Network Of Galleries Research Articles

Microbiological exploration of the Cueva del Viento lava tube system in Tenerife, Canary Islands.

Cueva del Viento, located in the Canary Islands, Spain, is the Earth's sixth-longest lava tube, spanning 18,500 m, and was formed approximately 27,000 years ago. This complex volcanic cave system is characterized by a unique geomorphology, featuring an intricate network of galleries. Despite its geological significance, the geomicrobiology of Cueva del Viento remains largely unexplored. This study employed a combination of culture-dependent techniques and metabarcoding data analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the cave's microbial diversity. The 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach revealed that the coloured microbial mats (yellow, red and white) coating the cave walls are dominated by the phyla Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota and Acidobacteriota. Of particular interest is the high relative abundance of the genus Crossiella, which is involved in urease-mediated biomineralization processes, along with the presence of genera associated with nitrogen cycling, such as Nitrospira. Culture-dependent techniques provided insights into the morphological characteristics of the isolated species and their potential metabolic activities, particularly for the strains Streptomyces spp., Paenarthrobacter sp. and Pseudomonas spp. Our findings underscore the potential of Cueva del Viento as an ideal environment for studying microbial diversity and for the isolation and characterization of novel bacterial species of biotechnological interest.

Multi-Agent Semi-Siamese Training for Long-Tail and Shallow Face Learning

With the recent development of deep convolutional neural networks and large-scale datasets, deep face recognition has made remarkable progress and been widely used in various applications. However, unlike the existing public face datasets, in many real-world scenarios of face recognition, the depth of the training dataset is shallow, which means that only two face images are available for each ID. With the non-uniform increase of samples, such issue is converted to a more general case, known as long-tail face learning, which suffers from data imbalance and intra-class diversity dearth simultaneously. These adverse conditions damage the training and result in the decline of model performance. Based on Semi-Siamese Training, we introduce an advanced solution, named Multi-Agent Semi-Siamese Training (MASST), to address these problems. MASST includes a probe network and multiple gallery agents—the former aims to encode the probe features, and the latter constitutes a stack of networks that encode the prototypes (gallery features). For each training iteration, the gallery network, which is sequentially rotated from the stack, and the probe network form a pair of Semi-Siamese networks. We give the theoretical and empirical analysis that, given the long-tail (or shallow) data and training loss, MASST smooths the loss landscape and satisfies the Lipschitz continuity with the help of multiple agents and the updating gallery queue. The proposed method is out of extra-dependency, and thus can be easily integrated with the existing loss functions and network architectures. It is worth noting that although multiple gallery agents are employed for training, only the probe network is needed for inference, without increasing the inference cost. Extensive experiments and comparisons demonstrate the advantages of MASST for long-tail and shallow face learning.

Beauveria bassiana exhibits strong virulence against Dendroctonus ponderosae in greenhouse and field experiments

The mountain pine beetle (MPB) has infested over 16 million hectares of pine forests in western Canada, killing over 50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, in British Columbia alone. There are few tools available to manage irruptive bark beetle populations and to mitigate tree mortality. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that causes mortality to several bark beetle species. However, the potential for B. bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pine beetle populations is unknown. We selected three strains of B. bassiana from several culture collections and evaluated their conidial stability under cold storage, in planta (greenhouse, and pine bolts) and in natura (forest stand, pine bolts, and live pines) conditions. The stability assays showed that all fungal strains maintained a minimum effective conidial yield through the assay durations (3-12weeks). In addition, we adapted a biphasic liquid-solid fermentation approach for the large-scale production of conidial biomass, yielding up to a 100-fold increase in production. In greenhouse virulence assays, the mean lethal time of MPBs was reduced to 3-4days upon treatment with B. bassiana, where high B. bassiana-associated mycosis was also observed. Furthermore, the application of B. bassiana formulation substantially affected the gallery network of MPBs in bolts in the field, resulting in shorter larval galleries and significantly reduced offspring production. Indeed, high titer treatments reduced the mean larvae per gallery to virtually zero. Together these results demonstrate that B. bassiana may be a viable biocontrol tool to reduce mountain pine beetle populations in pine forests in western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana strains identified to be stable at various test conditions. • Large-scale conidial biomass production using liquid-solid biphasic fermentation. • Reproductive success of D. ponderosae significantly reduced by B. bassiana formulation.

Effect of anisotropic creep on the convergence of deep drifts in Callovo-Oxfordian claystone

The long term behavior of the lining support in deep drifts is a crucial issue for nuclear waste underground repository project. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the project, the French Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) has built an Underground Research Laboratory (URL) at Bure. The underground structure is composed of a network of galleries whose drilling generates stress redistribution, damage and fracture in the surrounding medium. The damage and fracturing of this excavation damage zone have a direct effect on the displacement field and on the interaction between the formation and the lining support. The design of the support system request, in order to be as efficient as possible, a precise knowledge of the stress and displacement fields around the drift. For viscoplastic rock formation, the stress field around the drift and its effect on the support system must be determined for at least a couple hundred years. This is why we have studied the long term behavior of drifts using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive law. The laboratory test data and field observations have shown that the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone has a slightly anisotropic behaviour for its elasticity, failure criterion and also creep properties. This anisotropy is largely increased by the presence of the fractures, which we take into account with transverse isotropic models. Homogenization techniques are used to establish a macroscopic expression of the viscous deformation depending on the behavior of the rock matrix and of the fractures. The macroscopic viscous deformation depends on the orientation and density of fractures, which is why based on investigation campaign, we divide the fractured zone, in our numerical models, into zones with fractures of different density and orientation to describe the behavior of the fractured zone as closely to the reality as possible. The model is then applied to the simulation of the convergences of GCS drift. The so called GCS drift belong to the network of monitored drift of the URL and was excavated in the direction of the major principal horizontal stress.

Microplastics cause neurotoxicity and decline of enzymatic activities in important bioturbator Hediste diversicolor

Microplastics (MPs) tend to accumulate in marine sediments thus benthic fauna is particularly vulnerable to microplastic pollution. Hediste diversicolor is a widespread species in coastal marine sediments. It plays key ecological functions mostly related to bioturbation process which means sediment reworking due to the worm burrowing activity and building a network of galleries. Herein, we show that commercial plastic microspheres of two sizes (63–75 and 300–355 μm) have the potential to cause neurotoxicity in H. diversicolor. The whole-body acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity – a common indicator of neurotoxic effect - was on average 60% lower in polychaetes exposed for 28 days to MPs served at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.08% sediment d. wt.), than in unexposed ones. Significantly reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST) indicated suppression of the cellular antioxidative system in worms exposed to MPs. No changes were, however, observed in tGSH, lipid or protein oxidation measures (CBO, MDA), and in the energetic value of these polychaetes. The response was generally similar with no regard to MPs size. Only very few microspheres were found in polychaetes exposed to MPs spiked sediment.The potential role of MPs-associated pollutants as a factor responsible for observed biochemical effects, is discussed.

Estimation of radiation doses due to groundwater intake at a volcanic island: Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

The main source of drinking water in the volcanic island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) is groundwater (ca. 80%), which is extracted through an extremely dense network of galleries and wells (with a total cumulative length of about 1600 km). This is a singular feature compared to mainland territories, where surface water is the main source of drinking water. In addition, in volcanic contexts, radionuclide concentration activity can increase because of enhanced water-rock reactions due to thermal anomalies and carbon dioxide-enriched groundwater. Natural radioactivity in groundwater from this island was measured on 74 samples from galleries, wells and water channels. Gross alpha, gross beta and gross beta without potassium activity concentrations were in the range of <0.001–1.22 Bq/L, 0.127–3.46 Bq/L and <0.010–1.44 Bq/L, respectively. A complete radiological characterization was determined in 42 groundwater samples in which gross alpha and/or gross beta without potassium activity concentrations exceeded the WHO and Spanish recommendations. Average radionuclide activity concentrations decreased in the order: 234 U, 238 U, 210 Pb, 235 U, 230 Th, 210 Po, 232 Th, 226 Ra. The contribution of groundwater to the total annual effective dose from all measured radionuclides for each age group was 56 ± 8 μSv/year (1–2 years), 44 ± 6 μSv/year (2–7 years), 35 ± 4 μSv/year (7–12 years), 32 ± 3 μSv/year (12–17 years) and 31 ± 4 μSv/year (>17 years). These values are below the 100 μSv/year reference level of the effective dose recommended by WHO. • Gross alpha/beta, 40 K and remainder beta were measured on 74 groundwater samples. • A complete radiological characterization of 42 groundwater samples was performed. • The total annual effective ingestion doses were determined for 5 age groups. • The contribution of each radionuclide to the assessed doses was calculated.

Age of the epigenetic karst from the central region of Sierra de los Órganos, Pinar del Río, Cuba

The epigenetic karst age in the central region of Sierra de los Órganos, is defined from the moment the carbonated sequences are uncovered and denudation processes begin at the end of the Oligocene and early Miocene (approximately 25 Ma). Although the karstic forms in this region originated at different times, they all coexist in today’s landscape. While the area was rising up slowly and sea level changes were taking place, the regional erosion base level descended giving rise to leveling surfaces desiccated by numerous sinkholes. At this time, surface currents disappear to become underground streams, which have carved out an extensive network of galleries. Satellite images and aerial photos interpretation, geological survey, measurements of morphostructures and multivariate statistical analysis, were the methods used to establish the epigenetic karst evolution model for the region. The model includes nine surfaces of erosion base levels, in a range that goes from the 410 m a.s.l., coinciding with the older erosion base levels conserved in the area (23 Ma before the present), until the 50 m a.s.l., corresponding to the surface of current erosion.

24 Galleries, a museum: The Survey as a Design Tool

Abstract In the mid-1970s in Madrid, it’s possible to identify a series of experiences that went beyond traditional architectural practice, the established domains of academia and the usual dynamics of editorial and institutional activities. The art galleries, with their publications, curators, collectors, critics and visitors, proved to be a prolific setting for an informal network of agents and institutions that, through programming events of various formats, instituted an active mediation in the critical formation of the citizenry. The seminar “Nuevos Comportamientos Artísticos” (“New Artistic Behaviors”), held at the Madrid’s German Institute in 1974, was one of these events. Its gallery proved to be a pioneer in the exhibition of practices linked to art and design, which openly promoted their expansion into other fields of knowledge based on a local interpretation of what was noticed in Spain as “conceptual art”. The action “Survey of 24 art galleries in Madrid,” was the contribution to the seminar of the multidisciplinary collective Grup de Treball (GdT), and serves here to illustrate the activation of this network of galleries as a ‘counter-project’. An act of design, based on Peter Eisenman’s definition of ‘Conceptual Architecture’, that transcends art and controversies to offer an alternative. The exhibition of the survey’s answers accumulated the values of language, interface, platform and medium necessary to redefine the framework of relations between its participants. Whose association gathered a community with the capacity to be a Museum: a dematerialized, fragmented and heterogeneous institution that challenged conventional relationship between art, citizenry and the market.

Underground Traffic‐Induced Body Waves Used to Quantify Seismic Attenuation Properties of a Bimaterial Interface Nearby a Main Fault

AbstractUnderground traffic activities spread ground‐borne vibrations in a complex way. The present work focuses on 173 individual vehicles tracked as moving sources of vibrations in the Mont Terri rock laboratory, located 95 m away from a motorway tunnel. Two neighboring geophones record the vertical ground velocity of traffic‐induced events with peak particle velocities ranging in 0.15–0.35 m/s. A dynamic cross‐correlation of the waveforms is used to align the individual events for coherent and robust analysis. A root mean square (rms) method allows identifying the main feature, centered at the Main Fault, and an unexpected feature located about 140 m apart. The dominant seismic frequencies are 15 and 10 Hz, respectively. The vehicle speeds (70–90 km/h), estimated from the time‐delay between the two features, and the seismic velocity (800–2,300 m/s), assessed from a simple kinematic model, are used to convert time to position along the tunnel, allowing modeling the local rms with the Bornitz's equation. The resolved frequency‐independent attenuation coefficients are 2.61 s/km in the Opalinus Clay including the gallery network, and 1.23 s/km in the Limestone, a contrast of elastic properties that defines a bimaterial interface. A particle motion analysis highlights body waves, with dominant vertically polarized shear waves above the Main Fault. The origin of the unexpected feature is discussed in terms of site effects and seismic propagation in a heterogeneous fracture network. Traffic‐induced events can be used as reproducible, low‐frequency, and non‐destructive sources with potential interest in long‐term monitoring at the scale of an underground gallery.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES, TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS AND STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STUDIES TOWARD A UNIFIED DATABASE OF OBJECTS AND FEATURES IN UNDERWATER CAVES IN MEXICO

Abstract. Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula is predominantly formed as a karstic terrain on limestone substrates where hundreds of kilometres of now submerged caves constitute extended networks of galleries partially accessible through cenotes, or karstic windows. These cenotes and underwater caves contain numerous objects of great biological, historical, cultural and/or paleontological significance: human and animal remains, ancient Maya artifacts, ancient mines and traces of early human activities. Photogrammetric studies by technical divers allow researchers to access a vast array of data pertaining to objects or features which would otherwise remain inaccessible. However, the harshness of the study environment poses technical acquisition challenges which must be specifically addressed. This paper introduces these environmental challenges, including the geological properties of local caves, bottom composition, ceiling percolation and topography, as well as the intrinsic difficulties linked to the absence of light and the limited time available in an underwater work setting. Technical acquisition solutions, setups and standard operating procedures are then proposed to overcome these challenges. A further consideration is added pertaining to the overall goal of creating a global database for the study objects, thus requiring a unified format for all data: unique identifier, geolocation, minimum resolution, and the like. The authors, focusing on the fieldwork and the data-collection aspect of the photogrammetric study, rather than the data processing and metrological steps, define a new image acquisition methodology built around a compact and replicable setup which will allow the documenting of objects previously out of reach of traditional setups.

The science of art advancement

Network Science Art appreciation is highly subjective. Fraiberger et al. used an extensive record of exhibition and auction data to study and model the career trajectory of individual artists relative to a network of galleries and museums. They observed a lock-in effect among highly reputed artists who started their career in high-prestige institutions and a long struggle for access to elite institutions among those who started their career at the network periphery. Science , this issue p. [825][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau7224

Quantifying reputation and success in art.

In areas of human activity where performance is difficult to quantify in an objective fashion, reputation and networks of influence play a key role in determining access to resources and rewards. To understand the role of these factors, we reconstructed the exhibition history of half a million artists, mapping out the coexhibition network that captures the movement of art between institutions. Centrality within this network captured institutional prestige, allowing us to explore the career trajectory of individual artists in terms of access to coveted institutions. Early access to prestigious central institutions offered life-long access to high-prestige venues and reduced dropout rate. By contrast, starting at the network periphery resulted in a high dropout rate, limiting access to central institutions. A Markov model predicts the career trajectory of individual artists and documents the strong path and history dependence of valuation in art.

Correction: Proceraea exoryxae sp. nov. (Annelida, Syllidae, Autolytinae), the first known polychaete miner tunneling into the tunic of an ascidian.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3374.].

Proceraea exoryxae sp. nov. (Annelida, Syllidae, Autolytinae), the first known polychaete miner tunneling into the tunic of an ascidian.

While studying organisms living in association with the solitary tunicate Phallusia nigra (Ascidiacea, Ascidiidae) from a shallow fringing reef at Zeytouna Beach (Egyptian Red Sea), one of the collected ascidians showed peculiar perforations on its tunic. Once dissected, the perforations revealed to be the openings of a network of galleries excavated in the inner tunic (atrium) by at least six individuals of a polychaetous annelid. The worms belonged to the Autolytinae (Syllidae), a subfamily that is well known to include specialized predators and/or symbionts, mostly associated with cnidarians. The Red Sea worms are here described as Proceraea exoryxae sp. nov., which are anatomically distinguished by the combination of simple chaetae only in anterior chaetigers, and a unique trepan with 33 teeth in one outer ring where one large tooth alternates with one medium-sized tricuspid tooth, and one inner ring with small teeth located just behind the large teeth. Male and female epitokes were found together with atokous individuals within galleries. Proceraea exoryxae sp. nov. constitutes the first known miner in the Autolytinae and the second species in this taxon known to live symbiotically with ascidians. The implications of finding this specialized parasite are discussed considering that Phallusia nigra has been introduced worldwide, in tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems, where it has the potential of becoming invasive.

Elite Delights: The Structure of Art Gallery Networks in India

In recent years, researchers have expressed renewed interest in the visual arts, which can be seen as one of the main providers of upper-class symbolic goods and status signals for cultural elites. India has not yet been included in that body of work. Although important insights do exist on India, a systematic empirical inquiry has yet to be made. The present article offers a step in that direction, through the statistical analysis of 101 Indian galleries and the 4,249 artists they present in their catalogs. Does the way galleries share artists reveal specific characteristics about the Indian art world? Is the usual opposition between “commercial” and “artistic” galleries relevant for contemporary India? What are the roles of auctions and international fairs? Do Indian galleries prefer representing artists, or storing and exhibiting their works? What insights do their strategies and hierarchies offer about the cultural standards of Indian elites? This article offers a typology of Indian art galleries based on a network analysis (blockmodeling). It reveals a hierarchized system, the weight of the auction market, and a strong economic and aesthetic boundary between international experimental art and national modern art.

Robert Morris's Minimal Sculpture, the Rise of the Gallery Network and the Aesthetics of Commodified Art

During 1962 and 1963, the American artist Robert Morris made an object called Location (Fig. 1). This is a wooden panel, featuring two tones of lavender-grey paint – a paler background shade overlayed with text and arrows in a slightly darker hue.1 The word ‘LOCATION’ appears across its centre and the arrows point towards its four edges. Each side bears the word ‘CEILING’, ‘FLOOR’, or ‘WALL’, emphasising its architectural environment. An alterable, numerical meter is also embedded into its surface at each edge, accompanied by the word ‘FEET’. These meters are all adjusted whenever Location is displayed to show the distance between the panel's edges and the limits of the room. ... By literally pointing beyond its borders, Location insistently highlights its connection with its surroundings. Moreover, by prominently displaying this relationship between the work and its environment on and even within the object's surface, Morris blurred the boundaries between inside and outside, suggesting that Location’s artistic content is substantially defined by its immediate spatial context.2 However, this reading is complicated by the fact that the meters are changeable, which suggests a very different mode of spatiality, presenting the work as something designed for transportation. Any relationship it establishes with a particular room will inevitably be temporary, since Location was not produced for permanent display at a single site, but instead always intended for circulation and exchange. Consequently, Location stages a confrontation between two spatial modes, which simultaneously condition the modern artwork. While an art object’s appearance and meaning are inevitably intertwined with the space and place it occupies, modern works have largely been portable commodities, always already displaced from any site and bound to the flows of the capitalist economy.

Architecture in the Art Market: The Max Protetch Gallery

During the 1970s and 1980s, new networks of galleries, collectors, and institutions arose that focused on architectural representations. These networks were integral to the emergence of architectural drawings as primary objects of interest, as they shifted the general perception of architectural drawings from useful objects to aesthetic ones. This essay examines the Max Protetch Gallery in New York, and the network that developed around it, and their role in the shift. Their promotion of contemporary and historical architectural drawings and the gallery's involvement with architectural archives were significant for their impact on rethinking the boundaries of architectural discourse and practice, as well as architectural history.1

A GPS study of land subsidence in the Petrosani (Romania) coal mining area

The Petrosani basin is a large and important coal mining zone in the South Carpathians area of Romania. In recent times, most mines have been closed, but an extensive and dense network of galleries still exists. Most of the abandoned ones were not filled in with mine tailings. There is strong concern and evidence that the old galleries are collapsing and/or filling up with water, leading to significant surface deformation and potential hazards, especially for the local communities. We present an analysis of GPS data from nineteen (19) campaign sites spanning the period 2007–2012. Our results are quite consistent and show significant horizontal and vertical surface motions. The horizontal velocities range from 0 to 260 mm/year (mainly in WSW direction), while the vertical velocities range from +39 (uplift) to −263 (subsidence) mm/year. The largest motions appear to be associated with the central (oldest) sector of the mining area. The pattern of vertical motions suggests that the peripheral area is affected by slight uplift in response to the subsidence of the central sector.

Improving Training in the Hydrogeology of Volcanic Islands by Visiting the Water Galleries of the Canary Islands (Spain)

Training in different scientific and technical disciplines has always been supported by the relationship between “theory and practice”. This paper focuses on the need to take this fact into consideration once again with greater intensity regarding the current training in mining engineering schools. Subjects related to groundwater and geology on volcanic islands should take advantage of any existing underground hydraulic infrastructures, such as water galleries. In the Canary Islands’ archipelago, there is a unique and extensive network of galleries, tunnels and stunning waterways covering thousands of kilometres. There are examples of horizontal drilling of 6,500 m, and vertical wells up to 600 m in depth on the island of Tenerife. Consequently, the Canary Islands are a natural laboratory for the study of earth sciences to be used and exploited in teaching; however, this aspect is hardly taken advantage of in current training programmes. Although the access to such infrastructure entails in some cases safety risks, the fact remains that with adequate planning, selection and adaptation of the best infrastructures and proper evaluation and prevention measures based on the techniques used in mining safety, they could be exploited in teaching at local, national and international level due to their outstanding educational potential.

Benefits of an Accurate 3D Documentation in Understanding the Status of the Bronze Age Heritage Cave “Les Fraux” (France)

An interdisciplinary team of archaeologists, surveyors, environmentalists and archaeometrists has jointly carried out the study of the Bronze Age “Les Fraux” (Saint-Martin-de-Fressengeas, Dordogne, France) since 2007. This archaeological decorated cave, registered as a French Historical Monument, forms a wide network of galleries, characterized by the exceptional richness of its archaeological remains such as ceramic and metal deposits, parietal representation and domestic fireplaces. This cave is the only protohistorical site in Europe wherein testimonies of domestic, spiritual and artistic activities are gathered. This project has been labelled by the Institute of Ecology and Environment of the French Research Council (CNRS), who wants to promote new methodologies and experimental studies in Global Ecology. Accurate 3D models of the cave constitute the common framework for the different partners. We present in this paper an overview of methods of data recording based on contact-free measurement techniques in order to acquire a full 3D-documentation of the site. Different techniques based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Digital Photogrammetry and Spatial Imaging have been used in order to generate geometric and photorealistic 3D models from the combination of point clouds and photogrammetric images, for both visualization and accurate documentation purposes. Various scales of acquiring and diverse resolutions have been applied according to the subject, e.g. global volume of the cave, parietal representations, and deposits. Measurements from an original method of 3D indoor magnetic field recording are combined with the 3D models in order to locate magnetic anomalies in the cave. All the surveys are conducted in compliance with the integrity of the site.