Subscriber Network Research Articles

METHODOLOGY FOR PLANNING THE LOCATION OF SWITCHING NODES OF IP-TELEPHONY NETWORKS

The relevance of the topic is due to the high pace of development and implementation of new systems and processes in information structures and the lack of a methodology for determining the effectiveness of using new infocommunication technologies in them. Currently, there are no unified scientifically based methods for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of using IP telephony technology. This is due to insufficient experience in the operation of telecommunication systems based on IP telephony technology and their significant difference from traditional telephone systems. It is indicated that for optimal planning of the location of switching nodes of IP-telephony networks, a methodology has been developed, consisting of the development of a mathematical basis for constructing the projected IP-telephony network, algorithmic implementation and estimation of the complexity of the implementation of this algorithm, which can be used in the design of real IP-telephony networks. The algorithmic implementation of the developed technique uses three arrays from among the nodes of the network, i.e. the first array contains labels with two values, the second array contains the distances - the current shortest distances from the specified vertex to the corresponding vertex, and the third array contains the vertex numbers. In turn, the algorithmic implementation depends on how the source vertex is found, how the set of unmarked vertices is stored, and how labels are updated. Keywords: Telecommunications network, IP-telephony technology, packet switching of flows, planning of the location of switching nodes, algorithmic implementation of the planning methodology, subscriber network, parameters of information systems, network parameters.

Performance evaluation of opportunistic schedulers based on fairness and throughput in new-generation mobile networks

This paper discusses radio resource management in the telecommunications industry that utilizes opportunistic scheduling approaches and methods. It proposes a new scheduler called IFMR (Improved Fairness of MaxRate) to extend the opportunistic approach with the proposition of a new scheduling solution that enables to significantly maximize the system throughput. Our goal is to ensure better results that maximize system throughput, ensure perfect fairness at three levels and maximize the number of satisfied users who have achieved their desired throughput. Similarly, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with reference algorithms: round robin, MaxSNR and proportional fair (PF). The focus of this study is to evaluate and analyze the quality of service guaranteed to each network subscriber, considering the heterogeneous data traffic based on simulations. The algorithms presented in this paper are programmed and simulated using the MATLAB simulation software. The study aims to effectively analyze the impact of radio resource management algorithms and schedulers, including the round robin algorithm, MaxSNR and PF, among others, with the main objective of evaluating the performance of the schedulers used by telecommunication and cellphone network operators. The scheduling phase, which precedes resource allocation and assignment, is a critical aspect of the study. The impact of these schedulers on throughput and fairness will also be evaluated and analyzed based on specific criteria.

Primary Care: A Critical Stopgap of Mental Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a worsening mental health crisis, while also dramatically reducing access to in-person primary care services. Primary care, an essential provider of mental health services, rapidly adopted telemedicine to address behavioral health needs. Here we examine the provision of mental health services by primary care during the pandemic, including the essential use of telemedicine. METHODS: Data were collected via a series of national, cross-sectional surveys of primary care clinicians in November 2020 by the Larry A. Green Center. The survey was distributed through a network of partner organizations and subscribers. Descriptive and chi squared analysis were utilized. RESULTS: Among 1,472 respondents, 88% reported increased mental health needs and 37% reported higher rates of substance use among patients. Most (65%) clinicians became more involved in providing mental health support, and 64% reported using telemedicine to provide behavioral health services. Phone-based care was more common for care delivery among patients who were uninsured (60% vs 42%, P < .01), Medicare beneficiaries (45% vs 36%, P < .05), non-English speaking (67% vs 40%, P < .001), and racial and ethnic minorities (58% vs 34%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary care is a leading provider of mental health services and has played a critical role during the pandemic. Primary care clinicians have strong relationships with their patients as well as outreach within communities that may otherwise struggle to access mental health services. The use of telemedicine in primary care, and specifically phone-based services, has been an essential tool to providing equitable access to mental health services.

Имитационная модель беспроводной ad-hoc сети для исследования алгоритмов маршрутизации трафика

Communication network simulators are software designed to model, explore, test and debug network technologies, including wireless decentralized self-organizing networks or ad-hoc networks. They greatly simplify the research, development and optimization of routing protocols in these networks. However, the well-known simulators have a number of disadvantages, including the difficulty of adding custom extensions to ad-hoc network routing protocols, the lack of the necessary network stack, the lack of routing algorithm visualization modes, low performance, and difficulty in debugging communication protocols. The purpose of this work is to create a simulation model of a wireless network that would allow us to explore, debug and evaluate the developed algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. At the same time, the requirements for interface ergonomics and the ability to visualize the operation of algorithms, ensure the collection of statistics, and create various scenarios for the operation of the network come to the fore. The article proposes the structure of the simulation model, which includes the modules of the network subscriber, application software, network layer of the OSI data transmission model, radio module, radio transmission environment, statistics collection, visualization and scenario management. To solve the tasks set, the approach of discrete-event modeling was used. To create a simulator of wireless decentralized networks and routing algorithms, a set of classes was developed that implement the modules of the simulation model. Based on the proposed structure, module classes and discrete event simulation algorithm, a software implementation of the simulation model was created using the C++ programming language and the Qt framework. The developed simulation model was used in the course of an experimental study of the effectiveness of the network routing algorithm. The proposed software will simplify the development and debugging of algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks.

Using Deep Packet Inspection Data to Examine Subscribers on the Network

This article proposes the creation of the deep packet inspection (DPI) dataset to study subscribers’ behavior on the network, applying ensemble learning to this dataset, and comparing it with the UGRansome dataset. The subscriber can be thought of as a person or a group of users using a network service or connectivity. The DPI features represent the subscriber network usage, and the ensemble learning approach is implemented on the DPI dataset to predict the subscriber's service category on the network. The classification and prediction problem addressed on the DPI dataset reached a precision of 100%. The paper predicts that the web and streaming categories with Netflix, Facebook, and YouTube services will be the most utilized in the next few years. This study will lead to a better understanding of the idiosyncratic behavior of active subscribers on the network, exposing novel network anomalies and facilitating the development of novel DPI systems.

E-Render: Enabling UHD-Quality Cloud Gaming Through Edge Rendering

Cloud gaming services enable users to enjoy various high-quality computer games without installing them in their devices which may have poor resources. However, it consumes high bandwidth in backbone networks as game videos have to be constantly streamed to client devices, which can be a hindering factor for providing Ultra High Definition (UHD)-quality cloud gaming services whose demands are ever increasing. In this paper, we present a novel cloud gaming architecture, <i>E-Render</i>, in which the graphics engine is separated from the cloud game server and is deployed in the edge for rendering. In the architecture, since video frames are streamed from the edge server to the client device via highbandwidth subscriber networks, we can greatly save the backbone network bandwidth. To realize it, however, we need to effectively reduce the amount and latency of graphics commands transfer from the game engine in the cloud to the graphics engine in the edge server. E-render solves the problem by using novel techniques including multi-granular command deduplication and asynchronous buffer binding. We implement a prototype cloud gaming platform based on the E-Render architecture, and evaluate its performance using four real world games. The evaluation results confirm that E-Render can provide UHD-quality cloud gaming services.

СУЧАСНІ ЗАСОБИ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ ТА ІНФОКОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛАХ УКРАЇНИ ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНІЙ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ: СЬОГОДЕННЯ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

A brief analysis of modern means of communication and information communication technologies in the Armed Forces and the National Guard of Ukraine was conducted. Determination of the main directions of development and prospects for the use of information and communication technologies in the Armed Forces and the National Guard of Ukraine. The construction of a communication system that integrates the functions of troop management, weapons, intelligence, radio-electronic warfare, as well as communication, navigation, orientation, should be created in accordance with the concept of troop management adopted in NATO countries on the basis of the construction of a single information space. Brief conclusions are given regarding the assessment of the possibility of organizing the interaction of the Armed Forces and the National Guard of Ukraine. Modern complex communication hardware of the Armed Forces and field telecommunication nodes and complex telecommunication hardware at NSU were considered. It was determined that according to their purpose and composition, they have the same characteristics and are intended to ensure communication, automatic switching and routing of digital flows between communication nodes of control points of different ranks, for the organization (deployment) of subscriber networks of telephone communication and data transmission , provision of telecommunication control points of all management units of the Armed Forces and NGU, other law enforcement agencies of special purpose in all types of combat for the services of operational staff on channels created by various means of communication. A promising concept of a single information space combining modern digital means of communication of Harris for the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Aselsan for the Armed Forces of Ukraine at the same time in the framework of Mesh and MANET technology is proposed for consideration.

Characteristics of the social network of bike share members in New York City

BackgroundBike share has been hypothesized to be a phenomenon of social contagion. The current study describes the features of the social network of annual subscribers of the Citi Bike share system in NYC and the characteristics of those who ever took a trip with another member. MethodsAssociations comparing members who rode with others (social) to those who rode alone (non-social) on selected study variables were examined. Social network analysis was performed to examine characteristics of the network of Citi Bike members. A social trip was determined based on start and end trip time and station locations. ResultsThere were 241,340 active Citi Bike members with at least 365 days of membership between May 13, 2013 and December 31, 2018. Those who had taken at least one social trip (n = 139,302, 57.7%) were more likely to be older; have higher household income; have ridden a bike in NYC 12 months before membership; not own a car; self-report as physically active; self-report good health; live in a ZCTA with a Citi Bike station; and list primary reasons for membership as a faster way to get around town or as friends and family joining. Those who never took a social trip were more likely to have requested safety tips from Citi Bike; and to report their primary reason for membership as an alternative to public transportation, personal health and fitness, or support for the program. The social network of Citi Bike members was composed of 139,302 members with 164,735 unique connections to other members. The average number of connections per social member was 2.4 and the maximum was 66. The network was not very dense or well connected with 19,809 subnetworks. ConclusionSocial members differed from non-social members in several ways. Understanding the characteristics of key network members could play a part in promoting and encouraging bike share usage. In particular, organized social trips could increase bike share usage among women.

What influences healthcare providers' prescribing decisions? Results from a national survey.

Prior U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) surveys with healthcare providers (HCPs) have focused on attitudes toward direct-to-consumer advertising and have not specifically examined professionally-targeted prescription drug promotion. Similarly, there are no recent national surveys of HCPs examining their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of this study was to use a national sample of HCPs to examine exposure to professionally-targeted prescription drug promotions and interactions with industry, and knowledge, attitudes and practices related to FDA approval of prescription drugs. An online national survey was conducted with 2000 HCPs representing primary care physicians (PCPs), specialists (SPs), physician assistants (PAs), and nurse practitioners (NPs). The sample was randomly drawn from WebMD's Medscape subscriber network, stratified by HCP group, and designed to yield target numbers of completed surveys in each group. Weights were computed to correct for unequal selection probabilities, differential response rates, and differential coverage and used to generalize completed surveys to a national population of PCPs, SPs, NPs, and PAs. Exposure and attention to pharmaceutical promotions and contact with industry were significantly associated with reported increase in pharmaceutical industry influence on decisions about prescription drugs. SPs were significantly more likely to prescribe off-label and serve as opinion leaders for the pharmaceutical industry compared to other provider groups. Findings indicate pharmaceutical promotions directed at HCPs occur in many forms and are disseminated through multiple channels. By using a nationally representative sample of HCPs, this study provides population-level estimates for exposure and attention to prescription drug promotion and contact with industry and evidence for their influence on prescriber decisions. Findings from this study will help to inform FDA of HCP responses to and impacts of prescription drug promotion.

Bayesian Consensus Clustering with LIME for Security in Big Data

Malware creates huge noises in the current data era. The security query arises everyday with new malwares created by the intruders. Malware protection remains one of the trending areas of research in the Android platform. Malwares are routed through the SMS/MMS in the subscriber's network. The SMS once read is forwarded to other users. This will impact the device once the intruders access the device data. Device data theft and the user data theft also includes credit card credentials, login credentials and card information based on the users' data stored in the Android device. This paper works towards how the various malwares in the SMS can be detected to protect mobile users from potential risks from multiple data sources. Using a single data source will not be very effective with the spam detection, as the single data source will not contain all the updated malwares and spams. This work uses two methods namely, BCC for spam clustering and LIME for classification of malwares. The significance of these methods is their ability to work with unstructured data from different sources. After the two-step classification, a set of unique malwares is identified, and all further malwares are grouped according to their category.

Sounding El Paquete: The Local and Transnational Routes of an Afro-Cuban Repartero

Cuban authorities have accused reggaetoneros of creating "vulgar" and "distasteful" music since the musical style's introduction to the island two decades ago. As a result, the artists' work is mainly excluded from both state television and radio broadcasts. Despite these restrictions, reparto, a reggaeton subgenre that originated in outlying Havana neighborhoods, ranks today as one of the most popular musical styles in Cuba. Its broad reach is due to the style's prominent inclusion on el paquete semanal. El paquete semanal is an informally distributed digital media platform that provides participants with a means to find and create music, and to connect with a transnational network of music fans outside of the purview of the Cuban state. Using archival material from personal interviews and other forms of digital data collection, I address the addition and removal of the music of popular reparto artist Chocolate MC from the paquete as a direct consequence of the shifting decisions of a network of matrices, paqueteros, and subscribers. I argue that Chocolate MC's mediated path through the paquete sounds a shifting border between acceptable and unacceptable modes of racial representation amid a moment of heightened change in Cuba.

CALCULATION OF THE EFFEC TION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FUNC TIVENESS OF THE FUNCTIONING TIONING OF MULTISERVICE COMMUNICA VICE COMMUNICATION NE TION NETWORKS T WORKS TAKING IN AKING INTO ACCOUNT DROPPED P T DROPPED PACKETS

Background. The article discusses the formalization of performance indicators of a multiservice network management system based on the use of hybrid neural-fuzzy technology that combines the advantages of fuzzy logic and neural networks. A developed fuzzy neural model was subsequently used to make a decision about the transfer of real time streams through the channel of the multi-servo network. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of multiservice communication networks can be conditionally divided into three large groups: technical, economic and technical and economic. As the technical characteristics of the efficiency of the computer network, various indicators of network performance and reliability are used. Estimates of the costs of designing, installing and maintaining the network are used as economic characteristics. Technical and economic indicators are used for a comprehensive assessment of the project, and include various combinations of technical and economic characteristics. The response time is an integral performance characteristic, the most important for the network subscriber.

LoRaWAN in Licensed Access Spectrum? A Techno-Economic Perspective

The ability of low-power wide area network (LPWANs) to provide low-cost wireless access to geographically spread-out devices while at the same time catering to long battery life running for several years continues to meet a vital need in the IoT/smart cities market. LoRaWAN shot to prominence as off-the-shelf availability of equipment democratized the technology for private and public use. Its reliance on the unlicensed spectrum that is shared by other competing technologies limits performance and scalability. Operation in the licensed spectrum is a promising direction. However, the techno-economic aspects surrounding this is an open question addressed for the very first time in this article. We show that even with as small a chunk as 1 MHz, significant boost in performance is possible as networks scale. We examine the impact of different parameters such as network scale, subscription models, and subscriber mix for different tariffs (based on publicly available cellular IoT pricing plans) on the economic feasibility and highlight the implications this has on spectrum pricing. This broadens the appeal of this article to cellular and non-cellular network operators of IoT/smart city applications and spectrum regulators who are keen to re-farm/allocate spectrum for different IoT applications.

A version of Organization of Multithread Processing of Confidential Data on the Basis of Cellular Automata

Рurpose of research is to develop a multithread processing system based on an encryption algorithm using cellular automata and to study statistical performance indicators depending on the hardware components and the size of the input block, and to develop recommendations for improving the cryptostrength of the method. Methods . A mathematical model of the encryption method using a floating window based on cellular automata was considered [3]. To study the speed of confidential data processing, there was developed a variant of the organization of the structure of the software module with an extended block of setting parameters that determine the dimension of the matrix, the line of activation of the bit neighborhood of the processed elements, the number of parallel computations (threads) and the rule of expansion of the boundary elements of the matrix. A method for the development of the dependence curve of the processing time and inital parameters that can be applied both to process individual files and continuous network subscriber data flow, is proposed. Results. The cryptographic module implementing the encryption method on the basis of cellular automata, which specific feature is a multithread mode of operation and dynamic control of the block of initial parameters, was developed. Recommendations for setting the neighborhood of the active elements of the matrix and the number of threads taking into account the architecture of the CPU were formulated. Experimental studies were conducted to confirm the completeness and correctness of the proposed solutions. The expediency of using high-speed hard disk drives and saving the results of encryption in asynchronous segmented mode with working thread-bind results was revealed. Conclusion. The proposed version of the organization of the confidential data processing system in the form of a software module, taking into account the features of the hardware, allows optimization of the processing speed, and the compliance with the recommendations for the expansion of the neighborhood in the block transformation can improve the cryptographic algorithm based on cellular automata with a floating window.

Digital Presence of a Research Center as a Research Dissemination Platform: Reach and Resources.

BackgroundWeb-based platforms can be powerful tools for research dissemination. By leveraging the advantages of mass media and interpersonal channels of communication, Web-based dissemination platforms may improve awareness about, and subsequent adoption of, evidence-based practices (EBPs). Digital dissemination strategies can augment traditional dissemination models, improving stakeholder access to digestible and actionable information and promoting translation of EBPs.ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the reach and content of the Web presence of a National Institute on Drug Abuse Center of Excellence and how it is used to disseminate research related to digital behavioral health approaches.MethodsThe Center for Technology and Behavioral Health (CTBH) has a website and regularly updated Facebook and Twitter accounts. The website features include summaries of digital behavioral health approaches and related empirical literature, a blog feed focused on the state of the science and technology concerning digital health care approaches, and a newsletter about Center activities. We extracted website usage metrics from Google Analytics and follower counts from social media accounts for the period from March 1, 2013, to July 17, 2018.ResultsSince the implementation of analytic tracking, 70,331 users have initiated 96,995 sessions on the CTBH website. The website includes summaries of 86 digital therapeutic programs, encompassing 447 empirical articles. There are 1160 posts in the CTBH blog feed, including 180 summaries of scholarly articles. The Twitter and Facebook accounts have 577 and 1500 followers, respectively. The newsletter has reached a growing subscriber network and has a high open rate relative to industry standards.ConclusionsThe CTBH Web presence serves as a model for how to leverage accessible and easily updatable digital platforms as research dissemination channels. Digital dissemination tools can augment traditional dissemination strategies to promote awareness about evidence-based digital therapeutic approaches for behavioral health and health care more broadly.

Modeling of Interaction in Command-information Systems with Dynamic Replicas

In this paper we introduce an approach to describing the interaction of subscribers – carriers of sensors in information and reconnaissance systems. The approach is based on the use of a special class of graphs – dynamic graphs, defined as a sequence of "classical" static graphs, the transition between which is carried out by various graph operations (deleting / adding an edge, deleting / adding a vertex, replacing the vertex with a seed, priority joining vertices and edges, and etc.). The paper also formulated the task of forming an optimal topology in the network of subscribers – information and reconnaissance systems, taking into account the dynamics of communications between subscribers. Specific cases of the problem and their solutions are described, in which heredity is observed, i. e. the preservation of the solution with specified deviations in conditions of changing communications between subscribers of the network.

Statistical properties of the telephone network

The directed network of telephone subscribers is considered in the article. It can be described as a dynamic network with vertices that correspond to the subscribers of the telephone network and emerging directional edges that correspond to the connections between the respective subscribers. The position of the edge and its direction is determined by the incoming and outgoing calls from the corresponding vertices. The subject of the article is the statistical properties of the connections of a certain subset of telephone network subscribers. Such connections are dynamic in nature due to their appearance and disappearance. The number of outgoing (or incoming) connections occurred during a day at a selected vertex is used as the main characteristic. The distribution density of the number of outgoing (or incoming) connections (or calls) of such a network has been analyzed using the experimental data. It has been shown that such a distribution density over the number of calls obeys the lognormal distribution density, which depends on the two parameters. The values of two parameters, namely the mean value and the variance, determining the lognormal distribution density are established. The reasons for the appearance of a lognormal distribution density over the number of incoming (or outgoing) connections have been discussed. The statistical properties of other groups of subscribers have been considered as well. In particular, the group that makes a large number of outgoing calls to various subscribers of the telephone network has been selected for a separate study. The members of this group, who create and distribute spam can be called spammers. It has been shown that these groups, spammers for example, also obeys the lognormal distribution density over the number of calls but they are characterized by the different mean value and variance.

MODIFICATION OF HIERARCHICAL AGGLOMERATIVE CLUSTERING WITH COMPLETE LINKAGE FOR OPTIMAL USAGE WITH PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS

Today, passive optical networks (PONs) represent a modern solution for high-speed FTTx subscriber lines and networks. Due to the fact that optical fibres and cables are deployed in last-mile network segments. Unfortunately, the costs of trenching and installation of optical cables in cities are still very high today. However, the application of mathematical methods and algorithms for designing optimum network solutions and topologies might significantly decrease the overall capital expenditures (CAPEX) of the whole process. This article introduces an efficient method based on agglomerative clustering for an optimization of deployment of PONs in practice. The paper describes its application and proposes the necessary modifications of the clustering method for the environment of PONs. The proposed algorithm uses the technique to cluster and connect the adjacent optical terminals and splitters of PONs and to calculate the optimum locations of these units in order to achieve the most optimum network solution and to minimize the summary capital expenditures.

The Adoption of Network Goods: Evidence from the Spread of Mobile Phones in Rwanda

This article develops a method to estimate and simulate the adoption of a network good. I estimate demand for mobile phones as a function of individuals’ social networks, coverage, and prices, using transaction data from nearly the entire network of Rwandan mobile phone subscribers at the time, over 4.5 years. I estimate the utility of adopting a phone based on its eventual usage: subscribers pay on the margin, so calls reveal the value of communicating with each contact. I use this structural model to simulate the effects of two policies. A requirement to serve rural areas lowered operator profits but increased net social welfare. Developing countries heavily tax mobile phones, but standard metrics that neglect network effects grossly understate the true welfare cost in a growing network, which is up to 3.12 times the revenue raised. Shifting from handset to usage taxes would have increased the surplus of poorer users by at least 26%.

Impact of mobile subscribers dual stack IPv4/IPv6 deployment

The use of CGNAT at PT. ZYX as a mobile telecommunication service provider cannot be relied as the solution to solve addressing needs against subscriber growth in future technology. Meanwhile, native IPv6 deployment is currently application-driven, which requires maturity support in either subscriber user equipment, network, and application itself. IPv4/IPv6 dual stack deployment was selected by PT. ZYX as stepping stone towards native IPv6 deployment. This paper analyzes the impact of dual stack IPv4/IPv6 deployment for mobile subscribers at PT. ZYX. After selecting the dual stack approach and completing the deployment, test and measurements were performed to confirm the connectivity also against the performance and node utilization to conclude the impact. The test confirmed successful connectivity and the measurements showed that the deployment gives significant enhancement of routing table size and NAT table in node utilization and does not cause performance drop of hop count, throughput, and download time.