Network Capacity Performance Research Articles

Improved energy efficiency using adaptive ant colony distributed intelligent based clustering in wireless sensor networks

Optimization algorithms have come a long way in the last several decades, with the goal of reducing energy consumption and minimizing interference with primary users during data transmission over shorter distances. The adaptive ant colony distributed intelligent based clustering algorithm (AACDIC) is a key component of the cognitive radio (CR) system because of its superior performance in spectrum sensing among a group of multi-users in terms of reduced sensing errors, power conservation, and faster convergence times. This study presents the AACDIC method, which improves energy efficiency by determining the ideal cluster count using connectedness and distributed cluster-based sensing. In this study, we take into account the reality of a system with an unpredictable number of both primary users and secondary users. As a result, the proposed AACDIC method outperforms pre-existing optimization algorithms by increasing the rate at which solutions converge via the utilisation of multi-user clustered communication. Experiments show that compared to other algorithms, the AACDIC method significantly reduces node power usage by 9.646 percent. The average power of Secondary Users nodes is reduced by 24.23 percent compared to earlier versions. The AACDIC algorithm is particularly strong at reducing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio to levels as low as 2 dB, which significantly increases the likelihood of detection. When comparing AACDIC to other primary detection optimization strategies, it is clear that it has the lowest false positive rate. The proposed AACDIC algorithm optimizes network capacity performance, as shown by the results of simulations, due to its ability to solve multimodal optimization challenges. Our analysis reveals that variations in SNR significantly affect the probability of successful detection, shedding light on the intricate interplay between signal strength, noise levels, and the overall reliability of sensor data. This insight contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the proposed scheme's performance in realistic deployment scenarios, where environmental conditions may vary dynamically. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in mitigating the identified drawback and highlight the importance of SNR considerations in optimizing detection reliability in energy-constrained WSNs.

Modeling and Analysis of Air-Ground Integrated Networks With Flexible Beam Coverage

Air platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, airships, and balloons are expected to complement traditional ground networks to provide flexible coverage solutions. However, most existing models for air-ground integrated networks (AGINs) neglect the spatial dependence caused by the complementary deployment of the aerial and ground nodes. Accordingly, in this paper, we propose two AGIN models with horizontal dependence that differ in the vertical dimension, namely uniformly independent altitudes and location-dependent altitudes. The air platforms serve as aerial base stations, distributed as a marked Poisson hole process, and provide flexible beam coverage through varying altitudes. Under this setup, we propose a region-based user association scheme and derive the association probabilities as well as the serving distance distributions of an arbitrarily located user. Considering Nakagami fading and air-to-ground propagation properties, we characterize the signal-to-interference ratio and area spectral efficiency for each model. Using the proposed analytical framework, we demonstrate the importance of deploying the air platforms more sensibly to provide targeted services and flexible beam coverage in reducing the load of base stations and improving the user coverage and network capacity performance.

Assessment of Dynamic Swarm Heterogeneous Clustering in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

Many optimization algorithms have been created to determine the most energy-efficient transmission mode, allowing for lower power consumption during transmission over shorter distances while minimising interference from primary users (PUs). The improved cooperative clustering algorithm (ICCA) performs superior spectrum sensing across groups of multiusers compared to any other method currently available in terms of sensing inaccuracy, power savings, and convergence time than any other method currently available. The proposed ICCA algorithm is employed in this research study to find the optimal numbers of clusters based on its connectivity and the most energy-efficient distributed cluster-based sensing technique available. In this research, many randomly chosen secondary users (SUs) and primary users (PUs) are investigated for potential implementation opportunities. Therefore, as compared to the current optimization strategies, the proposed ICCA algorithm enhanced the convergence speed by integrating the multiuser clustered communication into a single communication channel. Experimental results revealed that the new ICCA algorithm reduced node power by 9.646 percent compared to traditional ways when comparing the novel algorithm to conventional approaches. In a similar vein, as compared to the prior methodologies, the ICCA algorithm reduced the average node power of SUs by 24.23 percent on average. When the SNR is decreased to values below 2 dB, the likelihood of detection improves dramatically, as seen in the figure. ICCA has a low false alarm rate when matched to other optimization algorithms for direct detection, and the proposed method outperforms them all. Following the findings of the simulations, the proposed ICCA technique effectively addresses multimodal optimization difficulties and optimizes network capacity performance in wireless networks. A detailed discussion of SS applications for the IoT and wireless sensor networks, both based on CR, is provided. There is also a thorough discussion of the most recent advancements in spectrum sensing as a facility. IoT or WSN may be essential in feeding the CR networks with spectrum sensing data and the future of spectrum sensing. The use of CR for fifth generation and afar its potential application in frequency allocation are discussed. To stay up with the advancement of communication technology, SS should give additional features to remain competitive, like the capacity to investigate various available channels and accessible places for transmission. Based on present and prospective methods in wireless communications, we highlight the crucial upcoming study paths and difficulty spots in signal processing for cognitive radio and potential solutions (SS-CR).

Underground distribution BPL connections with (N + 1)-hop repeater systems: A novel capacity mitigation technique

This review paper considers the broadband potential of underground low-voltage/broadband over power lines (LV/BPL) and medium-voltage/broadband over power lines (MV/BPL) connections when N repeaters are additively deployed between their existing transmitting and receiving ends (underground LV/BPL and MV/BPL connections with (N+1)-hop repeater system).The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the broadband performance of a great number of underground LV/BPL and MV/BPL connections with (N+1)-hop repeater system has been studied with regard to capacity and the proposed metric of capacity outage probability (COP). The analysis and relevant simulations validate the significant capacity improvement in comparison with existing underground LV/BPL and MV/BPL systems when multiple repeaters are installed across them. Second, it is found that the underground BPL network capacity performance depends drastically on factors such as the electromagnetic interference (EMI) limits and the deployment of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems across the underground BPL connections. Adopting (N+1)-hop repeater systems, capacity losses due to: (i) existing strict EMI limits; and (ii) avoidance of MIMO/LV/BPL and MIMO/MV/BPL systems deployment; can be reduced. Third, the numerical simulations reveal the importance of considering as a suitable countermeasure technique against potential capacity discrepancies the installation of (N+1)-hop repeater system across the existing underground BPL connections. This capacity mitigation technique can significantly improve the capacity performance of existing LV/BPL and MV/BPL installations when strict EMI limits or disregard of MIMO system installations inhibit imminent BPL network expansion.

DEPLOYMENT CONCEPTS FOR OVERHEAD HIGH VOLTAGE BROADBAND OVER POWER LINES CONNECTIONS WITH TWO-HOP REPEATER SYSTEM: CAPACITY COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST AGGRAVATED TOPOLOGIES AND HIGH NOISE ENVIRONMENTS

This paper extends the existing transmission and capacity analysis in order to investigate the broadband potential of overhead high-voltage/broadband over power lines (HV/BPL) connections where a single repeater is additively deployed between their existing transmitting and receiving ends (overhead HV/BPL connections with two-hop repeater system). The contribution of this paper is three- fold. First, the broadband performance of various overhead HV/BPL connections with two-hop repeater system has been studied with regard to their cumulative capacity. The analysis and relevant simulations validate the potentially excellent communications medium of overhead HV/BPL channels over a 25km repeater span well beyond 88MHz in terms of cumulative capacity. In addition, through the deployment of two-hop repeater systems, apart from the upsurge of cumulative capacity, overhead HV/BPL connections become more adaptive to difierent capacity requirements. Second, it is found that overhead HV/BPL network capacity performance depends drastically on factors such as the overhead HV grid topology and the noise characteristics. Through the deployment of two-hop repeater systems, capacity losses due to existing aggravated overhead HV/BPL topologies and high noise environments are signiflcantly reduced. Third, the numerical results reveal the importance of considering as suitable mitigation technique the deployment of overhead HV/BPL connections with two- hop repeater system. Except for the low-cost and quick technology upgrade of existing overhead HV/BPL networks, this mitigation