her medical history, further testing was recommended to rule out reversible etiologies. Interdisciplinary collaborations with primary care and gastroenterology revealed nutritional deficiencies that had persisted for over 18months after bariatric surgery and that were not fully resolved with regular oral vitamin consumption. Cultural and linguistic differences were relevant when assessing cognitive changes in non-native English-speaking persons, and in helping to determine whether pharmacological and behavioral interventions are ameliorating these complications. Practical considerations of these high-stakes assessments will be discussed from neuropsychological, psychosocial, and ethical perspectives.

Intrinsic Dynamics of Brain Functional Connectivity in Relation to Women’s Menstrual Cyclic Phases and its Impact on Their Stress, Life Satisfaction, and Social Distress

Research has reported that the fluctuations of sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone lead to neurological changes in the different brain regions across the menstrual cycle and its phases: menses, follicular, and luteal. Although some psychological changes have also been reported for women across their menstrual cycle, not enough studies have approached this topic from a neuropsychological perspective. For this reason, I am investigating brain connectivity fluctuations across a 32-day menstruation cycle and its impact on women’s life satisfaction (LS), perceived stress (PS), and emotional support (ES). For this study, I am using the data (n=406) that has been collected by the Human Connectome Project. I am using an experimental research methodology looking at correlations (connectivity) between brain regions and associated variables of menstrual cycle phases (menses, follicular, and luteal) across a 32-day menstrual cycle, and what this tells us about the participants’ LS, PS, and ES total scores. In neuroscience, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are applied to understand complex brain functions, brain and behaviour relationships, and shows potential to diagnose neurological disorders and interventions. AI, and elastic net regression, which is a type of statistical technique for neuroimaging data, will be used to analyse the brain activity relationships that I am investigating. In my presentation, I aim to discuss whether functional connectivity in brain regions is linked to women’s LS, PS, and ES, and the implications of this for menstrual health. This pilot study, by using a big data set of relatively healthy participants to further our understanding of this topic, will help to open doors for future research with similar investigating aims for more impactful menstrual related health conditions like Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Mandarin Chinese L1 and L2 complex sentence reading reveals a consistent electrophysiological pattern of highly interactive syntactic and semantic processing: An ERP study.

A hallmark of the human language faculty is processing complex hierarchical syntactic structures across languages. However, for Mandarin Chinese, a language typically dependent on semantic combinations and free of morphosyntactic information, the relationship between syntactic and semantic processing during Chinese complex sentence reading is unclear. From the neuropsychological perspective of bilingual studies, whether second language (L2) learners can develop a consistent pattern of target language (i.e., L2) comprehension regarding the interplay of syntactic and semantic processing, especially when their first language (L1) and L2 are typologically distinct, remains to be determined. In this study, Chinese complex sentences with center-embedded relative clauses were generated. By utilizing the high-time-resolution technique of event-related potentials (ERPs), this study aimed to investigate the processing relationships between syntactic and semantic information during Chinese complex sentence reading in both Chinese L1 speakers and highly proficient L2 learners from South Korea. Normal, semantically violated (SEM), and double-violated (containing both semantic and syntactic violations, SEM + SYN) conditions were set with regard to the nonadjacent dependencies of the Chinese complex sentence, and participants were required to judge whether the sentences they read were acceptable. The ERP results showed that sentences with "SEM + SYN" did not elicit early left anterior negativity (ELAN), a component assumed to signal initial syntactic processing, but evoked larger components in the N400 and P600 windows than those of the "SEM" condition, thus exhibiting a biphasic waveform pattern consistent for both groups and in line with previous studies using simpler Chinese syntactic structures. The only difference between the L1 and L2 groups was that L2 learners presented later latencies of the corresponding ERP components. Taken together, these results do not support the temporal and functional priorities of syntactic processing as identified in morphologically rich languages (e.g., German) and converge on the notion that even for Chinese complex sentence reading, syntactic and semantic processing are highly interactive. This is consistent across L1 speakers and high-proficiency L2 learners with typologically different language backgrounds.

The misidentification syndromes and source memory deficits with their neuroanatomical correlates from neuropsychological perspective

Abstract The suggested model is discussed with reference to two clinical populations with memory disorders – patients with misidentification syndromes and those with source memory impairment, both of whom may present with (broadly conceived) déjà vu phenomenon, without insight into false feeling of familiarity. The role of the anterior thalamic nucleus and retrosplenial cortex for autobiographical memory and familiarity is highlighted.

The Emergence of Online Psychology: Metacognitive and Neuropsychological Perspectives in a Post-COVID Era

The Emergence of Online Psychology: Metacognitive and Neuropsychological Perspectives in a Post-COVID Era

Cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memories: misinformation, distortion or erroneous configuration?

Errors can affect our memory, yet even when there are gaps in our recollection of events, memory often serves us fairly well. Memory formation involves at least three different sub-processes, that are regulated by an underlying neural structure. From a cognitive neuropsychological perspective, a complex process of encoding, consolidating, and retrieval is involved in remembering an event, and it might be hindered by one's emotional state, physiological response to the event itself, and misinformation. As a result, it is very likely that one may struggle to remember specifics of what happened which can increase our susceptibility to the formation of false memories. This has major implications for everyday functioning, as in the case when you mistakenly remember you took your pills when you never did, or where errors have led to false accusations about trauma or abuse, and wrongful convictions of crimes. Memories sometimes contain biases and inaccuracies that prevent them from accurately recalling events. The review will provide an updated overview of current research advances on the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying inaccurate, distorted, or false memories.