Net Sales Research Articles

What is the Impact of Economic Welfare on Social Responsibility Disclosure in Indonesian Manufacturing Companies?

This research was conducted to prove that the economic welfare of the community is related to and has an influence on the existence of corporate social responsibility activities. The findings in this study assume the existence of the Covid-19 as a period that has an impact on the global crisis. The effects of the global crisis caused companies to experience a decline in net sales, and policies on corporate social activities changed. This study tries to link the variables of public ownership and net sales of companies to disclosure of social responsibility and the economic welfare of the community. The sampling design in this study uses a list of manufacture companies included in the Kompas 100 index list for two consecutive years, namely 2020 and 2021, which is the period when the health crisis in Indonesia began. The results of this study are that the variables of public ownership structure and net sales index have a significant relationship with social responsibility disclosure. However, the disclosure of social responsibility is not significant to economic welfare. Public ownership brings the company more attention from the surrounding community. Meanwhile, sales growth is used as a company measure to satisfy company owners and benefit the community. With company policies that benefit the community, supporting the government improves economic welfare. Keywords: CSR disclosure, public ownership, net sales, economic well-being

Analisis Harga Pokok Penjualan dan Cukai Rokok terhadap Net Profit Margin

Cigarette excise increasement issue has an impact on companies net profit. The government policy has raised the cost of goods sold. Cigarette companies should decide to increase net profit. This research was designed with multilinear regression method to determine effect of the cost of goods sold and cigarette excise on net profit margin of cigarette companies which enlisted in Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2013–2022-year periods. The data set that used in this research are secondary data which consist of net sales, cost of goods sold, net income, and cigarette excise that taken from each company’s financial annual report. The result shows that cost of goods sold, and cigarette excise have negative effect on net profit margin in simultaneous impact. Partially, the cost of goods sold has a negative effect on net profit margin than cigarette excise. In this case, companies have to consider other aspects before making the cost of goods sold determination. This decision would have more effect on net profit margin than cigarette excise does.

Why do insiders sell stocks after receiving options?

ABSTRACT We investigate corporate insiders’ trading behaviour around option grants and find that they substantially increase their net sales after receiving options. The increase in insider net sales is positively associated with risk metrics such as idiosyncratic volatility and stock price crash risk, but not with proxies for insider opportunism. This suggests that the increase in net sales is likely driven by risk-reduction considerations rather than opportunistic trading based on inside information. Consistent with this view, we find that insider sales following option grants do not precede more negative returns.

Proposed Marketing Mix to Increase Sales of Kliknik Stores in E-Commerce

Kliknik is a shop that sells medicines and vitamins. Kliknik operates on e-commerce at Tokopedia and Shopee. Kliknik's main problem is not achieving the target since March 2022. This is in line with the improving pandemic conditions in Indonesia. Compared with several pharmaceutical companies' net sales, the improving pandemic conditions do not affect a company's sales. It is necessary to propose a marketing mix that Kliknik can implement based on segmenting, targeting, and positioning analysis to achieve the specified Kliknik sales target. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. 97 respondent data was obtained, which could be analyzed. Segmentation analysis was done by using k-means clustering. Three clusters were obtained: general, loyal, and critical customers. Through a targeting process, loyal customers were selected as the target market for Kliknik Shop. The positioning statement for the Kliknik Shop is that loyal customers can always shop at the Kliknik because the Kliknik Shop appreciates the trust they have been given. The marketing mix proposal is general but still adheres to the 4P+2P+2C+3S marketing mix concept. The proposed marketing mix given is that Kliknik Shop can take part in some events held by e-commerce, Kliknik Shop admin can actively contact customers who have finished shopping via the chat feature in e-commerce and must be responsive to respond to all chats, comments, and discussions. Kliknik shops are also advised to create social media, Instagram, as a promotional media and extend store operating hours.

Financial and Environmental Performance Analysis of Logistics company on the Fortune 500 By MEREC-based AROMAN Methods

This study aims to examine the financial and environmental performance of a logistics company listed in the Fortune 500 Türkiye over the years. The current study is carried out within the scope of Ekol Logistics, one of Türkiye’s leading logistics companies. The data is obtained from the Fortune 500 Türkiye and Ekol’s Sustainability reports. In this study, a hybrid model integrating the method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC) and alternative ranking order method accounting for two-step normalization (AROMAN) method is employed. The MEREC findings showed that net sales change was the most significant criterion, while equity was the least significant criterion in the assessment of financial performance. Moreover, number of vehicles equipped with EURO 6 technology was the most significant criterion, while water consumption was the least significant criterion in the assessment of environmental performance. The AROMAN findings pointed out that Ekol's achieved the most outstanding financial results in the years 2020, 2021, and 2022. Additionally, Ekol achieved notable environmental performance in 2022. Moreover, sensitivity and comparative analysis are conducted to observe the validity of the results.

The timing of stock repurchases: Do well-connected CEOs help or harm?

Using a sample of daily repurchase transactions, we find that CEOs with extensive professional networks execute buybacks at higher prices relative to their less-connected peers. This finding survives a large battery of robustness tests and is unlikely to be the product of endogeneity biases. Monitoring by institutional investors, blockholders, and independent directors, as well as low levels of board busyness mitigate the detrimental effect of a well-connected CEO on repurchase timing. Moreover, better-connected CEOs are more associated with insider net sales around repurchase transactions. Overall, our evidence is consistent with CEO-shareholder agency conflict explanations and CEO power mechanisms.

A theory of net capital flows over the global financial cycle

We develop a theory to account for the relationship between global asset price changes and net capital flows. We show empirically that countries that have a net debt of safe assets experience a rise in net outflows of safe assets (i.e. pay off safe asset debt) when global asset prices fall. This is accomplished through a rise in total net outflows (an increase in net savings) and a drop in net outflows of risky assets (the net sale of foreign risky assets). We develop a multi-country portfolio choice model that can account for these facts. The theory relies on cross-country heterogeneity in the share of an investor’s portfolio invested in risky assets. A global drop in risky asset prices changes relative wealth across countries due to this heterogeneity, which leads to changes in net flows of safe and risky assets. The model is applied to 20 advanced countries and calibrated to reflect observed cross country heterogeneity of net foreign asset positions of safe and risky assets. The implications of the calibrated model for net capital flows are quantitatively consistent with the data.

The INFLUENCE OF REVENUE, OPERATIONAL COSTS, GROSS MARGIN, PROFITABILITY, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO (DER) ON CORPORATE INCOME TAX EXPENSES IN COAL MINING COMPANIES LISTED ON THE BEI ​​FOR THE 2019 - 2022 PERIOD

The international world in recent months has been shocked by a pandemic, namely an outbreak of a disease caused by a virus called corona or better known as Corona Virus Diseases-19 (Covid-19). The sector that was also affected by the outbreak of the pandemic in 2020 was the mining sector, one of which was coal mining. Sales volume is closely related to controlling operational costs, because operational costs show how the company generates its sales volume. Operating costs are a number of costs that must be incurred by a company to support the operations or activities carried out by the company. Gross profit margin is a ratio used to measure the amount of gross profit percentage on net sales. Profitability ratio is a ratio used to measure a company's ability to generate profits from its business activities. Good performance is aimed at generating maximum profits for the company through successful management. Debt to equity ratio is a type of leverage ratio. Debt to equity ratio is a ratio used to find out how much part of each rupiah of capital is used as debt collateral. In calculating income tax, profit is an important component that determines the size and size of the income tax burden. The tax rate is used as multiplication by taxable profit. The method used is quantitative descriptive. The object of this study is a Coal Mining Company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with 11 companies with the technical analysis used is multiple linear regression using the F test and the t test. The variables used in this study are the variables bound by Corporate Income Tax Burden (Y), the independent variables are Revenue (X1), Operating Costs (X2), Gross Margin (X3), Profitability (X4) and Debt to Equity Ratio (X5). The results of the study show that both simultaneously and partially the independent variables are Revenue, Operating Costs, Gross Margin, Profitability and Debt to Equity Ratio have an influence and significantly on the Corporate Income Tax Burden.

Analisis Prestasi dari Perspektif Manajemen: Studi pada PT.Estika Tata Tiara Tbk

This research aims to analyze the company's achievements from a management perspective; the object of the research is PT. Estika Tata Tiara Tbk. This data can be accessed and obtained from https://ir.kibif.com/reports/ for 2020—2022. The method we use uses a descriptive approach; this data is analyzed by focusing on ratios, which are often used to analyze management perspectives. The results of this research show that PT. Estika Tata Tiara Tbk is less than optimal because it can be seen from its financial ratios, which are less stable, and the net sales position ratio has experienced a significant decline, so PT. Estika Tata Tiara Tbk has the potential to experience bankruptcy.

The Impact of Data-Driven Decision Making on the Annual Net Sales Revenue and Stock Price of Amazon: A Study from 2004 to 2022

In the rapidly changing world of e-commerce, data-driven decision making now stands out as a critical approach for businesses that seek to excel better and stand out among the crowd of competitors. This paper covers the results of data-driven decision making on Amazon's annual net sales revenue over the years 2004 through 2022. Amazon is a multi-billion dollar company that operates in the online retail space as one of the largest encompassing platforms in the world. Through both secondary data taken from Yahoo Finance and Statista, this investigation accomplishes a longitudinal analysis to find out the connection between approaches and financial data, which is, Amazon's data-driven approaches and its net sales revenue and stock price. This study reveals a data-reliant decision-making and thatch towards e-commerce business in light of the contemporary progress of automated analytics on business strategies.

Evaluation of the value of Internet platform Enterprises in the digital economy by the big data cooperation asset valuation model

With the innovation of information technology, the national industry has been adjusted and upgraded, and the development of the Internet industry has had a huge impact on economic development. The investment and financing of network enterprises and the merger and acquisition of network companies need to evaluate the value of network companies. In this regard, this paper evaluated the value of Internet platform enterprises under the digital economy based on the Big Data (BD) cooperation asset valuation model. This paper analyzed the factors affecting the value evaluation of Internet enterprises and discussed the advantages of BD cooperative asset valuation model in the value evaluation of Internet enterprises in the digital economy. The BD cooperation asset valuation model was constructed, and the value evaluation experiment of Internet platform enterprises under the digital economy was carried out. The experimental results of this paper showed that in the evaluation of the profitability value of Internet enterprises, the difference between the net sales interest rate was 0.14%–0.51 %. The difference between the net interest rate of equity was 0.09%–0.67 %, and the difference between the net interest rate of total assets was 0.19%–0.92 %; in terms of the evaluation of the operating capacity of Internet enterprises, the difference between the current asset turnover rate was 0.05–0.16. The difference of non-current asset turnover rate was 0.02–0.15, and the difference of total asset turnover rate was 0.01–0.16. The evaluation value based on the BD cooperation asset valuation model was not different from the actual enterprise value, which showed that the BD cooperation asset valuation model had good advantages in the evaluation of the value of Internet enterprises.

تقدير الكفاءة الاقتصادية والفنية لمشاريع تسمين العجول في محافظة واسط للعام 2022

Calf breeding and fattening projects in general are considered the main source of meat production in Iraq. This vital and widespread sector is considered the largest in Wasit Governorate. There are a significant number of fields specialized in raising and fattening calves. Despite the increase in production that the owners of these fields have experienced, these Owners face difficulties in obtaining expensive feed and poor vaccines, veterinary services and treatments imported and controlled by the private sector, which has led to high economic costs. Calf fattening projects have similar social and economic advantages. Calf fattening, which is a sub-sector of the livestock sector, has an important role in transforming... Calves turn into high-quality and efficient beef through economic use. Increased live weight, feed intake, feed efficiency and capacity, and the relationship between profitability are direct factors on calf breeding and fattening projects. The results showed that the total costs (fixed and variable) for the average projects in the sample amounted to approximately (136,779) one hundred and thirty-six million, seven hundred and seventy-nine thousand Iraqi dinars. Through the results, it was shown that the variable costs have a greater relative importance in the calf rearing and fattening projects in the study area than the fixed costs, and the other costs are due to the prices of the calves upon purchase (before the start of the fattening cycle), so their percentage reached (61.46%) of the total total costs, while the cost amounted to (61.46%). Net sale of one calf after fattening (2009000) is two million and nine thousand dinars The economic efficiency and its components for the calf rearing and fattening projects in the study sample were estimated using the DEAP data envelopment analysis method and according to the cost function variables in light of the resources used and their prices assuming changing returns to scale. The economic efficiency and its components, both the technical and Allocative efficiency of the calf breeders in the study sample, were estimated using the data envelopment analysis method (DEAP), and the results of the estimates of economic (EE), technical (TE), and Allocative (AE) efficiency were confirmed. By reviewing these results, it was found that the level of technical efficiency of the study sample ranged Between a minimum of about 72.4%) and a maximum of 100%), with an average of (97.5%). As for the number of fields that achieved full efficiency (100%), it reached 30 fields, and a percentage of (60%) was formed. As for the fields that achieved efficiency between (%80-100%) reached (49) fields, and as for the fields that achieved technical efficiency (72.4%), it was one field.

EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS METHOD

In addition to physiological needs such as hunger and thirst, people also have shelter needs. As a result of natural disasters such as fire, flood, earthquake, epidemics and wars, people settle in different regions. The world's increasing population, epidemics and disasters show how priority and vital the construction industry is. The earthquake disaster in Turkey and the increasing migration due to wars in the border regions once again reveal how important and priority the construction sector is for Turkey. As in many other sectors, labor and financial resources must be used efficiently in the construction industry. Measuring the efficiency of construction companies operating in Turkey is very important for the current situation of the construction industry. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of ten companies on the Fortune 500 list operating in the field of construction and contracting in Turkey. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is generally widely used in efficiency measurement. In the study, input-oriented CCR model and Super Efficiency (SE)-CCR model were used for efficiency analysis. For DEA analysis, "total assets" and "number of employees" were used as input variables, and "net sales" were used as output variables. According to the DEA analysis results, three of the ten companies considered as decision-making units (DMU) were efficient. Efficient companies are ranked among themselves according to the results of the SE CCR model.

The Influence of image and product attributes on customer satisfaction and its implications for customer loyalty of Kimia Farma Apotek (KFA) in the Bandung City area

The retail segment has the largest contribution to the total net sales value of Kimia Farma Group, which is run by the company's subsidiary, PT Kimia Farma Apotek (KFA). Kimia Farma's retail segment is experiencing a relatively non-ideal revenue trend from 2017 to 2022. The main challenges faced are the purchasing power of the community, the increasingly fierce level of competition, and risks related to customer loyalty. Based on this background, this study aims to examine the effect of Kimia Farma's image and product attributes on customer loyalty, both directly and indirectly through customer satisfaction. The research was conducted with a quantitative approach at the Kimia Farma Pharmacy in Bandung, with the unit of observation being Kimia Farma pharmacy customers in Bandung City. The sample was 235 respondents, who were taken using the Multistage Random Sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling was used to conduct causality analysis. The results revealed that: Kimia Farma's image and product attributes play a role in shaping customer satisfaction, but have no direct impact in creating customer loyalty; customer satisfaction plays a role in creating customer loyalty; customer satisfaction mediates the effect of Kimia Farma's image and product attributes on customer loyalty; product attributes have a greater role than Kimia Farma’s image in encouraging customer satisfaction which will create customer loyalty. This research provides managerial benefits for increasing customer loyalty at Kimia Farma Pharmacy in Bandung City, by increasing customer satisfaction, which is supported by the development of product attributes and the image of Kimia Farma.

Differential Effect of Advertising Frequency on Sales Turnover and Ads to Sales Ratio

This paper analysed the differential impact of repeated advertising on sales turnover and the attendant effect on accounting Ads to Sales ratio. The paper adopts a quantitative approach and collects marketing and promoting expenditure data (as proxy for Ads activity) from Amazon Company for twenty years (2003 – 2022). The data was analysed by using the t-test of mean difference statistics and a simple regression. The t-test analysis showed that the Ads to sales ratio had a significant increase between two periods of comparison (2003-2012 and 2013-2022); in the same vein, there was a significant increase in mean net sales value by up to nine hundred percent – an increase which dwarfs the hundred percent increases in the Ads to sales ratio over the period. Furthermore, a simple regression analysis shows that marketing expenditures (used as proxy for Ads activity) produced a highly significant positive effect on net sales at a P-value of less than P<0.00001. This finding shows that current literature suggestion that increased Ads may wane consumer brand patronage may not be applicable to all industries, rather, this paper’s result indicates that for companies such as Amazon, increased Ads, or marketing and promotion activities may produce high net sales in some companies such as Amazon. The paper contributes by developing a process framework for repeated advertisement, Ads to sales ratio and net sales. It recommends further application of the proposed framework in related companies by future researchers.

Factors Affecting the Ability to Repay Debts of Corporations at Commercial Banks

This study aims to estimate the influence of these factors on the ability of corporations to repay debts at commercial banks in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City. Moreover, this study focuses on the period from 2018 to 2022. Hence, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were also examined in this study. In addition, this study employs a binary logistic regression method to analyze the extent of the factors' impact on the ability of corporate customers to repay debts. The results reveal that the model includes six statistically significant factors: collateral, loan term, income, firm size, leverage, net sales, and COVID-19. Furthermore, the model can be used to forecast corporations’ ability to repay debts, which could help commercial banks plan their loan strategies for corporate customers based on the significant results of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The study, on the other hand, only focused on some banks in the biggest city in the south of Vietnam, so further research on the area is needed, such as over Vietnam. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-016 Full Text: PDF

Sustainable investing in times of crisis: Evidence from bond holdings and the COVID-19 pandemic

We examine the resilience of green bonds to the COVID-19 shock through the lens of institutional investors’ holdings. We show that the green label has a positive impact on bond holdings both in normal times and during the COVID crisis. Moreover, during the pandemic outbreak, green bonds experienced lower net sales, on average, than equivalent conventional bonds, while no significant differences emerge in normal times. The results hold across different investor classes, including mutual funds exposed to large outflows, and are not driven by issuers’ fundamentals. We also document that the ownership of green fixed income securities is more concentrated than that of comparable conventional bonds, and that concentration has increased in the first quarter of 2020.

Patent Portfolios Protecting 10 Top-Selling Prescription Drugs

Brand-name drugs are sold at high prices in the US during market exclusivity periods protected by patents. Multiple overlapping patents protecting a drug are known as patent thickets and can effectively delay the emergence of price-lowering generic competition for many years. To evaluate the composition of patent thickets of 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US and compare the characteristics of drug patents filed during development with those filed on these products after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. This cross-sectional study examined US patent thickets of the 10 prescription drugs with the highest US net sales revenue in 2021 using information on issued patents and patent applications as of June 30, 2022, obtained from a public database by the Initiative for Medicines, Access, and Knowledge. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to June 2023. Prevalence of patents filed before and after FDA approval; types of claims present in issued patents (ie, chemical composition, method of use, process or synthesis, formulation, and delivery device); and patent thicket density (number of active patents at a given time). The 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US for 2021 included 4 small-molecule drugs and 6 biologics. These 10 drugs were linked to 1429 patents and patent applications: 742 (52%) issued patents, 218 (15%) pending applications, and 469 (33%) abandoned applications. Almost three-quarters of patent applications (1028 [72%]) were filed after FDA approval. The postapproval proportion was higher for biologics (80%) than for small-molecule drugs (58%). Postapproval filing of patent applications peaked in the first 5 years after FDA approval for small-molecule drugs and 12 years after FDA approval for biologics. Of 465 patents issued for applications filed after FDA approval, 189 (41%) had method of use claims, 127 (27%) had formulation claims, and 103 (22%) had process or synthesis claims, while 86 (19%) had chemical composition claims and 46 (10%) had device claims. Patent thicket density peaked 13 years after FDA approval, at which time these 10 drugs were protected by a median (IQR) of 42 (18-83) active patents, 66% of which were filed after FDA approval. This study found that among the 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US in 2021, patents filed after FDA approval and containing claims covering aspects other than the active ingredient of the drug contributed to patent thickets. Scrutiny of patent applications and of patents filed after FDA approval is needed to facilitate timely generic or biosimilar competition.

Analisis Penggunaan Rasio Aset Dengan Metode Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (FATO) Dan Total Assets Turnover Ratio (TATO) Dalam Laporan Keuangan PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk

Banks are bodies or institutions that receive credit or loans. In banking finance we need to measure the asset ratio. Asset Ratio is the management of company assets in generating income which is used to evaluate the efficiency of financial management. The Asset Ratio includes a comparison between the company's total assets and the resulting income or net profit. Is the bank efficient in utilizing or using its fixed assets? One method for calculating a bank's asset ratio is the FixediAssets Turnover Ratioi (FATO) and Total AssetsiTurnover Ratio (TATO). Calculating these two analysis methods requires or involves all assets owned by the bank. a bank. In banking, the Fixed AssetsiTurnover Ratio (FATO) is a ratio that measures the effectiveness of a company in using its fixed assetiinvestments toigenerate net sales (services). Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TATO) is usually used to determine how effective a company's total assets are in generating income. From the results of the analysis of the financialistatements of PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk in 2017-2021 can be concluded that the Company's activity ratio is still categorized as unfavorable. This is because the measurement of Fixed AssetiTurnover Ratio (FATO) and Total AssetsiTurnover Ratio (TATO) each year experiences fluctuations or is unstable or inefficient in managing fixed assets and total assets in supporting the Company's operations to generate income.

Evaluation of the financial performance of electricity generation companies using the Grey relational analysis method

In the study, 10 electricity generation companies on the Fortune 500 list were examined using nine criteria. These companies are listed in the top 40 in terms of installed power. The aim of the study was to determine the financial performances of the companies with the entropy-weighted Grey Relationship Analysis (GRA) method by obtaining the 2021 data of the criteria from the websites of the relevant companies. As a result of the weighting made by the entropy method, it was determined that the most important criterion was the export income. These criteria were determined as equity, total assets, net sales, asset turnover, equity turnover, profit before interest/tax , change in profit before interest/tax, and as change in net sales respectively. After the weights of the criteria were calculated with the entropy method, the GRA method was used to rank the alternatives. Çelikler company was determined to be the best electricity generation company with the highest degree of relationship. This company was followed by Odaş, Gama, İçdaş, Limak, Akenerji, Zorlu, Enerjisa, Aksa and Enka respectively.