Neuroendocrine System Research Articles

SN promote retinal pathological neovascularization through activation of EGFR, IR and IGF-1R.

Secretoneurin (SN) is a neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II (SgII), mainly are involved in neuroendocrine system. The present study is aimed to investigate the role of SN in retinal pathological neovascularization and physiological vasculature. In the study, we found the overexpression of SgII in retina of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy (OIR) mouse model, and SgII knockdown could alleviate pathological retinal neovascularization in OIR. Conversely, SgII knockdown have no detectable effect in embryonic physiological vasculature. Experiments in vitro and in vivo further verified SN's angiogenic effect on the eye. In further, we identified that SN promoted angiogenesis via activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Insulin Receptor (IR), and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF-1R), and followed by the phosphorylation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling. In summarize, our study suggests that SN might be a postnatal angiogenic factor, which was critically involved in retinal pathological neovascularization, but not in embryonic retinal physiological vasculature. Moreover, we identified the receptors and the downstream signaling involved in SN induced retinal angiogenesis.

Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Neuroendocrine and Organ Damage and Nutritional Measures of Prevention and Treatment in Poultry

Heat stress (HS) due to high temperatures has adverse effects on poultry, including decreased feed intake, lower feed efficiency, decreased body weight, and higher mortality. There are complex mechanisms behind heat stress in poultry involving the neuroendocrine system, organ damage, and other physiological systems. HS activates endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal, by the action of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nerves, ultimately causing changes in hormone levels: HS leads to increased corticosterone levels, changes in triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, decreased gonadotropin levels, reduced ovarian function, and the promotion of catecholamine release, which ultimately affects the normal productive performance of poultry. Meanwhile, heat stress also causes damage to the liver, lungs, intestines, and various immune organs, severely impairing organ function in poultry. Nutrient additives to feed are important measures of prevention and treatment, including natural plants and extracts, probiotics, amino acids, and other nutrients, which are effective in alleviating heat stress in poultry. Future studies need to explore the specific mechanisms through which heat stress impacts the neuroendocrine system in poultry and the interrelationships between the axes and organ damage so as to provide an effective theoretical basis for the development of preventive and treatment measures.

Exploring the interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway: a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases

The interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in the host's central nervous system plays a crucial role in neurological diseases and enhances communication along the gut–brain axis. The gut microbiota influences the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway through its metabolites, which activates the vagus nerve and modulates the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Conversely, alterations in the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway can affect the composition of the gut microbiota, creating a dynamic network of microbial-host interactions. This reciprocal regulation affects neurodevelopment, neurotransmitter control, and behavioral traits, thus playing a role in the modulation of neurological diseases. The coordinated activity of the gut microbiota and the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulates processes such as amyloid-β protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal energy metabolism, microglial activation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter release, which collectively influence the onset and progression of neurological diseases. This study explores the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, along with its implications for potential therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases. Recent pharmacological research has shown that restoring the balance between gut flora and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may improve outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases and emotional disorders. This can be achieved through various methods such as dietary modifications, probiotic supplements, Chinese herbal extracts, combinations of Chinese herbs, and innovative dosage forms. These findings suggest that regulating the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may provide valuable evidence for developing novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.

Single Intranasal Administration of Ucn3 Affects the Development of PTSD Symptoms in an Animal Model

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multifactorial psychological disorder that affects different neurotransmitter systems, including the central CRH system. CRH acts via the CRHR1 and CRHR2 receptors, which exert opposite effects, i.e., anxiogenic or anxiolytic. The aim of this work was to investigate how intranasal administration of the CRHR2-specific agonist urocortin 2 (Ucn2) or urocortin 3 (Ucn3) affects manifestations of PTSD in a single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of PTSD. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests were used to assess anxiety-like behavior. Changes in the gene expressions of CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and FKBP5 were measured in brain regions (BNST, amygdala, and PVN) responsible for modulating the stress response. The SPS animals spent less time in the OF central zone and were less mobile than the controls; however, the Ucn3 treatment reversed this effect. SPS decreased the GR and FKPB5 mRNA levels in the PVN. Ucn3 suppressed the effect of SPS on FKBP5 mRNA expression in the PVN and increased FKBP5 mRNA in the BNST and PVN compared to the stressed animals. We demonstrate that Ucn3 has the potential to ameliorate anxiety-like behavior in SPS animals and also to affect the neuroendocrine system in the BNST and PVN. In addition, we confirm the important role of CRHR2 signaling in mediating the stress response.

Hormones in Malaria Infection: Influence on Disease Severity, Host Physiology, and Therapeutic Opportunities.

Human malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a fatal disease that disrupts the host's physiological balance and affects the neuroendocrine system. This review explores how malaria influences and is influenced by hormones. Malaria activates the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, leading to increased cortisol, aldosterone, and epinephrine. Cortisol, while reducing inflammation, aids parasite survival, whereas epinephrine helps manage hypoglycemia. The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid axes are also impacted, resulting in lower sex and thyroid hormone levels. Malaria disrupts the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing higher angiotensin-II and aldosterone levels, contributing to edema, hyponatremia and hypertension. Malaria-induced anemia is exacerbated by increased hepcidin, which impairs iron absorption, reducing both iron availability for the parasite and red blood cell formation, despite elevated erythropoietin. Hypoglycemia is common due to decreased glucose production and hyperinsulinemia, although some cases show hyperglycemia due to stress hormones and inflammation. Hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia are associated with low Vitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone but high calcitonin. Hormones such as DHEA, melatonin, PTH, Vitamin D3, hepcidin, progesterone, and erythropoietin protects against malaria. Furthermore, synthetic analogs, receptor agonists and antagonists or mimics of hormones like DHEA, melatonin, serotonin, PTH, vitamin D3, estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin, and somatostatin are being explored as potential antimalarial treatments or adjunct therapies. Additionally, hormones like leptin and PCT are being studied as probable markers of malaria infection.

Peptide stimulation effect on organotypic culture development of neuroendocrine tissues

Introduction. One of the actual task of modern biology and medicine. Is the creation of bioregulator preparation, which can stimulate the neuroendocrine system of organism. Purpose of study. Study of effect of polypeptide complex from brain cortex (PPCbc) and from pancreas (PPCp) of calfs on the cellular proliferation in organotypic culture of nerve and endocrine of young and old rats. Methods. The adequate method of organotypic tissue culture of tissue from young and old rats was used for quick biologically activity of peptides screening. Results. The square index (SI) of nerve and endocrine tissues explants were increased statistically reliable, as compared to the control, also in young and old rats, under the polypeptides complexes effect. Conclusion. The data obtained produce the base for working and quick testing of preparations for treatment of patients with pathology in brain cortex and endocrine tissues

Effects of a synthetic analogue of the bovine appeasing pheromone on the overall welfare of dairy calves from birth through weaning

Environmental enrichment in the form of synthetic analogs of appeasing pheromones have shown promising results in improving the welfare of domestic animals including dogs, pigs, horses, and cattle. The main objective of this study was to determine if the use of the bovine appeasing pheromone (BAP) would improve the welfare of dairy calves; therefore, in this randomized controlled trial, 72 Holstein Friesian dairy calves were housed in individual hutches after birth and were randomly allocated to receive BAP or a placebo once every 2 weeks from birth through weaning. After weaning, calves were moved to group hutches according to treatment for 4 additional weeks. It was hypothesized that dairy calves treated with BAP would display fewer signs of stress compared with calves receiving the placebo during the weaning process. To operationalize stress, calves were fitted with triaxial accelerometers on the hind leg after birth, and activity levels were monitored throughout the experiment. Data on live weight gain (ADG) and cortisol levels in saliva and hair were also obtained. Calves were fitted with heart rate monitors every week for at least 24 h to assess heart rate variability (HRV). The use of BAP had a positive effect on ADG after weaning and during group housing and resulted in increased resting time after weaning. Moreover, BAP, was associated with a reduction in the activation of the neuroendocrine system evidenced by higher HRV parameters after weaning, including increased standard deviation of beat to beat of normal sinus beats (SDNN) and root mean squares of successive differences (RMSSD). These results suggest a potential welfare benefit of the use of BAP during the artificial rearing of dairy calves.

Antibody Preparation, Protein Expression, and Function Analysis of Cyp19a1b in Ovarian Differentiation in a Natural Triploid Teleost Qi River Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

Estrogen is an essential sex steroid that functions in numerous biological systems including female reproduction, neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and immune systems. The synthesis of estrogen is controlled by the rate-limiting enzyme, which has been confirmed to exist in two different forms, named brain aromatase and ovary aromatase, and encoded by cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b respectively in teleosts. However, existing studies have primarily focused on the expression and function of cyp19a1b in the brain and cyp19a1a in the gonad, the roles of cyp19a1b in the female gonad of teleosts are largely unknown. In our previous study, we cloned the full length of the cyp19a1b gene from a natural triploid teleost Qi River crucian carp (Carassius auratus), andthe spatial and temporal expression patterns of cyp19a1b mRNA were detected. To further clarify the roles of cyp19a1b in the ovarian differentiation of Qi River crucian carp, we produced a polyclonal antibody of Cyp19a1b in this study. Western blotting results showed that Cyp19a1b was mainly expressed in the brain and then in the ovary, heart, liver, and muscle. During embryogenesis, Cyp19a1b was abundantly expressed in the neurula stage. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Cyp19a1b was expressed in the radioactive glial cells (RGCs) of the brain from 20 days after hatching (dah) and the somatic cells of the ovaries from 30 dah, the critical period of ovarian differentiation in Qi River crucian carp. With the treatment of letrozole, an inhibitor of the aromatase, the expression of Cyp19a1b was downregulated both in the brain and gonad. Our results suggested that Cyp19a1b might be involved in the development of the nervous system and also participate in the ovarian differentiation of Qi River crucian carp.

Editorial for the Special Issue “Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Antioxidant Defense System in Psychiatric Disorders” in Antioxidants (2022–2023)

A growing body of evidence indicates that many genetic and environmental factors associated with psychiatric disorders affect redox homeostasis, mitochondria and energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine and immune systems in a complex synergistic manner, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation [...]

Immunology of Stress: A Review Article.

Stress significantly impacts the immune system, affecting susceptibility to illness and overall health. This review examines the intricate relationship between stress and the immune system, offering insights having practical implications for health and disease prevention. Stress can significantly trigger molecular and immune modulation, affecting the distribution and trafficking of immune cells in various organs and altering their composition in the blood. The review delves into two key pathways connecting stress and immunity: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Stress activates the neuroendocrine system and triggers microglia in the brain, releasing stress hormones and neurotransmitters that modulate the function and movement of immune cells. Acute stress can temporarily strengthen immunity and promote protection during infection; in contrast, chronic stress dysregulates or inhibits immune functions. Chronic stress causes an increase in cortisol levels through the HPA axis, ultimately suppressing the immune response. Recognizing stress triggers and implementing effective stress management techniques can significantly impact individuals' well-being. This review indicates that immune cells express genes differentially in response to stress, suggesting individual variabilities in the immune response against stress. This underscores the need for a personalized approach to stress management. This review also highlights the potential link between chronic stress and autoimmune disorders and warrants further investigation.

Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on the rational use of surufatinib in clinical practice（2024 edition）

Neuroendocrine neoplasms are a group of heterogeneous tumors originating from the neuroendocrine system, which can occur in any part of the body. Pulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are the most common. In recent years, the global incidence of neuroendocrine tumors has increased more significantly than other types of tumors, especially in the past 40 years. The drug treatment of neuroendocrine tumors includes somatostatin analogues, anti-angiogenesis targeting drugs, nuclide therapy and chemotherapy. Surufatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors that targets for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR1-3), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), and colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), has received approval in 2020 and 2021 for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic, progressive nonfunctional, well-differentiated (G1, G2) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of both pancreatic and extrapancreatic origin that are unresectable. Ongoing exploratory studies are investigating its potential application in other tumor types. Common adverse reactions observed during surufatinib treatment include hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding events, and hepatic lab test abnormal and diarrhea. Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on the rational use of surufatinib in clinical practice (2024 edition) aims to provide standardized guidance for its rational use and enhance patient compliance to maximize therapeutic benefits.

Metabolic Syndrome in Reproductive Age Women of Various Ethnic Groups. Neuroendocrine Status and Lipid Peroxidation System.

We analyzed the state of neuroendocrine regulation and LPO-antioxidant defense systems in reproductive age women with metabolic syndrome (MetS), representatives of the Russian and Buryat ethnic groups. Compared to the corresponding control groups, women from the Russian ethnic group with MetS had elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free androgen index (FAI) and reduced levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, while women from the Buryat ethnic group had increased levels of prolactin and FAI. Changes in the LPO system in women of the Russian ethnic group with MetS consisted in an increase in the levels of substrates with double bonds, TBA-reactive substances, and fat-soluble vitamins. Buryat women with MetS had a higher content of primary oxidation products and reduced levels of glutathione. The results of the study indicate a hyperandrogenic shift in the neuroendocrine regulation system, as well as compensatory influences from different parts of the antioxidant defense system in women of reproductive age with MetS, depending on their ethnicity. These findings indicate the need for assessing and monitoring the levels of these metabolites in women with MetS, considering their ethnicity.

Chronic Corticosterone Administration-Induced Mood Disorders in Laboratory Rodents: Features, Mechanisms, and Research Perspectives

Mood disorders mainly affect the patient’s daily life, lead to suffering and disability, increase the incidence rate of many medical illnesses, and even cause a trend of suicide. The glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) negative feedback regulation plays a key role in neuropsychiatric disorders. The balance of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) level contributes to maintaining the homeostasis of the neuroendocrine system. Consistently, a chronic excess of GC can also lead to HPA axis dysfunction, triggering anxiety, depression, memory loss, and cognitive impairment. The animal model induced by chronic corticosterone (CORT) administration has been widely adopted because of its simple replication and strong stability. This review summarizes the behavioral changes and underlying mechanisms of chronic CORT administration-induced animal models, including neuroinflammatory response, pyroptosis, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity, and apoptosis. Notably, CORT administration at different doses and cycles can destroy the balance of the MR/GR ratio to make dose-dependent effects of CORT on the central nervous system (CNS). This work aims to offer an overview of the topic and recommendations for future cognitive function research.

ЛЕЧЕБНО-ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ И БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ НАУЧНОЙ МУЗЫКОТЕРАПИИ В РЕШЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМ БЕСПЛОДИЯ

Scientific music therapy is an advanced therapeutic and preventive direction, widely in demand in various areas of health care, psychological assistance, and social rehabilitation, but still underestimated in reproductive medicine. Complex scientific research conducted over thirty years has helped to better understand the nature of the main mechanisms of music's influence on the neuroendocrine system,vital organs, and cellular structures. On this basis, unique and effective methods of scientific music therapy and promising biotechnologies have been created, the possibilities of which in solving infertility problems are discussed in this article.

Hypnotherapy Technique to Reduce Anxiety Levels in Elderly with Hypertension

Background: One of the non-pharmacological intervention that can be used is hypnotherapy. This intervention uses suggestions that will relax the client's condition so that the brain produces the hormones serotonin, endorpine, and activation of autonomic nerve responses. At the same time the neuroendocrine system will also lower levels of cortisol, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine and will act directly on the alpha androgenic receptors of vascular smooth muscle, thus causing vasodilation of blood vessels, lowering total peripheral pressure and decreasing blood pressure, pulse, and breathing. Objectives: This study is to determine the effect of hypnotherapy techniques on reducing anxiety levels in elderly families with hypertension at RT 10/RW 05 Lenteng Agung, South Jakarta. Methods: This study employed a quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pre-test post-test approach to examine the effect of an intervention on anxiety levels in elderly individuals with hypertension. The study population consisted of 39 elderly individuals, with 15 participants meeting the inclusion criteria. Data were collected in 2023, and the sample was selected using total sampling, consisting of 9 women and 6 men. Participants were observed before and after the intervention to assess changes in anxiety levels. Results: This study showed that after being given hypnotherapy technique treatment, the majority experienced a decrease in anxiety levels, namely mild anxiety as many as 11 elderly (73.3%) and respondents who experienced moderate anxiety as many as 4 elderly (46.7%) Conclusion: The majority of elderly individuals with hypertension experienced severe anxiety before receiving hypnosis techniques. After the application of hypnosis, most experienced a reduction in anxiety to mild levels. This demonstrates that hypnosis techniques have a significant effect in reducing anxiety levels in elderly individuals with hypertension

Exploring the link between the pediatric exposome, respiratory health, and executive function in children: a narrative review.

Asthma is a highly prevalent inflammatory condition, significantly affecting nearly six million U.S. children and impacting various facets of their developmental trajectories including neurodevelopment. Evidence supports a link between pediatric environmental exposures in two key areas: asthma and executive function (E.F.). E.F.s are a collective of higher-order cognitive processes facilitating goal-oriented behaviors. Studies also identify asthma-associated E.F. impairments in children. However, limited research has evaluated the inter-relationships among environmental exposures, asthma, and E.F. in children. This review explored relevant research to identify and connect the potential mechanisms and pathways underlying these dynamic associations. The review suggests that the role of the pediatric exposome may function through (1) several underlying biological pathways (i.e., the lung-brain axis, neuroendocrine system, and hypoxia), which could drive asthma and maladaptive E.F. in children and (2) the relationships between the exposome, asthma, and E.F. is a bidirectional linkage. The review reveals essential synergistic links between asthma and E.F. deficits, highlighting the potential role of the pediatric exposome.

The state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in workers exposed to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequenc

Introduction. Electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency are an integral part of production processes, and their effect on the human body is of increasing interest both among scientists and among specialists in the field of medicine and occupational safety. In recent decades, there has been growing concern about the potential impact of these areas on the health of workers, especially those who are exposed to prolonged exposure in the course of their professional activities. In this context, we pay special attention to the neuroendocrine system, which plays a key role in regulating many physiological processes, including metabolism, stress reactions and maintaining homeostasis. The study of the fundamentals of the neuroendocrine system and the mechanisms of the effect of electromagnetic fields on the body not only contributes to the deepening of scientific knowledge in the field of biomedical research, but also has practical significance in ensuring occupational safety and improving working conditions in industrial enterprises, allowing to identify possible health consequences and develop effective measures to protect workers from negative bioeffects. The study aims to research the effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency on the functional state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system of employees of electric grid facilities. Materials and methods. Specialists examined 144 employees of the main group engaged in the repair and operation of electric grid facilities and 40 employees of the control group who were not exposed to electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency. We determined the concentration of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in blood serum samples and calculated the ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to cortisol. Results. Workers exposed to the combined effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency had a lower (p<0.05) level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (1.9 [0.5; 3.9] pg/ml) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (5.8 [3.7; 8.4] mmol/l) in the blood compared with the group of workers exposed to magnetic fields industrial frequency fields (4.4 [2.1; 12.9] pg/ml; 9.8 [6.3; 14.5] mmol/l) and to the control group (6.4 [4.0; 19.8] pg/ml; 7.8 [4.7; 13.3] mmol/l), respectively. The scientists also revealed in the group of workers exposed to combined exposure in the field, the association of a low ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol with the development of cardiovascular diseases and feedback from work experience (p<0.05). Limitations. The study is limited by the number of people surveyed (144 employees). Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the hypoactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system induced by exposure to electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency, manifested by a decrease in the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and its relationship to cortisol in workers exposed to combined effects of electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency. Ethics. The work complies with ethical standards developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human participation" as amended in 2000 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 04/01/2016 No. 200n. We received informed consent from each examined person to participate in the study, approved in accordance with the established procedure by the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (minutes of the meeting of the Ethics Committee No. 17 dated 12/16/2015).

ESR Essentials: role of PET/CT in neuroendocrine tumors-practice recommendations by the European Society for Hybrid, Molecular and Translational Imaging.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) originate from the secretory cells of the neuroendocrine system, with the majority arising in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Given the heterogeneity in the biological behavior and morphological differentiation of these tumors, advanced imaging techniques are crucial for supporting the suspected diagnosis, accurate staging, and monitoring therapy. As most well-differentiated NEN demonstrate overexpression of somatostatin receptors (SSR) on the cell surface, SSR-directed PET/CT is considered the reference standard for imaging of this particular entity. SSR-PET/CT should be the imaging method of choice in every NEN G1 or G2 and considered for re-staging after both potentially curative and non-curative surgeries. The extent of SSR expression is also crucial for determining a patient's eligibility for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). PRRT utilizes [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE to target the SSR receptor and can significantly prolong progression-free survival in patients with advanced, progressive neuroendocrine tumor of the gastroenteropancreatic system (GEP-NET). PET/CT is a central component of the multidisciplinary management of NEN. Variable follow-up intervals are recommended, considering that tumors with higher proliferation rates or advanced metastatic disease require more frequent assessments. The combination with other imaging modalities, like MRI, complements SSR-PET/CT, further enhancing overall diagnostic accuracy. KEY POINTS: Somatostatin receptor-PET/CT (SSR-PET/CT) is the guideline-recommended reference standard for imaging well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET). SSR-PET/CT should be the diagnostic imaging of choice for staging and post-therapy re-staging of grade 1 or 2 NET (G1 or G2). Variable follow-up intervals are recommended for NET G1 and G2. Tumors with higher proliferation rates or advanced metastatic disease necessitate more frequent assessments.

Role of red pigment concentrating hormone in regulating eyestalk neuroendocrine systems in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain

The eyestalk ganglion is a predominant neuroendocrine organ in crustaceans that synthesize crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) family participating in physiological activities such as ovarian development, glucose homeostasis, and molting. Red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) contributes to a diversity of physiological influences, including ovarian development; however, its role in modulating CHH-family neuropeptides in the eyestalk ganglion remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the putative RPCH receptor (RPCHR) in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain and revealed that it was expressed in a variety of tissues, including the eyestalk ganglion. In vivo administration of mature RPCH peptide significantly restrained vitellogenesis inhibiting hormone (VIH) expression and significantly enhanced RPCHR, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and molt inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene expression, while in contrast, in vivo injection of RPCH-dsRNA for knockdown dramatically enhanced VIH expression and decreased RPCHR, CHH and MIH expression in the eyestalk ganglion. The present study comprehensively reports that RPCH may be responsible for the regulation of ovarian maturation, glucose homeostasis, and molting in S. paramamosain through the modulation of CHH family neuropeptides in the eyestalk ganglion.

Hormonal status in women with respiratory viral infections during critical periods

Pregnancy and menopause are critical periods in a woman’s life. Due to physiological changes in the neuroendocrine system regulation, susceptibility to respiratory viral infections increases in these periods, while affecting all organs and systems of the human body. The aim of this review was to analyze the literature data on the effect of acute respiratory viral infections on neuroendocrine regulation in women during pregnancy and menopause. We reviewed full-text publications in the public domain from the PubMed, eLibrary.ru, and Google Scholar databases with a coverage period of more than twenty years (2000–2023). Disruptions of the progesterone and estrogen production during infection with the influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B viruses have been shown in experimental studies. Hormonal status changes in pregnant women are detected during infection with the influenza A virus (H3N2) and depend on antiviral antibody titers and the presence of fetoplacental insufficiency. Pregnant women with COVID-19 may experience changes in the brain structure activities, as indicated by a high frequency of those in olfactory sensitivity and psychoemotional disorders. During menopause, infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus leads to changes in the production of thyroxine, prolactin, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.