Neurohumoral State Research Articles

Прогнозирование прогрессирования сколиоза у детей и подростков по уровню серотонина в сыворотке крови

Introduction Idiopathic scoliosis is associated with severe spinal deformity, and prediction of scoliosis progression is important in the early stages for prevention and treatment. The objective was to identify the relationship between the serotonin blood level in children and adolescents aged 4 to 15 years and progressing scoliosis grades I-II over a five-year period. Material and methods Eighty-six children and adolescents with impaired posture and scoliosis were assigned to 3 groups according to clinical and radiological data and the serotonin level, the course of scoliosis, and the parameters were measured during 5 years. Results A significant increase in the medians, interquartile intervals of serotonin levels and the curve angle was observed in the group of progressive scoliosis with higher rates seen in girls. Significant differences in the serotonin serum level were observed in the groups. Correlation analysis showed a weak relationship between the serotonin level and the curve evaluated radiologically in patients with non‑progressive scoliosis with an increase in the relationship to moderate in the progression group at 5 years. The analysis of the diagnostic efficiency of the serotonin blood level in patients with different course of scoliosis revealed the good quality of the prognostic test. Discussion The serotonin serum level had a statistically significant relationship with the progression of the curve examined radiologically. Conclusion A laboratory marker indicating progression of the curvature in children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis was identified. The marker included an increased serotonin blood level of greater than 270 ng/ml. The marker appeared to be practical because it could 1) be measured in the blood of children and adolescents; 2) show the dynamics in the increased serotonin level correlating with radiographic findings of the spine; and 3) indicate to the neurohumoral state of a growing body with the pathology under study. The serotonin blood level can be a marker of progressive scoliosis. The findings have been protected by an invention patent.

SPECIFICS OF NEUROHUMORAL ACTIVITY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF MASKED ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN YOUNG MALES

Aim. To assess the neurohumoral state, specifics of clinical presentation, prevalence and prominence of cardiovascular and behavioral risk factors in males of young age with masked arterial hypertension (MAH).Material and methods. To the full coverage screening study, 643 participants included, age 18-30 y. o. (mean age 22). Complete clinical and laboratory, instrumental assessments performed, with analysis of neurohumoral activity by the levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin II. All participants were selected to groups: MAH (n=61), manifest AH (n=46), normotonics (n=536). Diagnostics of MAH was done in case of positive test of 30 second respiration pause and 24 hour blood pressure (BP) monitoring.Results. In males, MAH was found in 9,5% cases, manifest AH in 7,1%, normotonia in 83,4%. In MAH and manifest AH participants the level of adrenaline was higher than in normotonics: 4,55 pM/L [3,53; 5,1], 6,25 pM/L [4,75; 8,65] and 2,1 pM/L [1,2; 4,5], respectively. Males with MAH had almost 2 times higher level of noradrenaline (19,5 pM/L [18,8; 22,8]) comparing to “normotonics” (8 pM/L [6; 12,1]) and 1,5 times higher than in manifest AH (13,1 pM/L [11,5; 14,4]). Angiotensin II assessment showed that in MAH males it was higher (18,5 pM [15,75; 21,9]), than in normotonics (15,7 pM [13;18,3]), but lower than in manifest AH (20,15 pM [18,9; 21,9]). Food related behavior assessment as of a factor of sodium overconsumption, the higher values were found in MAH patients and in manifest AH (50% and 50%) comparing to normotonics (25%). Early age of smoking beginning found in 28% of MAH males, more prevalent than in normotonics (24%) and manifest AH (15%).Conclusion. In young males MAH is revealed more often than manifest AH. Development of MAH in young males is related to hypersympathicity with raised catecholamines level, disordered 24 hour rhythm “non-dipper”, disorder of BP variability and higher smoking level, than in normotonics.

EEG activation response under different neurohumoral states

In order to determine under which neurohumoral conditions the response to usual opening of the eyes stimulates the Berger effect, the electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic, and electromyographic responses to eyes opening have been recorded simultaneously with the psychometric indices of emotional tension and cognitive performance in 59 healthy women aged 18–27 years every two or three days during one or two menstrual cycles determined according the progesterone level in the morning. For excluding the influence of the Novelty factor, the monitoring began at the menstrual phase of the cycle in 29 women and at the luteal phase in the other 30 women. A single examination has been performed in a separate group of 30 women to study the relationship of these parameters with the current progesterone and cortisol levels in saliva. Two-factor ANOVA has shown that the magnitude of amplitude suppression and the bandwidth of the low-frequency α EEG range in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle are greater than in the luteal one and depend on the Novelty factor. The indices of the Berger effect of the upper-frequency α range do not depend on the neurohumoral state or the Novelty factor. The amplitude suppression and the bandwidth of the lowfrequency α range alone are predictors of the activation in the response to eyes opening because the changes are unidirectional and are interrelated with the autonomic and hormonal characteristics of the activation. It has been demonstrated that eyes opening is a stimulus for the activation only in the neurohumoral state corresponding to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. This study has established the dependence of the central and autonomic activation on the individual α frequency EEG profile and the neurohumoral state.

Impaired Pattern of Endothelial Derived Microparticles in Heart Failure Patients

Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide that is characterized pandemic features. Metabolic diseases, neurohumoral state, and systemic inflammatory response are considered the origin of microvascular endothelial cell inflammation that leads to development of CHF and supporting cardiac remodelling and vascular dysfunction. Endothelial-derived microparticles (EMPs) are considered a novel biological marker of endothelial injury and vascular tone disorders. Biological effect of EMPs realizes through supporting of cell-to-cell cross-talking mediated by transport microRNA, active molecules, hormones, peptides, regulator proteins, etc. EMPs derived from activated endothelial cells may play a pivotal role in the vascular remodelling and endothelial reparation. In opposite, EMPs originated from apoptotic endothelial cells are considered a direct trigger of vascular injury. The review is addressed to discussion of one of possible mechanism of effect realizing of endothelial-derived microparticles different origin in heart failure affected endogenous reparation and tissue injury.

The force-frequency relationship: insights from mathematical modeling

The force-frequency relationship has intrigued researchers since its discovery by Bowditch in 1871. Many attempts have been made to construct mathematical descriptions of this phenomenon, beginning with the simple formulation of Koch-Wesser and Blinks in 1963 to the most sophisticated ones of today. This property of cardiac muscle is amplified by β-adrenergic stimulation, and, in a coordinated way, the neurohumoral state alters both frequency (acting on the sinoatrial node) as well as force generation (modifying ventricular myocytes). This synchronized tuning is needed to meet new metabolic demands. Cardiac modelers have already linked mechanical and electrical activity in their formulations and showed how those activities feedback on each other. However, now it is necessary to include neurological control to have a complete description of heart performance, especially when changes in frequency are involved. Study of arrhythmias (or antiarrhythmic drugs) based on mathematical models should incorporate this effect to make useful predictions or point out potential pharmaceutical targets.

Feed Forward Modeling. Fixing the Force Frequency Relationship

The force frequency relationship has intrigued researchers since its discovery by Bowditch in 1871. Several attempts were made to construct mathematical descriptions of this phenomenon; from the simple formulation of Koch-Wesser & Blinks in 1963 to the most sophisticated ones of present days. This property of the cardiac muscle is amplified by the β adrenergic stimulation. In a coordinated way the neurohumoral state alters both: frequency (acting on the SA node) and force generation (modifying the ventricular myocytes). This synchronized tuning is needed to meet new metabolic demands. Failure to do so has deleterious consequences. We implemented this physiological coordination in a new version of LabHEART (v5.5) where the cell parameters are updated according to the frequency of stimulation in a sigmoidal fashion (namely: ICaL, IKs, SERCA pump and myofilaments’ Ca-sensitivity). This feed forward modeling helps to reproduce a more realistic cell behavior and complement the information obtained by experiments where frequency has been altered but without adding β-adrenergic agonists. Plots like rate-adaptation or APD vs cycle length can, now, be mapped into the neurohumoral state to provide insights about arrhythmias (or antiarrhythmic drugs). Cardiac modelers have already linked the mechanical and the electrical activity in their formulations and showed how those activities feedback on each other. Feed forward modeling is a step towards reproducing the neurological control and thus, to have a complete description of the heart performance, particularly when changes in frequency are involved. The presumptive sigmoidal dependence of parameters on pacing frequency used here can be refined but is a valid starting point to implement the convergence of cardiac chronotrophy and inotropy.

Role of Neurohumoral Control of the Circulation in Determining Exercise Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure

The weak relationship between left ventricular function and exercise capacity in heart failure has stimulated interest in neurohumoral mechanisms as possibly contributing to exercise intolerance. Although chronic activation of neuroendocrine systems is characteristic of heart failure and is accompanied by impaired reflex responsiveness to physiologic stimuli, data from clinical trials do not support the hypothesis that the abnormal neurohumoral state is directly related to exercise intolerance. Thus, these systems may play an important role in the natural history of the disease and its high mortality, but they may not be critical to the impaired exercise capacity.

Formal mechanisms of affective experience: Outline for a formal theory of affect

The affects and emotions, the former more subjective, the latter more associated with bodily changes and better explored as a neurohumoral state of affairs, yet at times interchangeably referred to, have been variously conceived of as quantities or discharges of psychic energy; 1 as flow of psychic energy; 1 as accompaniments of instinctual impulses; 1 as behavior confined to the subject's body, particularly the visceral and glandular systems; 1 as “forces” combined into “composite resultants”; 1 to mention only the better known views. The general tendency today is to view affects as unable to reach any degree of structural organization, similar to that of cognition, beyond the level of classifications based on secondary intellectual reflections. Piaget has been the only investigator to formulate a theory of affect as a particular psychological structure obeying its own formal laws. This paper attempts to expand on some of Piaget's basic ideas and outline a formal theory of affect applying to normality as well as psychopathology.