Neurological Disorders Research Articles

Trust EEG epileptic seizure detection via evidential multi-view learning

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disease in the world. Researchers focus on automatic electroencephalogram (EEG) seizure detection methods and achieve remarkable detection accuracy. However, there still exist highly uncertain decisions, which may be caused by the noise signals such as ocular artifacts. Considering the misclassification of an epileptic patient as non-seizure could have severe consequences, we point out that the automatic EEG seizure detection methods should explicitly provide the reliability of the detection. To achieve this goal, we propose an Evidential Multi-view Learning (EML) method, which reduces noises by multiple feature extraction methods and make trusted decision accordingly. EML constructs initial multi-view features to capture the diverse information of EEG signals. For each view, EML establishes deep neural networks to learn high-level features and view-specific evidence of each category, which could be termed as the amount of support to each category collected from data. By dynamically fusing different views at the evidence level, EML makes reliable prediction accordingly (strong evidence indicates high prediction reliability). We empirically evaluate EML on a public EEG Epileptic Seizure Detection dataset (CHB_MIT). Experiments show the superiority of EML over state-of-the-art baseline methods. We will release the code in https://github.com/Wednesque/Trust-EEG-Epileptic-Seizure-Detection-via-Evidential-Multi-view-Learning.

Central and peripheral kynurenine pathway metabolites in COVID-19: Implications for neurological and immunological responses

Long-term symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in individuals affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway have been proposed to account for cognitive impairment in COVID-19 patients.Here, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in 53 COVID-19 patients and 12 non-inflammatory neurological disease controls in Sweden were measured with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (UPLC-MS/MS) and correlated with immunological markers and neurological markers. Single cell transcriptomic data from a previous study of 130 COVID-19 patients was used to investigate the expression of key genes in the kynurenine pathway.The present study reveals that the neuroactive kynurenine pathway metabolites quinolinic acid (QUIN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA) are increased in CSF in patients with acute COVID-19. In addition, CSF levels of kynurenine, ratio of kynurenine/tryptophan (rKT) and QUIN correlate with neurodegenerative markers. Furthermore, tryptophan is significantly decreased in plasma but not in the CSF. In addition, the kynurenine pathway is strongly activated in the plasma and correlates with the peripheral immunological marker neopterin. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed upregulated gene expressions of the rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase1 (IDO1) in CD14+ and CD16+ monocytes that correlated with type II-interferon response exclusively in COVID-19 patients.In summary, our study confirms significant activation of the peripheral kynurenine pathway in patients with acute COVID-19 and, notably, this is the first study to identify elevated levels of kynurenine metabolites in the central nervous system associated with the disease. Our findings suggest that peripheral inflammation, potentially linked to overexpression of IDO1 in monocytes, activates the kynurenine pathway. Increased plasma kynurenine, crossing the blood–brain barrier, serves as a source for elevated brain KYNA and neurotoxic QUIN. We conclude that blocking peripheral-to-central kynurenine transport could be a promising strategy to protect against neurotoxic effects of QUIN in COVID-19 patients.

Distinctive features of bimanual coordination in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

BackgroundIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized by cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders, and presents as gait and balance disturbances similar to those observed in other incurable neurological diseases. Although previous studies have reported deficits in bimanual coordination among patients with iNPH, these potential pathological characteristics have not received much attention to date. This study investigated the temporal characteristics of a bimanual finger-tapping task in patients with iNPH, focusing on within- and between-hand coordination.MethodsStudy participants comprised three groups: patients with iNPH (N = 19, mean age = 76.9 ± 5.6 years), older adults (N = 19, 76.4 ± 5.3 years), and younger adults (N = 13, 32.2 ± 8.5 years). Participants performed a bimanual finger-tapping task under five conditions that manipulated the temporal differences between the two taps.ResultsThe iNPH group exhibited significantly greater errors in both within- and between-hand coordination tasks compared to the other two groups.ConclusionThese results suggest that assessing temporal errors in bimanual coordination tasks, particularly within-hand coordination, may be useful for uncovering pathological characteristics specific to iNPH.

Acute effects of virtual reality exercise bike games on psychophysiological outcomes in college North-African adolescents with cerebral palsy: A randomized clinical trial

Background Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder that can affect motor skills and psychophysiological well-being. Virtual Reality Exercise (VRE) improves cognitive and physical outcomes in patients with CP. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of VRE on attention, vigor, and decision-making abilities in adolescents with CP. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The intervention consisted of a single 40-minute session of VRE compared to TE conducted in a controlled laboratory environment. Results Fourteen participants (42.9 % female) were included in this analysis. The results indicated that VRE had a statistically significant positive effect on attention and vigor compared to TE. While participants in the VRE group exhibited enhanced attention levels and reported elevated levels of vigor subsequent to the exercise sessions, the memory results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions The findings suggest that VRE is an effective intervention for improving attention and vigor in adolescents with CP. Registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202308598603482; 31/08/2023). The trial was reported in accordance with the CONSORT reporting guidelines.

Unraveling the Mysteries of Autoimmune Gastritis.

Autoimmune gastritis is an immune-mediated disease characterized by the destruction of parietal cells and atrophy of the oxyntic mucosa due to anti-parietal cell antibodies. It may lead to serious conditions including iron/vitamin B12 and micronutrient deficiencies, neurological disorders, and gastric malignancies. The exact mechanism of this disease is not exactly understood; however, dysregulated immunological mechanisms appear to be major contributors. Patients with this disease are often asymptomatic but may present with gastrointestinal symptoms and/or iron/vitamin B12 deficiencies. Although important serological markers are available and despite advanced endoscopic techniques, the definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological examination of gastric corporal biopsy specimens. Autoimmune gastritis is closely related with increased risk of gastric neuroendocrine tumors and gastric adenocarcinoma. Patients with autoimmune gastritis do not benefit from specific treatments, thus, management is directed to restore micronutrient deficiencies and to prevent occurrence of neoplastic transformation with appropriate endoscopic surveillance.

The Role and Importance of Acupuncture in Domestic Animals

This review provides a concise overview of acupuncture in veterinary medicine, tracing its roots from ancient Chinese practices to its integration into global veterinary care. It also examines the mechanism of acupuncture, focusing on the balance of vital energy (qi) along the meridians. The historical journey and applications of acupuncture in various animal species, pain management, neurological disorders, cancer support and more are discussed. In summary, the review highlights the importance and utility of acupuncture in veterinary medicine worldwide.

Gallic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide - induced memory deficits, neurochemical changes, and peripheral alterations in purinergic signaling.

Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurological disorders. Gallic acid (GA) has attracted significant attention due to its biological properties, such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of GA in memory, TNF-α levels, oxidative stress, and activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in the brain of mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, we evaluated alterations in adenine nucleotides and nucleosides in the serum. Male mice were orally pretreated with vehicle or GA (50 or 100mg/kg) for 14 days. Between days 8 and 14, the animals also received LPS injection (250µg/kg) or saline. At the end of the experimental protocol, the animals were submitted to object recognition test, euthanized and cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and blood were collected. LPS induced memory deficits, which were prevented by GA treatment. GA protected against LPS-induced oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum by reducing reactive oxygen species and nitrite levels, while increasing total thiol content and activities of antioxidant enzymes. GA also prevented LPS-induced alterations in AChE, Na+, K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase activities in brain structures. LPS elevated TNF-α levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which were attenuated by GA treatment. Furthermore, LPS caused a reduction in ADP and AMP hydrolysis and an increase in adenosine deamination in the serum, which were also prevented by GA. The effects of GA against neuroinflammation may be attributed to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which modulate various pathways, including those involved in memory mechanisms.

Exercise as a Strategy for Brain Aging: Prevention and Treatment Insights

Objectives: Aging is a comprehensive biological process that leads to a decrease in the physiological function of many body organs. Among them, the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in aging, and in this regard, physical and cognitive activities and exercise are among of the most important interventions known for managing and hindering nervous disorders associated with aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various types of activities and exercise on neurological disorders in older adults. Material and methods: To conduct this research, databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were thoroughly searched using the following terms: effect of aging on the brain, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and the effect of different types of exercises on the aging brain, focusing on articles published between 2005 and 2024. The selection of articles followed the framework for scoping reviews as outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. A total of 56 relevant articles were carefully examined and included in this review. Findings: The results of various studies showed that different physical exercises have different effects on diseases related to the nervous system and aging. Among them, the best types of physical exercises were moderate and high intensity exercises combined with cognitive exercises. Conclusion: Physical exercises of moderate to high intensity and the combination of physical and cognitive activities have more beneficial effects than exercises with lower intensity. In addition, exercises and dual physical-cognitive exercises group have a preventive and more effective role than other exercise modalities in dealing with brain and nervous system disorders in older adults.

TSC2-mTORC1 axis regulates morphogenesis and neurological function of Gli1+ adult-born dentate granule cells.

Aberrant adult hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in neurological and mood disorders associated with dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Understanding how the mTOR pathway shapes the functional development of different subpopulations of adult-born hippocampal neural stem cells will enable insight into potential therapeutic pathways for these disorders. Here we study how loss of TSC2, a regulator of mTOR pathway and a causal gene for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), affects dentate gyrus granule cell (dGC) morphogenesis and hippocampal-dependent function. We found that Tsc2KO mice with TSC2 specifically ablated from Gli1+ adult-born neural stem cells showed neuronal hypertrophy, reduced NEUN expression, increased dendritic arborization, premature cellular senescence, and hypervascularization of the dentate gyrus (DG). Neurologically, Tsc2KO mice showed altered exploratory behavior, impaired spatial learning, abnormal contextual recall, and hypersensitivity to kainic acid-induced seizures. Importantly, genetic reduction of Raptor, essential for mTORC1 signaling, rebalanced mTORC1 signaling and mitigated molecular, cellular, and neurological deficits in Tsc2KO mice. This study uncovered functions of TSC2 in Gli1+ adult-born neural stem cells and highlights RAPTOR as a potential therapeutic target for reversing disease features associated with TSC2 mutations.

Primary Visual Pathway Changes in Individuals With Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often report vision problems despite having normal visual acuity and fundus examinations. Diagnostics are needed for these patients. To determine if a battery of assessments or machine-learning approaches can aid in diagnosing visual dysfunction in patients with mild TBI. This prospective, observational, case-control study was conducted between May 2018 and November 2021. The study setting was at a level 1 trauma research hospital. Participant eligibility included adult males and females with recorded best-corrected visual acuity and normal fundus examination. Individuals in the case group had a history of mild TBI; controls had no history of TBI. Exclusion criteria included a history of ocular, neurological, or psychiatric disease, moderate-severe TBI, recent TBI, metal implants, age younger than 18 years, and pregnancy. Cases and controls were sex- and age-matched. Data analysis was performed from July 2023 to March 2024. History of mild TBI in the case group. The single-session visit included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory and measurements of oculomotor function, optical coherence tomography, contrast sensitivity, visual evoked potentials, visual field testing, and magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 28 participants (mean [SD] age, 35.0 [12.8] years; 15 male [53.6%]) with mild TBI and 28 controls (mean [SD] age, 35.8 [8.5] years; 19 female [67.9%]) were analyzed. Participants with mild TBI showed reduced prism convergence test breakpoint (-8.38; 95% CI, -14.14 to -2.62; P = .008) and recovery point (-8.44; 95% CI, -13.82 to -3.06; P = .004). Participants with mild TBI also had decreased contrast sensitivity (-0.07; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.01; P = .04) and increased visual evoked potential binocular summation index (0.32; 95% CI, 0.02-0.63; P = .02). A subset of participants exhibited reduced peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, increased optic nerve/sheath size, and brain cortical volumes. Machine learning identified subtle differences across the primary visual pathway, including the optic radiations and occipital lobe regions, independent of visual symptoms. Results of this case-control study suggest that the visual system was affected in individuals with mild TBI, even in those who did not self-report vision problems. These findings support the utility of a battery of assessments or machine-learning approaches to accurately diagnose this population.

LEVERAGING EPILEPSY DETECTION ACCURACY THROUGH BURST ENERGY INTEGRATION IN CWT AND DECISION TREE CLASSIFICATION OF EEG SIGNALS

The biomedical field plays a pivotal role in advancing healthcare by leveraging technological innovations to enhance diagnostics and treatment strategies. In the context of neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy, automated EEG signal processing stands out as a critical facet of biomedical research. The ability to analyze and interpret vast amounts of electroencephalogram (EEG) data using sophisticated techniques, such as Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), contributes significantly to the timely and accurate detection of epileptic events. Automated EEG signal processing, which uses advanced algorithms and pattern recognition methods, enables the identification of subtle yet crucial patterns indicative of epileptic activity. This paper presents an in-depth exploration of epilepsy identification using the CWT on the CHB-MIT Scalp EEG database. The study uses nine complex mother wavelets from the Gaussian and Morlet families to look at 8920 EEG segments, including 197 seizure events. The performance of each wavelet in detecting epileptic convulsions within EEG signals is rigorously evaluated. Our study shows that the complex Gaussian wavelet of order 5 (cgau5) emerged as the optimal choice, with a sensitivity of 97.58% and a precision of 97.93%. To improve epilepsy detection, we introduce burst energy, a novel engineered feature. This method gets accurate information about brain activity from the CWT scalogram by detecting ictal and ictal-free EEGs at different energy levels. The use of burst energy has a significant impact on classification performance, highlighting its potential for improved accuracy in epilepsy identification. This comprehensive study contributes valuable insights into selecting appropriate wavelets and introduces an innovative feature for more effective EEG-based epilepsy detection.

Central pontine myelinolysis in anorexia nervosa: case report of a Chinese adolescent

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by symmetric demyelination in the central region of pons. Until recently its prognosis was considered poor if not fatal. CPM may manifest as a severe complication of eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa (AN), primarily due to a rapid correction of hyponatremia. In this report, we presented the case of a 13-year-old girl with a five-month history of AN who exhibited typical CPM brain lesions, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination without the context of severe electrolyte imbalances. Surprisingly, despite the patient’s critical clinical manifestations in the initial stages, her prognoses of both AN and CPM were relatively optimistic. We discussed these observations in the light of recent reports on CPM and AN comorbidity. Although the clinical implications of MRI-detected lesions remain uncertain, psychiatrists should be cautious about CPM when refeeding patients with AN. Further studies about the relationship between CPM and AN are imperative.

Neuroprotective Potential of Tanshinone-IIA in Mitigating Propionic Acidinduced Experimental Autism-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alterations: Insights into c-JNK and p38MAPK Pathways.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. These factors can lead to the overactivation of c-JNK and p38MAPK. In rats, stereotactic intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of propionic acid (PPA) results in autistic-like characteristics such as poor social interaction, repetitive behaviours, and restricted communication. Research has demonstrated the beneficial effects of phytochemicals derived from plants in treating neurological disorders. Tanshinone-IIA (Tan-IIA) is a chemical found in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. It has neuroprotective potential by inhibiting c-JNK and p38MAPK against behavioral and neurochemical alterations in PPA-induced autistic rats. We observe behavioral changes, alterations in apoptotic markers, myelin basic protein (MBP), neurofilament-Light (NEFL), inflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotransmitter imbalances using different brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum), as well as biological samples, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood plasma. Persistent administration of 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg Tan-IIA via intraperitoneal injection reduced these alterations dose-dependently. Anisomycin (3 mg/kg.,i.p.) as a SAPK (c-JNK and p38MAPK) agonist was administered to assess the neuroprotective effect of Tan-IIA in autistic rats. Tan- IIA's molecular interactions with c-JNK and p38MAPK were confirmed using silico analysis. We also observed gross morphological, histopathological, and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) myelin straining changes in whole and coronal brain sections. Thus, Tan-IIA has a neuroprotective potential by inhibiting the c-JNK and p38MAPK signalling pathways, which reduces the behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities induced by PPA in adult Wistar rats, indicating that current results should be studied further for the diagnosis and treatment of autism.

Doxophylline, a Non-Selective Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor, Protects Against Chronic Fatigue-Induced Neurobehavioral, Biochemical, and Mitochondrial Alterations.

Chronic fatigue stress (CFS) is a multisystem disorder which exhibits multiple signs of neurological complications like brain fog, cognitive deficits and oxidative stress with no specific treatment. Doxophylline, a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI), has anti-inflammatory properties with enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration and tissue specificity. We have evaluated the neuroprotective potential of doxophylline in a murine model of forced swim test (FST) induced CFS and in H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. An FST model to induce a state of CFS in mice was induced by forcing them to swim daily for 6min for 15 days. The drug was administered daily 30min prior to FST. The immobility period was compared for day 1 and day 15. Animals were sacrificed on day 16 for biochemical, mitochondrial, and histopathological estimations in the brain. Cytotoxicity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear morphology determination were carried out in PC12 cells. A significant increase in immobility has been observed on the 15th day in CFS-induced mice compared to doxophylline treated group. Neurobehavioral studies revealed hypo locomotion, anxiety, motor incoordination, and memory deficit. Biochemical analysis showed a significant change in oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitrite levels) and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (AChE) in brain homogenates. Doxophylline pre-treatment protects against these impairments. In PC12 cell lines, doxophylline exhibits alleviation against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, intracellular ROS generation, and changes in nuclear morphology. Doxophylline could be promising and possess therapeutic potential in CFS treatment. Further research is needed to test if doxophylline can be repurposed for neurological disorders.

FUT8 Regulates Cerebellar Neurogenesis and Development Through Maintaining the Level of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Cntn2.

Core fucosylation at N-glycans, which is uniquely catalyzed by fucosyltransferase FUT8, plays essential roles in post-translational regulation of protein function. Aberrant core fucosylation leads to neurological disorders in individuals with congenital glycosylation disorders (CDG). However, the underlying mechanisms for these neurological defects remain largely unknown. In this study, we have showed that FUT8 and fucosylation are abundant in cerebellum. Specific deletion of Fut8 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) results in the impaired proliferation and differentiation of GNPs, as well as the compromised neuronal development, synaptic physiology and motor coordination. Mechanistically, we have showed that Fut8 deficiency reduced Contactin 2 (Cntn2) expression, a member of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs). Furthermore, ectopic Cntn2 can rescue the neuronal defects induced by Fut8 deficiency. Collectively, our study has revealed the important roles of FUT8 and core fucosylation in regulating cerebellar development and function through modulating Cntn2 expression.

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome Following Blood Transfusion in a Patient With Chronic Anemia: A Case Report.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by transient constriction and dilation of cerebral arteries, leading to severe headaches and neurological deficits. This case report describes a 41-year-old woman with chronic anemia, acute chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis who developed RCVS following transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). She experienced sudden-onset seizures and a thunderclap headache 5 days post-transfusion. Diagnostic imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealed the characteristic features of vasogenic edema. The patient was treated with blood pressure control and symptomatic relief for pain, resulting in gradual improvement. This case highlights the importance of recognizing RCVS as a potential complication of blood transfusions, particularly in patients with significant comorbidities. Understanding the possible mechanisms, including rapid hemoglobin correction, and the effects of residual plasma and storage lesions in transfused blood, is essential to prevent and manage this rare but serious condition.

Decoding sensorimotor information from somatosensory cortex by flexible epicortical μECoG arrays in unrestrained behaving rats

Objective.Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are promising for severe neurological conditions and there are ongoing efforts to develop state-of-the-art neural interfaces, hardware, and software tools. We tested the potential of novel reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes implanted epidurally over the hind limb representation of the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex of rats, and compared them to commercial platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) 16-channel electrodes (active site diameter: 25μm).Approach.Motor and somatosensory information was decoded offline from microelectrocorticography (μECoG) signals recorded while unrestrained rats performed a simple behavioral task: pressing a lever and the subsequent vibrotactile stimulation of the glabrous skin at three displacement amplitude levels and at two sinusoidal frequencies.μECoG data were initially analyzed by standard time-frequency methods. Next, signal powers of oscillatory bands recorded from multiple electrode channels were used as features for sensorimotor classification by a machine learning algorithm.Main results.Both electrode types performed quite well and similar to each other for predicting the motor interval and the presence of the vibrotactile stimulus. Average accuracies were relatively lower for predicting 3-class vibrotactile frequency and 4-class amplitude level by both electrode types.Significance.Given some confounding factors during the free movement of rats, the results show that both sensory and motor information can be recorded reliably from the hind limb area of S1 cortex by usingμECoG arrays. The chronic use of novel rGO electrodes was demonstrated successfully. The hind limb area may be convenient for the future evaluation of new tools in neurotechnology, especially those for bidirectional BCIs.

Estimated Brain Age in Healthy Aging and Across Multiple Neurological Disorders.

The brain aging in the general population and patients with neurological disorders is not well understood. To characterize brain aging in the above conditions and its clinical relevance. Retrospective. A total of 2913 healthy controls (HC), with 1395 females; 331 multiple sclerosis (MS); 189 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD); 239 Alzheimer's disease (AD); 244 Parkinson's disease (PD); and 338 cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). 3.0 T/Three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images. The brain age was estimated by our previously developed model, using a 3D convolutional neural network trained on 9794 3D T1-weighted images of healthy individuals. Brain age gap (BAG), the difference between chronological age and estimated brain age, was calculated to represent accelerated and resilient brain conditions. We compared MRI metrics between individuals with accelerated (BAG ≥ 5 years) and resilient brain age (BAG ≤ -5 years) in HC, and correlated BAG with MRI metrics, and cognitive and physical measures across neurological disorders. Student's t test, Wilcoxon test, chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and correlation analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In HC, individuals with accelerated brain age exhibited significantly higher white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and lower regional brain volumes than those with resilient brain age. BAG was significantly higher in MS (10.30 ± 12.6 years), NMOSD (2.96 ± 7.8 years), AD (6.50 ± 6.6 years), PD (4.24 ± 4.8 years), and cSVD (3.24 ± 5.9 years) compared to HC. Increased BAG was significantly associated with regional brain atrophy, WMH burden, and cognitive impairment across neurological disorders. Increased BAG was significantly correlated with physical disability in MS (r = 0.17). Healthy individuals with accelerated brain age show high WMH burden and regional volume reduction. Neurological disorders exhibit distinct accelerated brain aging, correlated with impaired cognitive and physical function. 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Neurohospitalist Core Competencies.

The Neurohospitalist Core Competencies comprise a set of competency-based learning objectives that encapsulate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of neurohospitalitists who specialize in the care of hospitalized patients with neurologic conditions. These competencies serve to characterize the rapidly expanding field of neurohospitalist medicine. The 27 chapters are divided into 3 sections entitled: neurological conditions, clinical interventions and interpretation of ancillary studies, and neurohospitalist role in the healthcare system. Each individual learning objective in the chapters describes a specific concept with an action verb to illustrate the behavior that the neurohospitalist exhibits. The individual neurohospitalist may not exhibit mastery in each of the topics included as individual practices vary in scope and practice pattern. A few examples of how the complete set of competencies may be used include in the creation of curricula for neurohospitalist fellowships, to assist in defining the scope of practice of neurohospitalists for administrative leaders of hospitals and departments, and in influencing the direction of further research and quality improvement in the field.

A Review on Machine Learning Based on EEG and ECoG Signal for Brain Computer Interface

Abstract. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are devices utilized for the detection and recognition of brain activity. With advancements in machine learning techniques, BCI projects have witnessed an increasing application of these techniques, leading to higher performance. BCI also finds utility in medical applications by providing efficient solutions for individuals with neurological disorders or disabilities. The research focus on convenient and non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) and high signal-to-noise ratio electrocorticography (ECoG) stems from their respective advantages. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of BCI principles, imaging techniques such as EEG and ECoG along with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as discusses the utilization of various machine learning techniques in EEG and ECoG-based BCI system, including classification and regression models. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the challenges faced by EEG and ECoG-based BCI techniques while also discussing future directions such as artifacting removal technique for EEG-based BCIs and closed-loop feedback technique based on ECoGBCI.