Neuromuscular Apparatus Research Articles

The use of magnetic stimulation in the medical rehabilitation of children

In recent years, magnetotherapy based on the use of various types of magnetic fields for preventive, curative and rehabilitative purposes has been of great interest in Russia and abroad. A new direction in physiotherapy is actively used — magnetic stimulation, which has advantages over electrical stimulation. High-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy has the greatest difference from other types of magnetic therapy, primarily low-frequency magnetic therapy. The effectiveness of the method in a number of diseases of childhood, which has an active stimulating effect on the state of the neuromuscular apparatus, has been proven, which justifies the development and scientific justification of the use of the method in children.

The choice of method of electroneuromyogaphy in remote consequences of gunshot and mine-blast injuries of limb nerves

Objective. Clarification of the nature of damage and degree of functional disorders in the remote consequences of gunshot and mine-blast injuries of limb nerves using neurophysiological techniques (NP) of functional diagnostics (stimulation and needle electromyography), correlation of these data with the nerve damage characteristics determined during surgical interventions (operative findings). Materials and methods. 480 military personnel and civilians, men aged 18-64 years (average age 33.5 years), with gunshot and mine-blast injuries of limb nerves (LNI) within 1 to 11 months after injury were examined. A total of 1400 EMG studies were conducted. Clinical-neurological methods were used to determine the level, degree, and nature of LNI. Results. Among the examined 480 patients, complete nerve damage was detected in 299, and partial in 181. Causes of nerve damage included: shrapnel, gunshot, mine-blast injuries, nerve rupture due to bone fractures, injuries by sharp objects, iatrogenic damage. In 62.3% of cases of complete LNI surgical interventions were performed using the technique of neurotization using branches of donor nerves. Provided anatomical integrity of nerve structures and presence of conductivity during EMG testing, external or internal neurolysis was performed. Surgical intervention timing: up to 6 months post-injury - 68.1% of cases; up to 3 months - 31.9%. Based on the results of comprehensive clinical-NP research, adapted schemes for assessing NP data corresponding to each pathohistological type of LNI were developed, and NP criteria for classifying consequences of LNI into three degrees of severity of functional deficit - mild, moderate, and severe were proposed. Conclusions. Criteria for choosing the optimal NP diagnostic methodology for the remote consequences of gunshot and mine-blast injuries of limb nerves have been determined. Comprehensive clinical-instrumental diagnostics allows to objectify the level and degree of limb nerve damage, signs of neuromuscular apparatus recovery, provides information for planning of the surgical tactics and subsequent rehabilitation therapy.

Mitigating Critical Peripheral Nerve Deficit Therapy with Reactive Oxygen Species/Ca2+-Responsive Dynamic Hydrogel-Mediated mRNA Delivery.

Critical peripheral nerve deficiencies present as one of the most formidable conundrums in the realm of clinical medicine, frequently culminating in structural degradation and derangement of the neuromuscular apparatus. Engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit the potential to ameliorate nerve impairments. However, the advent of Wallerian degeneration (WD), an inexorable phenomenon that ensues post peripheral nerve injury, serves as an insurmountable impediment to the direct therapeutic efficacy of EVs. In this investigation, we have fashioned a dynamic network for the conveyance of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) mRNA (E-EV-P@HPCEP) using an adaptive hydrogel with reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Ca2+ responsive ability as the vehicle, bearing dual-targeted, engineered EVs. This intricate system is to precisely deliver PINK1 to senescent Schwann cells (SCs) while concurrently orchestrating a transformation in the inflammatory-senescent milieu following injury, thereby stymying the progression of WD in peripheral nerve fibers through the stimulation of autophagy within the mitochondria of the injured cells and the maintenance of mitochondrial mass equilibrium. WD, conventionally regarded as an inexorable process, E-EV-P@HPCEP achieved functionalized EV targeting, orchestrating a dual-response dynamic release mechanism via boronate ester bonds and calcium chelation, effectuating an enhancement in the inflammatory-senescent microenvironment, which expedites the therapeutic management of nerve deficiencies and augments the overall reparative outcome.

Morphology of the colon wall at different stages of chronic constipation

Introduction. Chronic constipation affects 14–16% of the developed countries population, thus remaining an important problem of modern coloproctology. To substantiate an objective treatment, it is elevant to look at not only clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data, but also at morphogenesis of structural colon changes at different stages of chronic constipation. Materials and methods. We studied postoperative material of 30 patients with drug-resistant chronic constipation at subcompensated (SC) and decompensated (DC) stages. The comparison group (CG) included 30 cases of colon resection for non-recurrent colorectal cancer. Morphometry of mucous membrane structural elements and neuromuscular and lymphoid apparatus was carried out. Results. Quantitative analysis of structural colon elements at SC stage indicates reversible atrophic changes and thickening of submucosal and muscular membranes, mainly due to edema and hypertrophy. Simultaneously, atrophic changes at DC stage are irreversible, with sclerotic, dystrophic, and atrophic changes being observed in submucosal and muscular membranes. As chronic constipation progresses, the number of nerve cells in the neuromuscular apparatus of the colon decreases significantly. Morphogenesis of lymphoid formations is limited to the development of a compensatory adaptive reaction as protective hyperplasia at SC stage, without simultaneous increase in the specific proportion of secondary lymphoid follicles. Although at DS stage, the average number and specific proportion of lymphoid formations in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon increase; the average area of lymphoid formations decreases markedly; and no secondary lymphoid follicles are observed. Conclusion. The established patterns of the colon wall morphogenesis in chronic constipation provide us objective causes to confirm the irreversible progression of pathological processes in all its functionally significant structures. This, based on the morphometric criteria obtained, serves as a recommendation for finding the most optimal treatment option for such patients. Keywords: chronic constipation, morphometry

Методы немедикаментозной терапии функциональных нарушений голосовой функции

The development of physical and rehabilitation medicine makes it possible to introduce nondrug methods of treatment more widely. Treatment of patients with hypofunctional dysphonia is aimed at improving the condition of the neuromuscular apparatus of the larynx. The number of such patients increased significantly during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Neuromuscular electrophonopedic stimulation (NMEPS) is a modern method combining physiotherapeutic and voice therapy effects. Objectives. To study the effectiveness of various nondrug treatments methods for hypofunctional dysphonia. Materials and methods. 45 patients with hypofunctional dysphonia were examined. For the treatment of vocal function, 25 patients of the observation group used NMEPS of the larynx, and 20 patients of the comparison group used phonopedic correction. Each course consisted of 10 lessons. A point assessment of patient complaints, an analysis of videoendoscopic end videolaryngostroboscopic signs of hypofunctional dysphonia and the psychoemotional status of patients were performed. Results. Before treatment, there was no significant difference between the groups. After the course of treatment, the number of complaints from patients in the observation group decreased from 10.3±1.1 to 4.1±0.3 points, in the comparison group, from 10.5±0.8 to 6.8±0.4 points (p < 0.05). When analyzing the videoendoscopic picture in the observation group, a significant improvement in most indicators was noted. Normal indicators of the videoendostroboscopic picture were diagnosed in 88% of patients in the observation group and 65% of patients in the comparison group (p < 0.05). In both groups, an improvement in the psychoemotional status during treatment was revealed compared to the initial one. Conclusions. The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of the NMEРS in the treatment of patients with hypofunctional dysphonia.

Статическая работоспособность и особенности функционального реагирования на мышечную нагрузку юношей разных соматотипов

The aim of the research is to study the strength characteristics and type of functional response to muscle load of young men of different somatotypes, depending on physical fitness. The study involved 128 practically healthy young men aged 18 to 23 years. The group of subjects included qualified athletes, swimmers, as well as healthy young men engaged in physical culture within the framework of the university program. Somatotype was assessed in all subjects using Hit-Carter method, arm strength and static endurance – according to Rosenblat method, and the type of functional response with Kaznacheev method. It was found that young men of the endomorphic somatotype were characterized by a strong physique, a larger amount of skin-fat folds, low values of the muscle index, less endurance of the hands and did not demonstrate a distinct preference for the type of functional response. The young men of the ectomorphic somatotype had a less robust physique, a smaller thickness of the skin-fat folds, greater endurance of the hands and gravitated to the stayer type of functional response of the neuromuscular apparatus. The young men of the mesomorphic type significantly differed from representatives of other somatotypes by greater arm strength, sprinting type of functional response and, according to other morphofunctional indicators, occupied an intermediate position between endo- and ectomorphs. The analysis revealed functional connections between the components of meso- and ectomorphy, maximum static muscular endurance and types of functional response. The revealed significant differences and interrelations between the morphofunctional parameters under consideration and the types of functional response indicated the phenotypic features of individual development characteristic for each somatotype group. The obtained data should be taken into account when choosing the specifics of physical culture and sports activities.

Статическая работоспособность и особенности функционального реагирования на мышечную нагрузку юношей разных соматотипов

The aim of the research is to study the strength characteristics and type of functional response to muscle load of young men of different somatotypes, depending on physical fitness. The study involved 128 practically healthy young men aged 18 to 23 years. The group of subjects included qualified athletes, swimmers, as well as healthy young men engaged in physical culture within the framework of the university program. Somatotype was assessed in all subjects using Hit-Carter method, arm strength and static endurance – according to Rosenblat method, and the type of functional response with Kaznacheev method. It was found that young men of the endomorphic somatotype were characterized by a strong physique, a larger amount of skin-fat folds, low values of the muscle index, less endurance of the hands and did not demonstrate a distinct preference for the type of functional response. The young men of the ectomorphic somatotype had a less robust physique, a smaller thickness of the skin-fat folds, greater endurance of the hands and gravitated to the stayer type of functional response of the neuromuscular apparatus. The young men of the mesomorphic type significantly differed from representatives of other somatotypes by greater arm strength, sprinting type of functional response and, according to other morphofunctional indicators, occupied an intermediate position between endo- and ectomorphs. The analysis revealed functional connections between the components of meso- and ectomorphy, maximum static muscular endurance and types of functional response. The revealed significant differences and interrelations between the morphofunctional parameters under consideration and the types of functional response indicated the phenotypic features of individual development characteristic for each somatotype group. The obtained data should be taken into account when choosing the specifics of physical culture and sports activities.

Peculiarities of neuromuscular apparatus and component composition of limbs of qualified divers

To achieve a high sports result in diving it is necessary to have a good development of neuromuscular apparatus. It is important to study the factors influencing its functional state. The article presents a correlation analysis of the relationship between the parameters reflecting the state of the neuromuscular apparatus and indicators of the component composition of the upper and lower limbs of qualified divers. It is shown that it is necessary to develop muscle mass and reduce the amount of adipose tissue to accelerate the conductivity of nerve impulse along the nerves, to increase the synchronization of activation of motor units in the muscles of upper and lower limbs. This will improve the speed and strength qualities of muscles necessary in the performance of technically complex diving.

Проблемы и пути комплексной проработки последствий боевого стресса и боевых травм

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of theoretical approaches to understanding the intrapsychic mechanisms that generate combat stress and psychotrauma. This article draws the attention of specialists to the psychophysiological and individual-typical factors affecting the occurrence and course of combat PTSD. Theoretical analysis. The stages of research on the consequences of human participation in hostilities conducted over the past century are presented. Scientific views on the role of such innate properties of the nervous system as the strength of nervous processes, their balance and dynamism in the development of combat PTSD are considered. The significance of the type of human temperament in his reactions to specific combat stress is revealed. The role of plasticity of higher nervous activity as a factor of overcoming pathological environmental factors, including its application in the conditions of military events, is also revealed. Conclusion. In conclusion, the analysis of the factors of overcoming combat stress and psychotrauma manifested in the form of physiological and psychological dysfunctions, including individual factors that determine the mental reactions of participants in combat operations, is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the most effective ways to correct the general functional state of the psyche and neuromuscular apparatus of the combatant.

The effect of physical activity on the manifestation of age-related degenerative changes in the neuromuscular apparatus in dogs

Degenerative changes in neuromuscular structures are an irreversible process in the pathogenesis of age-related changes. These include a decrease in the proportion of muscle tissue, the replacement of nerve structures with connective tissue elements, the development of synoptic depression and a decrease in the excitability and lability of the neuromuscular apparatus as a result. An important aspect of maintaining the quality of life of dogs older than 9 years is the prvention and postponement of irreversible degenerative processes. For this purpose, the introduction of physical activity into the protocols of prevention and rehabilitation after injuries is widespread in humane medicine. However, there is no convincing evidence base for the effectiveness of physical activity in relation to the prevention of age-related degenerative changes for animals. In the course of the work, the influence of physical activity on the manifestation of degenerative changes in animals aged 9 to 11 years was studied using an electrophysiological research method - electroneuromyography (ENMG). This technique helps to assess the functional state of neuromuscular structures using a graphical image (M-response curve). The obtained results show that the condition of the studied structures in the experimental group of animals according to the obtained electrophysiological data is estimated as more functionally preserved, compared with the animals of the control group. This is due to the fact that kinesiotherapy has a positive effect on the metabolic processes occurring at the cellular and tissue levels, thereby improving microcirclation and innervation of neuromuscular structures, and also has a restorative effect on the entire animal body The obtained results indisputably indicate the beneficial effect of physical activity on the state of the neuromuscular system of animals.

Divers recovery methods during the competitive period

Background and purpose. Due to the high loads of skilled underwater swimmers during the competitive period, the use of recovery means to improve the functional capabilities of athletes is of particular importance. Purpose: To experimentally test the recovery methodology in the competitive period of swimmers specialising in bilast and monolast swimming based on the use of sauna, taping and massage. Material and Methods: 10 diving swimmers aged 18-20 years (males), who have the title of master of sports, who train in the swimming pool "Kupava", Brovary. The experiment was conducted from January to May 2023. Swimmers were divided into two groups depending on their specialisation: swimming with a monolast and swimming with a bilast. Methods: theoretical analysis of scientific literature, testing of "Surface Flipper Swimming (SF)", "Bi-flipper Swimming (BF)" at distances of 50 metres during the competition period. Results: As a result of the experiment, athletes specialising in swimming with a monofin significantly reduced the time of swimming the distance (p<0.05) in the test "Surface Flipper Swimming (SF)", as a result of testing "Breathless Swimming (BF)", a significant improvement in the results of athletes was not revealed. The presented method allows to significantly improve the functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus, preparing the swimmers' organism for repeated physical loads, because the cyclic muscular activity in swimming in fins makes particularly high demands on the cardiovascular system, and special performance clearly correlates with the characteristic of functional abilities of the heart of qualified athletes Conclusions. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of the use of combined methods of recovery in the competitive process of qualified scuba divers, based on the use of sauna, massage, taping.

Physiotherapy methods in medical rehabilitation of children with scoliosis

The article presents a review of the literature on the prevalence, relevance, and social significance of scoliosis in children. Much attention is given to the role and place of physiotherapy methods used in medical rehabilitation programs for children with scoliotic spinal deformity. Impulse currents occupy key positions among the numerous methods of physiotherapy for scoliosis (SMT, DDT, interference therapy, etc.) due to their specific effect on the neuromuscular apparatus in order to increase the tone of weakened muscles. The article presents the results of studies on the use of high-intensity impulse magnetic therapy, EHF therapy, vibrotherapy, biofeedback therapy (BFB), etc. in medical rehabilitation of scoliotic spinal deformity in children. In recent years, the role of balneotherapy and climatotherapy at the sanatorium-resort stage of the rehabilitation of such patients has increased. The methods of physiotherapy presented in the work are quite diverse, have different efficiency, and can be individually used in combination with physiotherapy exercises in numerous programs for medical rehabilitation of children with scoliosis.

A hierarchical model for external electrical control of an insect, accounting for inter-individual variation of muscle force properties.

Cyborg control of insect movement is promising for developing miniature, high-mobility, and efficient biohybrid robots. However, considering the inter-individual variation of the insect neuromuscular apparatus and its neural control is challenging. We propose a hierarchical model including inter-individual variation of muscle properties of three leg muscles involved in propulsion (retractor coxae), joint stiffness (pro- and retractor coxae), and stance-swing transition (protractor coxae and levator trochanteris) in the stick insect Carausius morosus. To estimate mechanical effects induced by external muscle stimulation, the model is based on the systematic evaluation of joint torques as functions of electrical stimulation parameters. A nearly linear relationship between the stimulus burst duration and generated torque was observed. This stimulus-torque characteristic holds for burst durations of up to 500ms, corresponding to the stance and swing phase durations of medium to fast walking stick insects. Hierarchical Bayesian modeling revealed that linearity of the stimulus-torque characteristic was invariant, with individually varying slopes. Individual prediction of joint torques provides significant benefits for precise cyborg control.

Electroneuromyographic studies in vibration disease

The article describes the results of electroneuromyographic studies that assess the state of the neuromuscular apparatus in case of vibration disease of varying severity using electroneuromyographic research on the basis of the Occupational Pathology Department, Regional Center of Occupational Pathology, Samara City Hospital No. 5. It has been found that patients with vibration disease are characterized by changes in the excitability and functional mobility of the sensorimotor system and the formation of vegetative sensory polyneuropathy, dependent on the severity of vibration disease, exposure to general vibration, and duration of work in contact with vibration.

Overview of the Enteric Nervous System.

Propulsion of contents in the gastrointestinal tract requires coordinated functions of the extrinsic nerves to the gut from the brain and spinal cord, as well as the neuromuscular apparatus within the gut. The latter includes excitatory and inhibitory neurons, pacemaker cells such as the interstitial cells of Cajal and fibroblast-like cells, and smooth muscle cells. Coordination between these extrinsic and enteric neurons results in propulsive functions which include peristaltic reflexes, migrating motor complexes in the small intestine which serve as the housekeeper propelling to the colon the residual content after digestion, and mass movements in the colon which lead to defecation.

PROCESSING OF THE STRATEGIC SEQUENCE OF DIAGNOSTIC PATIENTS WITH TEMPOMANDIBULAR DISORDERS AND OCCLUSIVE INTERFERENCES

Temporomandibular joint pathology in combination with the development of pathological processes in the muscles and cranial dysfunction manifests as a complicated clinical picture, which leads to difficulties in diagnostic. In the diagnostics of disorders of the neuromuscular apparatus and the temporomandibular joint, modern clinical, instrumental, functional and radiological examination methods are widely used with biomechanical digital analysis, which require systematization.
 The aim of the study was development of a strategic structured sequence of diagnostic of patients with temporomandibular disorders and occlusal interferences.
 The highest percentage of diagnosed joint and combined (joint + muscle) disorders, both among men and among women, namely: joint in 114 patients (38,65 %) and combined in 97 patients (32,89 %), which together made up 71,54 %, and this is exactly the kind of pathology that, in combination with occlusal interferences, is the most difficult in the treatment process. Among confirmed temporomandibular disorders accounted only muscle disorders in 12,88 % (4,07 % in men and 8,81 % in women). The number of women who applied for help is in 2,3 times higher than the number of men, and 81,75% of patients who applied for help were aged from 21 to 50 years, that is, the most productive period of a person's life.
 Among the pathologies that imitated temporomandibular disorders (more than 10 %) prevailed: osteochondrosis of the cervical spine (17,39 %), contracture of masticatory muscles (post-injection, traumatic) (13,04%) and neuropathology (10,87%).
 The diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders was rejected in 15,59 % of observations, which indicates the need for a thorough examination of such patients and the involvement of specialists for additional consultation, such as in the field of dentistry (for example, an orthodontist or maxillofacial surgeon), or in the field of general medicine ( psychologist, neurologist, rheumatologist, otolaryngologist, etc.).

Method of diagnosing some diseases of the neuro-muscular system and features of data processing in software

Electromyostimulation is a method of restorative treatment based on electrical stimulation of nerves and muscles. The electric current, which is used in electrical stimulation to obtain induced muscle contractions, is characterized by a large number of different parameters. However, not every possible option of electrical stimulation is highly effective. To solve the task of diagnosing some diseases of the neuromuscular system, it is important to organize the software by analyzing the parameters of the evoked potentials. Therefore, the object of research is the processes of skeletal muscle contraction under the influence of natural electrical pulses of the nervous system or under the influence of external electrical stimulation. The subject of research is models describing the processes in muscles during contraction and methods of data processing. In the course of the study, such research methods as mathematical modeling methods and methods of processing medical and biological data were used. The paper examines the experimental strength-duration dependence of skeletal muscle and obtained mathematical models for the normal state of the neuromuscular apparatus and different degrees of denervation. On the basis of electrodiagnosis of a patient with impaired motor functions, the dynamics of changes in the patient's condition and the effectiveness of treatment were traced. Based on the results of the study, an analysis of the parameters of the evoked potentials of the stimulation electromyogram during adaptive electrostimulation was carried out in order to control its effectiveness or establish a diagnosis in some diseases of the neuromuscular system. This made it possible to develop a method for correcting errors in the interpretation of one of the quality parameters and increase the reliability of the diagnosis. The obtained results can be used in the improvement of technical devices for electrostimulation therapy, as well as control of the effectiveness of rehabilitation procedures.

MÉTODOS CLÍNICOS PARA DIAGNÓSTICO DE DISTÚRBIOS MUSCULARES DURANTE LONGOS PERÍODOS DE PRÁTICA DO BASQUETEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction There are many drawbacks in sports, one of the main problems being injuries. Objective This work aimed to study the effect of prolonged basketball practice and associated sports injuries on electrophysiological indicators about the functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus in specialized athletes. Methods A study was conducted in which 14 basketball players participated voluntarily: 7 basketball players aged 17 to 23 years with first category sports qualifications, relatively healthy, with a history of knee and ankle injuries, and seven non-athletes with no history of injuries. Psychophysiological and electrophysiological methods were used for the study, designed to diagnose strength and endurance, measure rhythmic dynamics in hand movements, evaluate the mobility of neural processes, and the functional state of the central nervous system and processes in the central nervous system. Results It was established that regular sports training leads to morphological and functional changes in the neuromuscular system. Conclusion Due to repeated injuries, basketball players experience a decrease in the conduction velocity of the electrical pulse in the neural fiber pathway and in the level of reflex excitability in the neuronal motor ensemble of the lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord that innervate the bilateral muscles of the lower limbs; a weakening of the nervous system resistance, mobility of the nervous processes, deterioration of the functional state of the central nervous system and analyzers was noted. Evidence level II; Therapeutic studies - outcomes research.

The high-intensity pulsed magnetic therapy in the medical rehabilitation of children. (Literature review)

In recent decades, a promising area of physiotherapy has been intensively developed In Russia and abroad - magnetic therapy, based on the use of various types of magnetic fields for preventive, curative and rehabilitative purposes. The use of high-intensity pulsed magnetotherapy is promising. The effectiveness of the method in a number of diseases of childhood, which has an active stimulating effect on the state of the neuromuscular apparatus, has been proven.

Influence of special power loads on the performance of the main muscle groups of young powerlifters of various qualifications

The article presents that the data obtained in the course of the study give an idea of the level of development of the strength of the main muscle groups under the influence of special loads of powerlifters of various sports qualifications. Before modern science and practice of sports training in strength sports there are many problems: the rational distribution of power loads, the development of physical qualities, the increase in the functional reserves of the body, and others that are multifaceted and are solved in a complex way using pedagogical, psychological, medical and biological criteria for their evaluation. The task of the study is to determine the recovery time of power indicators of powerlifters of various sports qualifications after a directed power load and to identify the dynamics of muscle strength development in powerlifters before and after a power load. For powerlifters, extensor muscle strength is preferred. Powerful strength exercises and static efforts when performing competitive powerlifting exercises place great demands on muscle strength and static endurance. The return to the initial data of the strength of different muscle groups of powerlifters after a directed power load is not the same. Regardless of the level of sports qualification, the muscles of the trunk have the longest recovery time. The magnitude of the load in powerlifting is largely limited by the time required to restore the predominantly neuromuscular apparatus after strenuous exercise and heavy loads. Recovery of functions after exercise is characterized by a number of significant features that determine not only the recovery process, but also the hereditary relationship with previous and subsequent muscle activity, the degree of readiness to perform repeated work. The introduction of practical recommendations on the use of power loads for powerlifters into the educational process has made it possible to significantly improve the results of the power abilities of athletes of various sports qualifications.